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1 


JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


NEW  YORK 


ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 


Beboteti  to  (Kntomologg  in  (ffienetal. 


Volt:Lme  IV,  1896 


Edited   by   Wm.  Beutenmuller, 


NEW   YORK. 

Published  for  the  Society 

Quarterly. 

1896. 


Contents  of  Volume  IV. 


Banks,  Nathan, 

New  California  Spiders,    .         .         .         .  .         .         .88 

Additions  to  the  List  of  Long  Island  Spiders,  .         .       190 

A  New  Species  of  Gomphus,     .         .         .  .         .         -193 

Beutenmuller,  William, 

Food-Habits  of  North  American  Cerambycidse,      .         .         73 
Description  of  a  New  Moth,      .         .         .         .         .         -149 

COCKERELL,  T,  D.  A., 

Diabrotica  in  New  Mexico,  .         .         .         .         .         .200 

New  Species  of  Insects  taken  on  a  trip  from  Mesilla  Valley 
to  the  Sacramento  Mountains,  New  Mexico,  .         .         .201 

Davis,  William  T.  , 

The  Dog's  Head  Butterfly  on  Staten  Island,  .         .         .       200 

Dyar,  Harrison  G.,  and  Miss  Emily  Morton, 

The  Life-Histories  of  the  New  York  Slug  Caterpillars. — II,       i 

Dyar,  Harrison  G., 

A  New  Gloveria,      ........  22 

On   the   Probable   Origin   of  the  Pericopidae :    Composia 

fidelissima,        ........  68 

The  Larva  of  Syntomeida  epilais,      .         .         .         .  72 

Note   on   the   Head   Setae   of  Lepidopterous  Larvae,  with 
special  reference  to  the  appendages  of  Perophora  melshei- 

meri,        .........  92 

The  Life-History  of  the  Florida  form  of  Euclea  delphinii,  .  125 
Description  of  two  Noctuid  Larvae,         .         .         .         .145 

Life-Histories  of  the  New  York  Slug  Caterpillars. — III-VI,  167 

A  New  Anisota, 166 

Fox,  William  J., 

Synopsis  of  the  Species  of  the  Nysson,  inhabiting  America, 
North  of  Mexico, 10 


iv  Contents. 

Grote,  a,  Radcliffe, 

Note   on   the   Geographical   Distribution  and  Mimicry  of 
Apatela,  .........         8i 

Correction  of  the  Type  of  Agronoma  and  Note  on  Laspeyria,     85 
Note  on  Samia  californica,         ......   201 

Linell,  Martin  L., 

A  Short  Review  of  the  Chrysomelas  of  North  America     .       195 

Morse,  Albert  P., 

Some  Notes  on  Locust  Stridulation,  .         .         .         .  .16 

Both  Sides  of  Butterflies,        ......  20 

Illustrations  of  North  American  Tettiginse,          .         .  -49 

Packard,  A.  S., 

Literature  on  Defensive  or  Repugnatorial  Glands  of  Insects,     26 
The  Phosphorescent  Organs  of  Insects,  .  .         .  .         61 

Desiderata  of  North  American  Notodontidre,      .         .         .94 
Notes  on  the  Transformations  of  Higher  Hymenoptera. — I,   155 

ScHAUs,  William, 

New  Species  of  Heterocera         .         .         .         .         .     51,  130 
New  Species  of  Heterocera  from  Tropical  America,         .       147 

Scudder,  Samuel  H,, 

The  North  American  Species  of  Nemobius,         .         .         -99 
Skinner,  Henry, 

Impressions  received  from  a  study  of  our  North  American 
Rhopalocera,    .         .         .         .         .         .         .         .107 

Slosson,  Mrs.  Annie  Trumbull, 

Note  on  Ensemia  crassinervella  (Mieza  igninix),  .         .86 

Webster,  F.  M., 

The   Probable   Origin   and   Diffusion  of  Nortli  American 
Species  of  the  Genus  Diabrotica. — II,  .         .         .         67 

WiCKHAM,  H.  F., 

Preliminary  Hand-Book  of  the  Coleoptera  of  Northeastern 

America  (continued  from  Vol.  Ill,  p.  180),    .         .  -33 

Description  of  the  Larvas  of  some  Heteromerous  and  Rhyn- 

chophorus  Beetles, 118 


Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Entomological  Society,     .       50,  95,  207 


JOURNAL 

OF   THE 

J}f\a  Idoph  6!nkinoIogirflI  ^oriFl^g. 

Vol.  IV.  MARCH,  1896.  No.  1. 

• . ^ / 

THE    LIFE-HISTORIES    OF   THE   NEW  YORK  SLUG 
CATERPILLARS.— II. 

PLATE  I,   FIGS.    1-24. 

By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D.  and  Miss  Emily  L.  Morton. 

Sibine  stimulea   Clemens. 

i860. — Empretia   stiiiiiilea    Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  XII,  158. 

1862. — Empretia  stimulea  MoRRis,  Synop.  Lep.  130. 

1864. — Empretia  stimulea  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  Ill,  340. 

1869. — Lit/iacodes  ephippiattis  Harris,  Corresp.  p.  361,  pi.  i,  fig.  7. 

1890. — Empretia  stimulea  Packard,  5th  Rept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Com.  147. 

1892. — Empretia  stimulea  Kirby,  Syn.  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  I,  539. 

1892. — Sibine  ephippiatus  KiRBY,  Syn.  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  I,  540, 

1894. — Sibine  stimulea  Neumoegen  and  Dyar,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  11,72. 

Larva. 

i860. — Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  159. 

1869. — Harris,  Corresp.  p.  175,  pi.  2,  figs.  10,  11. 

1869. — Packard,  Guide  Stud.  Ins.  289. 

1876. — Wetherby,  Cincin.  Journ.  Sci.  II,  369. 

1877.— French,  Trans.  Dept.  Agr.  111.  XV,  187. 

1883. — Saunders,   Ins.  Inj.  Fruits,  113. 

1885. — Hubbard,  Ins.  Aff.  Orange,  142. 

1888.— Beutenmuller,  Ent.  Amer.  IV,  75  (Food  Plants). 

1890.— Packard,    5th  Rept.  U.   S.  Ent.  Comm.  p.  146,  fig.  50;  p.  424  (Food 

Plants). 
1893.— Packard,    Proc.    Am.    Phil.    Soc.    XXXI,   85,  pi.    I,    figs.    1-3  (egg 

larval  stages). 
1894. — Dyar,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  VIII,  216. 
1895. — Comstock,  Manual  Stud.  Ins.  225,  fig.  246. 


2  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [VoL  iv. 

Special  Structural  Characters. 

Dorsal  and  lateral  spaces  broad,  subventral  space  narrow,  con- 
tracted. Ridges  very  slight,  the  subdorsal  indicated  only  by  the  change 
in  direction  in  the  slope  of  the  body,  lateral  and  subventral  ridges  more 
distinct,  approximate.  The  ancestral  warts  converted  into  fleshy 
horn-like  processes,  unequally  elongated  ;  in  stage  I  bearing  a  few 
slender  setae  (Plate  I,  fig.  i);  after  the  first  molt,  the  subdorsal  and 
lateral  rows  covered  with  numerous  urticating  spines,  the  subventral 
row  rudimentary,  represented  by  two  weak  setae.  Of  the  subdorsal 
row,  the  "  horns"  on  joints  3  to  5  and  11  to  13  are  distinct,  those  on 
joints  6  to  10  rudimentary,  but  a  seta  is  present  even  in  the  last  stage. 
Of  the  lateral  row,  the  one  on  joint  5  is  absent. 

Depressed  areas  very  feebly  developed,  only  their  glandular  cen- 
ters distinguishable  as  slight  pits,  partially  free  from  skin  spines ;  the 
dorsal  row  (i)  consequently  paired,  the  addorsal  row  (2)  still  slighter, 
only  distinguishable  on  certain  segments  or  at  favorable  times,  such  as 
just  before  a  molt.  Of  the  lateral  rows,  the  lateral  (4)  and  lower  inter- 
segmental lateral  (6)  can  be  made  out  as  slight  pits.  No  others  visible. 
In  the  contracted  subventral  space,  the  two  large  rows  (7  and  8)  appear 
as  faint  glandular  dots,  nearly  in  line.  Skin  at  first  smooth,  in  the 
later  stages  finely  spinulose. 

At  the  last  molt,  besides  certain  changes  in  color,  the  length  of 
the  "horns"  is  markedly  reduced  and  their  skin-spines  shortened. 
Certain  highly  modified,  easily  detachable  skin-spines  appear,  the 
shorter  ones,  designated  "caltropes"  by  Dr.  Packard,  occur  in  patches 
at  the  ends  of  the  horns  of  the  lateral  row  on  joints  6  to  1 1  ;  the  long 
ones  arise  from  four  circular  areas  of  the  skin  at  the  posterior  end  of 
the  body  between  the  terminal  horns,  and  correspond  to  the  caltrope 
patches  of  the  lateral  horn  of  joint  12  and  the  subdorsal  one  of  joint  13, 
which  bear  the  true  caltropes  in  the  lower  forms  of  our  "larvte  of  type  2." 

The  coloration  is  bright  and  conspicuous,  being  probably  of  a 
warning  nature  connected  with  the  defensive  armor.  It  is  of  a  peculiar 
and  striking  pattern,  which  doubtless  aids  in  the  effect  produced. 

The  larva  is  a  generalized  one  in  the  slight  degree  of  retraction  of 
joint  2;  the  presence  of  many-spined  warts;  the  slightly  marked  ridges 
and  poorly  developed  skin  structure.  It  is  specialized  in  the  unequal 
degree  of  prolongation  of  the  warts  on  the  several  segments,  the  wart 
of  the  lateral  row  on  joint  5  being  entirely  suppressed,  while  the  spir- 
acle on  that  segment  is  moved  up  out  of  line  with  the  others;   in  the 


March,  1S96.]  DvAR  AND  Morton,  New  York  Slug  Caterpillars.         3 

conversion  of  the  primitive  setae  into  urticating  spines  on  the  two  upper 
rows  of  warts  and  in  the  development  of  certain  detachable  specialized 
skin  spines  in  the  last  stage.* 

Affinities,  Habits,  Etc. 

The  genus  Sibine  contains  but  one  species  in  North  America,  north 
of  Mexico,  though  represented  by  several  in  Central  and  South 
America,  with  most  interesting  larvae,  to  judge  by  Sepp's  figures. 
Our  larva  is  nearly  allied  to  Eiiclea,  Adoneta  and  Parasa,  possessing 
in  common  with  them  most  of  the  special  structural  characters  de- 
scribed above.  It  is  the  most  specialized  larva  of  its  group  («•  type  2"). 
This  is  one  of  our  most  common  species  of  Eucleidffi,  and  has  a  wide 
range  of  food  plants;  basswood,  cherry,  chestnut,  oak,  corn  leaves  and 
Caiina  indica  being  a  few  among  its  many  favorites.  The  young  larvae 
feed  indifferently  on  the  upper  or  underside  of  the  leaf,  consuming  all 
but  a  thin  skin,  and  Vi\\\\\.&  y-inversa,  feeding  around  themselves,  leav- 
ing irregular  patches  on  the  surface  where  they  have  fed  (Plate  I,  fig.  21) 
until  they  reach  the  third  stage,  when  the  whole  leaf  is  devoured  in 
large  holes,  either  on  the  edge  or  in  the  body  of  the  leaf. 

The  species  is  single  brooded,  the  moths  (Plate  I,  fig.  15)  appear- 
ing in  July.  The  males  fly,  seeking  their  mates  in  the  early  twilight, 
and  on  favorable  nights  (warm  and  damp  with  a  slight  breeze)  come 
in  swarms  to  the  cages,  their  wings  fluttering  and  dancing  rapidly  over 
the  surface  of  the  gauze  wire,  where  the  females  are  confined,  or  dart- 
ing in  circles  about  the  cages  seeking  an  entrance.  The  couples  remain 
paired  usually  until  the  same  hour  the  next  evening,  though  occasion- 
ally they  separate  earlier.  The  females  lay  their  eggs  during  the  night, 
in  patches  of  from  thirty  to  fifty,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf.  The 
eggs  hatch  in  ten  days,  but  the  larvae  develop  slowly,  maturing  in  Sep- 
tember or  even  not  until  October.  The  larva  of  stimuka  is  well  known 
for  its  stinging  properties;  the  nettle-like  spines  being  capable  of  inflict- 

*We  conceive  the  "caltropes"  (Plate  I,  fig.  5)  to  be  modified  skin  spines  and 
the  long  spines  (Plate  I,  fig.  7)  to  be  modified  "  caltropes."  We  trace  the  following 
series.  In  Euclea  in  deter  mitia  there  are  no  detachable  spine  patches,  but  only 
"caltropes."  E.  pcemdata  {elliotii)  has  one  pair  of  patches;  E.  delphinii  two 
pairs,  but  smaller  and  less  developed  than  in  Sibine.  The  spines  also  are  smaller 
and  have  a  swollen  base,  looking  like  elongate  "  caltropes."  We  expect  to  figure 
them  when  we  reach  Euclea.  The  caltropes  are  about  the  same  size  in  all 
(0.068  mm. ),  but  the  spines  becor.^e  larger  as  they  are  belter  developed.  In  pcznti- 
lata  their  length  is  0.28  mm.;  m  delphinii,  0.56  mm.  and  in  stimulea  0.89. 


4  JOURNAL  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

ing  quite  a  severe  pain  and  retaining  this  power  even  when  spun  into 
the  cocoon. 

Criticisms  of  Previous  Descriptions. 

We  have  given  a  list  of  eleven  descriptions  or  figures  of  this  larva. 
All  but  one  of  them  treat  of  the  general  characters  of  the  larva,  prin- 
cipally the  mature  larva.  Harris'  figures  are  probably  the  best,  though 
far  from  exact.  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard  in  1893  gave  the  first  account  of 
the  life  history,  though  but  partially,  with  figures  of  structural  details. 
His  figure  of  stage  I  is  incorrect  in  two  respects.  He  represents  three 
rows  of  tubercles  on  joints  3  to  5,  where  there  are  but  two,  and  shows 
the  spiracle  on  joint  5  in  line  with  the  others  with  a  tubercle  above  it, 
whereas  there  is  really  no  tubercle  there  and  the  spiracle  is  not  in  line 
(compare  our  figure,  Plate  I,  fig.  i).  Dr.  Packard  has  well  figured  the 
principal  other  structural  elements  except  the  long  detachable  spines 
(Plate  I,  fig.  7).  These  are  one  of  the  most  noticeable  elements;  but 
we  have  seen  no  exact  published  account  of  them.  Harris  calls  them 
"deep  purplish  red,  velvet-like  spots;"  Packard  mentions  them  as  "a 
pair  of  rust  brown  flattened  branches  of  singular  spinules  "  and  Dyar 
refers  briefly  to  an  "  elevated  brown  structure  like  many  spines  close  to- 
gether "  in  his  general  description  of  the  mature  larva.  The  Rev.  J. 
L.  Zabriskie  has  exhibited  preparations  of  these  spines  to  the  New  York 
Entomological  Society,  but  the  minutes  of  the  meeting  have  not  been 
published. 

Dr.  Packard  describes  the  several  stages  as  if  there  were  but  five. 
He  appears  to  have  had  stage  I,  stage  IV  toward  the  end  of  the  stage, 
stage  V  (described  twice)  and  stage  VIII,  the  last ;  but  he  has  num- 
bered them  consecutively. 

Mr.  Dyar,  in  his  description  of  the  mature  larva,  has  referred,  by 
error>  the  last  two  horns  of  the  subdorsal  row  to  the  lateral  row,  which 
causes  him  to  speak  of  "an  extra  pair  at  the  anus"  and  to  locate  the 
spine  patches  wrongly. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

Egg. — (Plate  I,  fig.  20).  Elliptical,  very  flat,  almost  as  thin  as 
paper,  thin  shelled,  laid  in  a  mass  of  fifty  or  more,  imbricate  in  alterna- 
ting rows  like  shingles  on  a  roof,  neatly  and  regularly  set.  Transparent, 
yellowish,  clear,  the  shell  covered  with  neat  irregularly  hexagonal, 
pentagonal  or  even  quadrangular  reticulate  opaque  lines ;  rarely  one  of 
these   cell  areas  is  circular.      The  lines  are  narrow,  not   perceptibly 


March,  1S96,]    DyAR  AND  MORTON,    NeW  YoRK  SlUG  CATERPILLARS.  5 

raised,  but  very  distinct.  Surface  smooth  and  level,  or  a  little  grooved 
longitudinally  from  shrinking.     Dimensions  1.8  x  1.2  x  o.i  mm. 

The  embryo  lies  curled  on  its  side,  the  head  and  tail  touching, 
greatly  flattened  laterally.  Before  hatching  it  shortens  and  thickens, 
the  egg  swells  up  so  as  to  be  much  higher  than  before  and  the  larva 
emerges  through  a  small  hole  which  it  eats  in  the  shell. 

Shige  I. — (Plate  I,  fig.  i).  Shape  essentially  as  in  the  mature  larva. 
The  horns  only  grow  a  little  after  hatching,  being  distinct  before. 
Tubercles  of  the  subdorsal  row  (tubercles  i+ii),  of  lateral  row  (iii),  each 
with  three  setae,  all  raised  on  conical  projections  of  the  body  (Plate  I, 
fig.  3)  forming  horns;  those  on  joints  3,  4,  5,  11  and  12  of  the  sub- 
dorsal row  about  twice  as  long  as  the  others.  Lateral  row  on  joints  3, 
4,  6,  to  12,  subequal.  Subventral  row  represented  by  small  setse.  Joint 
2  not  retracted  below  joint  3  even  when  walking,  seiiferous.  Cuticle 
smooth,  without  spines.  Color  entirely  light  yellow,  without  marks, 
the  horns  a  little  whitish.  Head  concolorous  with  the  body,  clear  yel- 
low;  ocelli  brown  ;  width  .3  mm.  (calculated  .25  mm.).  Length  on 
hatching  1.3  mm. 

The  larvae  do  not  feed  in  this  stage,  but  after  hatching  and  eating 
a  portion  of  the  shell  become  quiescent  and  molt  in  two  days. 

Stage  II. — Horns  densely  spined  with  many  sharp  stiff  bristles,  as 
in  the  mature  larva  (Plate  I,  fig.  4).  The  subdorsal  on  joints  3  to  5, 
1 1  and  1 2  longer  than  the  others,  but  rather  shorter  conic  than  before  ; 
joints  6  to  10  with  only  one  or  two  short  setae,  the  tubercles  rudimen- 
tary. Lateral  row  moderately  developed  on  joints  3  and  4,  smaller  on 
joints  6  to  12,  the  spines  less  numerous  than  on  the  subdorsal  horns, 
some  of  them  hair-like.  Spiracles  moderately  distinct,  arranged  as  in 
the  figure  of  stage  1.  Color  whitish  yellow  without  marks.  Segments 
distinct,  skin  smooth,  with  just  an  indication  of  granulations.'  Magni- 
fied 350  diameters,  this  appears  as  an  irregular  puncturing  or  confused 
shagreen  of  the  surface,  but  indistinct.  Joint  2,  as  in  the  previous  stage. 
Head  pale  yellow,  ocelli  black,  mouth  brown  ;  width  .4  mm.  (calculated 
.35  mm.).  Cervical  shield  is  distinct,  dark,  bisected,  level  with  the 
skin.  Toward  the  end  of  the  stage,  a  whitish  line  appears  along  the 
subdorsal  ridge,  defined  by  black  dots  inwardly  and  a  black  line  out- 
wardly on  joints  6  to  10;  the  horns  become  shaded  with  blackish,  and 
the  space  between  them  crossed  by  transverse  lines.  Length  of  the 
larva,  1.3  to  2  mm. 

Stage  III — (Plate  I,  fig.  2,  diagram  of  the  markings).  Elliptical, 
highest  through  joints  4  and  5,   diminishing  posteriorly;    ridges  not 


6  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

sharp,  all  rounded ;  subdorsal  processes  fleshy,  hornlike,  those  on  joints 
3,  4,  5,  1 1  and  12  long,  densely  spined,  on  joints  7,  8  and  9  very  short, 
consisting  of  a  wart  with  three  or  four  spines,  rudimentary  on  joints  6 
and  10,  short  on  joint  13.  Lateral  row  on  joints  3,  4,  6  to  12,  mode- 
rate, spined,  those  on  joints  3  and  4  slightly  larger  than  the  others  ;  on 
joint  13  a  few  spines.  Subventral  edge  scarcely  ridged,  setiferous. 
Skin  closely  covered  with  minute  spinulose  granules,  close  set,  without 
tubercular  bases,  a  little  sunken  in  places  corresponding  to  the  usual  de- 
pressed areas,  especially  in  the  dorsal  intersegmental  ones,  but  obscurely, 
and  the  areas  are  scarcely  distinguishable.  The  color  is  subject  to  some 
variation  in  different  examples.  When  well  developed,  the  color  is  light 
green,  the  horns  translucent  whitish,  except  the  subdorsal  on  joint  4 
which  has  a  faint  vinous  tinge,  on  joint  5  dark  purplish  vinous,  and  on 
joint  II  pale  purple.  A  waved  black  subdorsal  line,  the  pair  connected 
by  shaded  streaks  over  the  dorsum  on  joints  3,  4,  5  and  11,  about  two 
on  each  segment,  leaving  square  or  rounded  patches  of  the  ground  color 
between  the  pairs  of  horns,  that  on  joint  5  distinctly  round.  Subdorsal 
band  broken  on  joints  6  to  10  (Plate  I,  fig.  2)  and  on  joints  7  to  9 
bordered  above  by  a  white  band,  the  dorsal  space  here  filled  in  with  a 
blackish  shade,  which  forms  an  elongated  patch.  Posterior  end  of  the 
body  and  lateral  region  immaculate.  Head  green,  shaded  with  brownish 
below,  eyes  black  ;  width  .5  mm.     Length  of  the  larva  2  to  3  mm. 

S/a^e  IV. — Essentially  as  before,  the  markings  better  defined. 
Dorsal  intersegmental  depressions  small,  paired,  or  single  next  to  the 
large  horns,  at  the  base  of  which  is  indicated  a  paired  addorsal  seg- 
mental row.  Horns  of  both  rows  on  joints  3  and  4  pale  flesh  pink,  the 
subdorsal  on  joints  5  and  11  purple,  on  joint  12  yellowish,  the  rest 
nearly  colorless.  Dorsal  and  lateral  region  of  joints  3  to  5  and  dorsal 
region  of  joint  1 1  purple,  except  the  small  paired  greenish  impressed 
spots  and  an  unpaired  median  oval  yellow  one  on  joints  5  and  11. 
Dorsal  patch  on  joints  7  to  9  blackish,  bordered  with  white  at  the  sides 
and  below  by  a  waved  line.  This  white  and  black  marking  is  repeated 
around  the  rudimental  subdorsal  tubercle  on  joints  6  and  10,  closely 
approximated  to  the  adjacent  large  horn.  Ground  color  of  the  dorsum 
green,  replaced  by  yellow  on  joints  5,  6,  10  and  11;  lateral  region 
whitish.  An  elliptical  white  spot  subdorsally  between  the  horns  of 
joints  II  and  12.  The  spines  on  the  horns  and  skin  spinules  essentially 
as  in  the  mature  larva,  the  latter  passing  on  to  the  horns  where  they  be- 
come elongated  into  short  spines.  Width  of  the  head  .7  mm.  (calcu- 
lated .72  mm.).     Length  of  the  larva  3  to  5.5  mm. 


March,  1S96.]    DyAR  AND  MORTON,    New  YoRK  SlUG  CATERPILLARS.  T 

Stage  V. — Horns  shorter  than  before  at  first,  but  they  grow  consider- 
ably during  the  stage,  spines  longer;  the  rudimentary  horns  on  joints  6 
to  10  smaller.  Armature  essentially  as  before.  Color  essentially  the 
same.  Horns  on  joints  3  and  4  flesh-colored,  subdorsal  on  joints  5  and 
II  dark  purple  brown,  this  color  covering  joints  3  to  5  as  far  as  the 
lateral  horns  and  joint  1 1  below  the  subdorsal  horn  and  the  dorsal  patch 
on  joints  7  to  9,  which  is  bordered  as  before.  A  yellow  dorsal  spot  be- 
tween joints  6  and  7,  and  9  and  10  ;  a  distinct  round  yellow  dorsal  spot 
on  joints  5  and  12,  a  white  subdorsal  patch  on  joint  12  as  before.  The 
rest  of  the  dorsal  and  lateral  areas  bright  yellowish  green,  the  lateral 
ridge  and  subventral  area  colorless.  Two  intersegmental  lateral  depres- 
sions can  now  be  distinguished  beside  the  dorsal  ones.  Subdorsal  horns 
on  joints  12  and  13  colorless  like  the  lateral  ones,  above  which  a  straight 
white  line  is  separated  from  the  green  lateral  area  by  a  dark  transparent 
line.  A  faint  white  line  on  the  subventral  ridge.  Width  of  the  head  i 
mm.;  length  of  the  larva  5.5  to  9.5  mm. 

Stas^e  VI. — (Plate  I,  figs.  17  and  18).  Similar  to  the  preceding. 
Patches  over  the  large  horns  and  adjacent,  brown,  shading  darker  at  the 
edges;  the  anterior  one  covering  the  lateral  horns,  the  posterior  the 
subdorsal  horns  on  joint  1 1  and  surrounding  the  white  patch  between 
joints  II  and  12  ;  a  small  dorsal  linear  spot  on  joint  4,  a  round  one  on 
joints  5  and  11,  yellow.  Green  dorsal  blanket- like  patch  reaches  to  the 
lateral  horns  extending  over  joints  6  to  10  and  running  back  laterally 
beneath  the  subdorsal  horns  to  end  in  a  point  on  joint  12.  It  is  edged 
with  black  and  white  in  the  following  manner :  A  subdorsal  crimson 
brown  dash  on  joints  6  and  10,  a  dusky  band  above  the  lateral  horn  ; 
central  elliptical  patch  crimson  brown,  blackish  at  the  edge,  then  crim- 
son, bordered  with  white  and  laterally  by  a  crimson  brown  line.  Be- 
tween the  subdorsal  horns  of  joints  1 1  and  12a  large  rounded  pentag- 
onal white  spot.  Horns  on  joints  3  and  4  fleshy  brown,  the  subdorsal 
on  joints  5  and  11  purplish  brown,  3.5  to  6  mm.  long,  the  rest  colorless. 
Body  rounded  rectangular  in  dorsal  aspect,  the  ends  larger  than  the 
middle;  subdorsal  ridge  evenly  rounded  over,  lateral  ridge  prominent, 
subventral  space  very  small,  colorless,  a  white  line  along  the  subventral 
edge.  Depressed  areas  very  small,  forming  slight  hollows,  the  dorsal 
and  two  lateral  intersegmental  rows  present,  the  rest  not  distinguish- 
able. Skin  smooth  to  the  naked  eye,  under  a  strong  lens  seen  to  be 
densely  covered  with  pointed  conical  skin  spines,  dark  or  colorless  ac- 
cording to  the  ground  color,  elongated  on  the  horns.  Spines  stiff, 
straight  and  smooth,  black  tipped,  reddish  on  the  long  horns,  colorless 


8  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

on  the  short  ones.     Width  of  the  head   1.4   mm.   (calculated   1.47). 
Length  of  the  larva  9.5  to  13  mm. 

Stage  VII. — As  in  the  preceding  stage.  Stage  VII  differs  from 
the  last  stage  (VIII)  as  follows :  The  horns  are  longer  (compare  figs.  10 
and  9 )  and  their  skin  spines  shorter  (Plate  i,  figs.  22  and  13).  The 
purple  brown  color  is  less  extensive,  being  absent  from  the  subventral 
area  and  the  posterior  end  of  the  body,  confined  to  the  regions  described 
above,  and  its  tint  is  rather  paler.  The  patches  of  "  caltrope"  spines 
are  present,  but  smaller  than  in  the  last  stage  and  there  are  no  tufts  of 
detachable  spines.  The  long  horns  grow  from  3.5  mm.  to  5.8  mm. 
during  the  stage  and  are  suddenly  shortened  to  about  2  mm.  at  the  last 
molt.     Width  of  the  head  2  mm.  \  length  of  the  larva  13  to  18  mm. 

Stage  VIII. — (Plate  I,  fig.  16).  Head  beneath  joint  2,  but  2  not 
beneath  3  ;  joints  3  and  4  somewhat  folded.  Dorsum  rises  nearly  per- 
pendicularly in  front,  rounds  over  at  joint  5,  slopes  gently  and  slightly 
to  joint  II,  and  is  then  nearly  perpendicular  to  the  anus.  No  subdorsal 
ridge,  the  body  evenly  rounded,  the  sides  almost  perpendicular.  On 
joints  3,  4,  5  and  11  a  pair  of  suborsal  fleshy  processes,  furnished  with 
long  stiff  spines,  salmon  colored  with  black  tip  (Plate  I,  fig.  4)  ;  among 
them  a  very  few  spatulate  setae  (Plate  I,  fig.  14).  The  processes  on 
joints  3  and  4  are  short,  those  on  joints  5  and  11  long  (2  to  3.5  mui.), 
on  joint  12  small  and  still  smaller  on  joint  13.  A  similar  lateral  row  on 
joints  3,  4,  6  to  12,  all  short.  On  joint  12,  above  the  lateral  process, 
and  on  13  anterior  to  it,  is  an  elevated  velvety  brown  spot,  composed  of 
closely  set,  detachable  spines  (Plate  I,  figs.  7,  23  and  24;  fig.  8  shows 
the  appearance  of  the  skin  after  these  spines  are  detached).  These 
spines  have  a  pale  yellowish  shaft  and  brown-black  tip.  Body  smooth 
to  the  naked  eye,  under  a  lens  finely  spinulose  (Plate  I,  figs.  11,  12  and 
13)  with  paired  dorsal  and  two  lateral  rows  of  intersegmental  shallow 
pale-colored  pits.  Color  dark  purplish  vinous ;  a  pale  yellow,  elliptical 
spot  dorsally  on  joints  5  and  1 1 ,  edged  with  blackish  ;  a  much  larger 
similarly  colored  one  on  each  side  subdorsally  behind  the  large  horn  on 
joint  II ;  a  large  bright  green  patch  covers  the  back  and  sides  of  joints 
6  to  10  like  a  blanket,  extending  on  joints  11  and  12  laterally,  and 
leaving  an  elliptical  patch  of  the  ground  color  dorsally  on  joints  7  to  9 
like  a  hole  in  the  blanket.  The  blanket  patch  is  narrowly  edged  with 
black  and  broadly  with  white.  Head  pale  greenish,  eyes  black,  mouth 
brown ;  width  3  mm.  The  anterior  edge  of  joint  2  bears  many  setae, 
and  there  is  a  group  of  them  before  the  spiracle.  Cervical  shield  a 
skinny  area  with  a  few  punctures  on  its  anterior  border,  square  behind, 


March,  iS96  ]    DyAR  AND  MORTON,    NeW  YoRK  SlUG  CATERPILLARS.  9 

the  anterior  corners  cut  off,  2  mm.  wide.  A  fold  runs  across  joint  2 
obliquely  from  the  anterior  corner  of  the  cervical  shield  backward 
above  the  spiracle.  Two  hairs  subventrally  (iv  +  v)  on  every  segment 
except  joint  2.  Thoracic  feet  small,  colorless,  with  a  terminal  brown 
claw.  About  eight  setae  on  the  suranal  lobe  and  seven  on  each  paranal 
lobe,  the  latter  not  different  from  those  just  assigned  to  the  subventral 
row.  Subdorsal  tubercules  represented  by  tiny  spines  on  joints  6  to  10, 
as  in  the  previous  stage.  On  the  upper  side  of  the  lateral  horns  on 
joints  6  to  II,  near  the  tip,  are  a  series  of  patches  of  minute  detachable 
spines,  designated  '^caltropes"  by  Dr.  Packard.  (Plate  I,  fig.  5.)  A 
few  are  also  found  among  the  detachable  spines  at  the  end  of  the  body, 
but  of  a  somewhat  different  shape.  (Plate  I,  fig.  6.)  The  length  of 
the^e  "caltropes"  is  about  .07  mm.  Length  of  the  larva  16  to  23  mm. 
Cocoon. — (Plate  I,  fig.  19).     With  the  characters  of  the  group. 

EXI'LANATION    OF    PlATE    I. 

{Sibine  stimulea. ) 

1.  Larva  in  stage  I,  enlarged. 

2.  End  of  stage  III,  a  diagram  showing  the  genesis  of  the  markings  of  the  central 

dorsal  area. 

3.  A  horn  of  stage  I,  175  diameters. 

4.  A  permanent  spine  (seta)  of  a  long  horn  X  50- 

5.  A  "  caltrope  "  from  a  lateral  horn  X  I75- 

6.  A  "  caltrope  "  from  among  the  detachable  spines  X  I75- 

7.  A  detachable  spine  X  S^- 

8.  Skin  after  the  removal  of  the  detachable  spines  X  I7S- 

9.  Diagram  of  front  view  of  larva,  stage  VIII. 

10.  Diagram  of  front  view  of  larva,  stage  VII. 

11.  A  seta  of  the  rudimentary  subdorsal  horn  of  joint  8  with  the  adjacent  skin  spines 

X50- 

12.  The  same  region  X  175>  showing  the  skin  spines  enlarged. 

13.  The  skin  spines  on  a  horn  X  'TS- 

14.  A  solitary  spatulate  seta  from  the  end  of  the  subdorsal  horn  of  joint  5  X  I75- 

15.  Sibifte  stimulea. 

16.  Mature  larva. 

17.  Larva  stage  VI,  natural  size. 

18.  The  same,  dorsal  view. 

19.  Cocoon. 

20.  A  group  of  eggs  as  laid  on  the  leaf. 

21.  Feeding  traces  of  the  larva  at  the  first  period  of  eating. 

22.  The  skin  spines  on  a  horn,  penultimate  stage  X  175- 

23.  24.    Base  and  apex  X  '75  of  the  spine  shown  in  fig.  7. 
Figures  15  to  21  by  Miss  Morton,  the  rest  by  Dr.  Dyar. 


10  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society,  [Voi.  iv. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  SPECIES  OF  NYSSON  INHABIT- 
ING AMERICA,  NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 

By  William  J.  Fox. 

Handlirsch's  monograph  of  this  genus  is,  unfortunately,  as  far  as 
the  American  species  are  concerned,  not  as  complete  as  his  papers  on 
the  allied  genera.  This  is  accounted  for  by  the  scarcity  of  American 
material  at  his  command,  he  having  had  but  eight  of  the  twenty-one 
species  then  known  from  this  region,  two  of  which  were  described  by 
him  for  the  first  time.  This  lack  of  material  probably  accounts  for  the 
absence  from  his  paper  of  synoptic  tables  of  our  species;  and  it  is 
hoped  the  present  paper  will  remedy  this  want.  To  be  sure,  our  species 
were  tabulated  by  Cresson  in  1882,  but  as  our  knowledge  of  characters, 
both  specific  and  sectional,  has  been  increased  since  then,  the  present 
paper  can  hardly  be  considered  superfluous. 

The  Tribe  Nyssonini  consists  of  the  genera  Alyson,  Didineis  and 
Nysson,  of  which  the  two  former  were  tabulated  in  1894  * 

Females. 

1.  Hind  tibiae  more  or  less  serrated 2 

Hind  libiffi  not  serrated 4 

2.  Metanotum    (postscutellum)  bilobate  ;  size  rather  large;  abdomen  black,  with 

yellowish  maculations 3 

Metanotum  without  lobes ;  size  small ;   first  two  segments  of  abdomen  red. 

solani. 

3.  Legs  red texanus. 

Legs  black f uscipes. 

4.  Submedian  (anal)  cell  of  hind  wings  terminating  somewhat  beyond,  or  at  the 

origin  of  the  cubital  vein 5 

Submedian  cell  of  hind  wings  terminating  before  the    origin  of  the    cubital 
vein II 

5.  Scutellum    margined,  though    not    strongly,  at  the  sides,  covered   with  large, 

sparse,  shallow  punctures  (spots  on  first  abdominal  segment  largest) 6 

Scutellum  not  margined  at  the  sides,  strongly,  and  usually  closely  punctured. 8 

6.  Second  ventral  segment  at  the  base  truncate,  viewed  from  the  side  almost  form- 

ing a  right  angle spinosus. 

Second  ventral  segment  otherwise  formed 7 

7.  Pygidial  area  broad,  subtruncate  at  tip,  with  large,  somewhat  confluent  punc- 

tures; lateral  spots  of  first  dorsal  segment  covering  almost  the  entire  seg- 
ment  plagiatus. 

*  Entomological  News,  VH. 


March,  1896.]        FoX,       NORTH  AMERICAN  SpECIES  OF  NVSSON.  11 

Pygidial  area  narrower,  rounded  at  tip,  longitudinally  rugoso-punctate ;  lateral 
spots  of  first  dorsal  segment  confined  to  apical  portion  of  the  segment, 
transverse squalls 

8.  Clypeus  bituberculate  at  apex ;  punctuation  of  the  head  and  thorax  very  coarse, 

almost  rugose  (medial  and  hind  femora  more  or  less  red)    . . .  .compactus. 
Clypeus  not  tuberculate ;  punctuation  strong,  but  rather  close  and  not  rugose. 9 

9.  Abdomen  not  at  all  red 10 

Abdomen  with  the  two  basal  segments  more  or  less  reddish  (punctuation  of  head 

and  thorax  very  close,  appearing  granular  ;  punctuation  of  abdomen  subtile). 

rusticus. 

10.  Punctuation  of  head  and  dorsulum  distinctly  separated,  that  of  the  abdomen 

strong  and  very  distinct     .        lateralis.—" 

Punctuation  of  head  and  dorsulum,  particularly  the  former,  very  close,  that  of 
abdomen  rather  subtile,  most  distinct  on  first  segment fidells. 

1 1.  Scutellum  distinctly  margined  laterally 12 

Scutellum  not  margined  laterally 15 

1 2.  Abdomen  not  at  all  reddish I3 

Abdomen  reddish  basally 14 

13.  Basal  enclosure  of  middle-segment  with  coarse,  irregular  ridges,  thereby  mak- 

ing the  enclosure  reticulate ;  abdominal  punctures  strong,  but  not  very  deep. 

opulentus.  ^ 
Basal  enclosure  of  middle-segment  with   the  ridges  regular,  longitudinal  on 
basal  two-thirds,  then  oblique;  abdominal  punctures  deep melllpes. 

14.  Scutellum  coariely  rugoso-punctate ;  wings  clear;  a  yellow  line  on  pronotum 

and  scutellum bellus. 

Scutellum  with  coarse,  longitudinal  folds  ;  wings  subfuscous;  no  yellow  on  pro- 
notum or  scutellum  (punctuation  of  head  and  dorsulum  unusually  coarse). 

basilarls. 

15.  Black,  with  pale  markings;  a  divided  tubercle  between  the  ocelli;  punctuation 

of  head  and  thorax  strong  and  separated albomarginatus."  " 

Black,  with  abdomen  red;  space  between  ocelli  not  tuberculate  ;  punctuation  of 
head  and  thorax  very  close  and  rather  fine bicolor. 

Males. 

Hind  tibise  more  or  less  serrated ;  last  dorsal  segment  4  dentate 2 

Hind  tibiae  not  serrated  ;  last  dorsal  bidentate 3 

2.  Legs  red texanus. 

Legs  black f uscipes. 

3.  Second  ventral  segment  truncate  at  base,  viewed  from  the  side  almost  forming  a 

right  angle spinosus. 

Second  ventral  segment  otherwise  formed 4 

4.  Submedian  cell  (anal  area)  terminating  beyond  or  at  the  origin  of  the  cubital 

vein 5 

Submedian  cell  terminating  before  the  origin  of  the  cubital  vein 13 

5.  Last  dorsal  segment  ciliated  between  the  teeth    6 

Last  dorsal  segment  not  ciliated  between  the  teeth 7 


12  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

6.  Last  dorsal  segment  not  prominent  between  the  teeth,  subtruncate;  lateral  spots 

on  first  dorsal  segment  large,  covering  almost  the  entire  segment. plagiatus. 

Last  dorsal  segment  prominently  angulate  between  the  teeth  ;  spots  on  first  seg' 

ment  transverse,  confined  to  apical  portion  of  segment eequalis. 

7.  Clypeus   bituberculate  at  apex ;  punctuation  of  head  and  thorax  very  coarse 

almost  rugose  (hind  femora,  in  part,  reddish) compactus. 

Clypeus  not  tuberculate  at  apex 8 

8.  Abdomen  not  at  all  reddish    9 

Abdomen  reddish  basally  (clypeus  and  scape  beneath  yellow  ;  abdomen  with 
sparse,  shallow  punctures) rusticus. 

9.  Apical  antennal  joint  scarcely  enlarged  or  curved,  obtuse  at  apex,  the  preceding 

joint  not  produced  at  apex  beneath  (tegulse  black ;  dorsulum  rugosely  punc- 
tured ;  punctures  of  abdomen  distinct  but  feebler  than  in  latei-alis). 

simplicicornis. 

Apical  antennal  joint  enlarged,  strongly  curved,  truncate  at  apex,  the  preceding 

joint  produced  somewhat  beneath  at  apex 10 

10.  Clypeus  and  scape  yellow  (punctures  of  abdomen  rather  subtile)    11 

Clypeus  black 12 

1 1.  Antennns  short,  stout,  when   stretched    back    not    reaching    the    tegulse ;    form 

rather  robust,  tegulse  dark tristis. 

Antennre  longer,  slenderer,  when  stretched  back  reaching,  or  almost  reaching, 
the  tegulse  ;  form  narrower ;  tegulse  pale-testaceous,  or  with  a  yellow  spot. 

fidelis. 

12.  Abdomen   with    unusually  strong   punctures,   those  of  the   front  distinct  and 

separated ;  scutellum  marked  with  extremely  large,  sparse  punctures. 

lateralis. 

Abdomen  subtilely  punctured ;  punctuation  of  front  close,  so  that  it  has  a  gran. 

ular  appearance  ;    scutellum  coarsely  rugose subtilis. 

13.  Apical  antennal  joint  obliquely  truncate  at  tip,  more  or  less  curved 14 

Apical  antennal  joint  rounded  at  tip,   or   obtusely   truncate,   not   or   scarcely 

curved  ;    markings    white  ;    first   segment  with  a  continuous  fascia. 

albomarginatus. 

14.  Abdomen   not   all    reddish,   legs   reddish  testaceous;    enclosure  of  the  middle 

segments  with  its  ridges  evenly  spaced mellipes. 

Abdomen   reddish   basally ;    coxse,    trochanters  and    femora   black,   tibise   and 
tarsi  pale pumilus. 

I.  Nysson  texanus  Cress. 

Nysson  texanus  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IV,  p.  223,  ^  J  . 
Faranysson  texanus  Cresson,  ibid.  IX,  p.  273. 

Nysson   texamts   Handlirsch,    Sitzb.    Akad.    d.    Wissensch.     Wien,    Math. 
Naturw.  Classe,  I  Abth.  XCV,  Bd.  p.  297. 

Texas,  Nebraska;  Montana;  Lewiston,  Idaho  (Aldrich);  Las 
Cruces,  New  Mexico  (Cockerell).  Recorded  by  Handlirsch  from 
Georgia  and  South  Carolina. 


March,  1896  J  Fox,   NORTH  AMERICAN  SPECIES  OF  NySSON.  IB 

2.  Nysson  fuscipes  Cress. 

Paranysson  ftcscipes  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  274,  ^  J. 
Nys ion  fuscipes  Handlirsch,  1.  c.  p.  301 ;  pi.  4,  f.   23. 

Washington;  Oregon;  California.  As  pointed  out  by  Handlirsch, 
this  species  seems  confined  to  the  extreme  Western  States,  in  fact,  those 
bordering  on  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

3.  Nysson  solani  Ckll. 

Nysson  solani  Cockerell,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  XXII,  p.  294,   9.     , 

Las  Cruces,  New  Mexico  (Cockerell).  This  species  has  the  hind 
tibiae  serrated,  agreeing  in  that  respect  with  the  two  preceding  species, 
but  the  metanotum  is  not  lobed.  It  seems  to  be  isolated  from  the  other 
species  as  far  as  its  relationship  is  concerned.  The  only  known  speci- 
men lacks  the  second  (petiolated)  submarginal  cell,  which  deficiency  I 
consider  to  be  but  an  anomaly. 

4.  Nysson  spinosus  Forster. 

Sphex  spinosa  Forster,  Novk  Species  Insect,  p.  87. 

Nysso7i  spinosus  HandliksCH,  1.  c.  p.  337,  pi.  IV,  f.  5,  17,  25-28,  pi.  V,  f.  11. 
9  $■     (For  full  synonymy  see  this  work.) 

North  America  (Handlirsch).  I  have  only  seen  European  speci- 
mens for  which  I  am  indebted  to  Herr  F.  F.  Kohl,  of  Vienna. 

"5.  Nysson  plagiatus  Cress. 

Nysson  aurinotus  Packard    (non  Say),   Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  \T,p.  440,  $ 
Nysson  plagiatus  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  276,  $  9 ;  Handlirsch. 
1.  c.  p.  348,  pi.  4,  f.  II,  21,  pi.  5,  f.  10. 

Illinois;  Indiana;  Louisiana  (Handlirsch) ;  Texas;  Washington. 
Our  largest  species. 

6.  Nysson  a^qualis  Patt. 

Nysson  aqualis  Paiton,  Can.  Ent.  XI,  p.  212,  $;  Handlirsch,  1.  c.  p.  350, 
pi.  4,  f.  10,  22,  ^  $ . 

Massachusetts  (Patton);  Camden  County,  New  Jersey  (in  July); 
Baltimore,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina  (Handlirsch) :  Georgia, 
Illinois. 

7.  Nysson  aurinotus  Say. 

Nysson  aurinotus  Say,   Boston  Journ.    Nat.    Hist.   I,  p.  368;  HANDLIRSCH,  1. 

c-  P-  353.  J^.PI-  5.  f-  13- 

Indiana  (Say)  ;  Illinois  (Handlirsch).     Unknown  to  me. 

8.  Nysson  Frey-Gessneri  Hdl. 

Nysson  Frey-Gessneri  Handlirsch,  1.  c.  p,  355,  $ ,  pi.  5,  f.  12. 
Georgia  (Handlirsch).     Unknown  to  me. 


14  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.       [Voi.  iv. 

9.   Nysson  compactus   Cress. 

Nysson  compactus  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  278,  9  $ . 
Washington  State. 

10.  Nysson  tristis  Cress. 

Nysson  tristis  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  281,  $ . 
Washington  State. 

11.  Nysson  lateralis,  Pack. 

Nysson  lata  ale  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phila.  VI,  p.  440,  $ . 
Nysson  lateralis  Patton,  Can.  Ent.  XI,  p.  213,   f  . 

Canada  (Provancher) ;  Maine,  New  Hampshire,  Virginia,  Illinois 
(Patton). 

12.  Nysson  subtilis,  sp.  nov. 

$. — Cheeks  margined  posteriorly  beneatli,  coarsely  punctured;  front  closely 
punctured,  appearing  strongly  granular,  feebly  ridged  above  antennae;  between 
ocelli  flat,  not  tuberculate ;  clypeus  strongly  punctured,  transversely  depressed  before 
apical  margin,  the  latter  subtruncate ;  antennae  stout,  scape  shining,  strongly  punc- 
ured,  flagellum  opake,  the  last  joint  curved,  nearly  as  long  as  the  three  preceding 
united,  obliquely  truncate  at  tip,  preceding  joint  slightly  produced  beneath  at  apex; 
dorsulum  with  strong,  tolerably  well  sejiarated,  punctures;  scutellum  rugose,  no 
margined  laterally  ;  mesopleurse  strongly  rugosopunctate ;  middle-segment  with  the 
spines  sharp,  slenderer  than  in  lateralis,  enclosure  longitudinally  and  somewhat  ir- 
regularly ridged;  hind  tibiae  not  spinose ;  wings  subhyaline,  iiervures  dark,  petiole  of 
second  submarginal  cell  a  little  shorter  than  the  height  of  cell,  submedian  cell  of  pos- 
terior wings  terminating  a  little  beyond  the  origin  of  the  cubital  vein  ;  punctures  of 
abdomen  subtile,  much  feebler  than  in  lateralis,  stronger  on  first  segment, 
second  ventral  strongly  convex,  particularly  toward  the  base,  but  not  truncate  anter- 
iorly, last  dorsal  bidentate  as  in  the  allied  species.  Black,  the  tubercles,  and  a  trans- 
verse spot  at  each  side  of  the  first  three  dorsal  segments,  yellow  ;  tarsi  and  anterior 
tibise  in  front,  testaceous ;  clypeus  and  anterior  orbits  with  silvery  pubescence.  Length 
6^  mm. 

Algonquin,  Illinois  (Nason).  Easily  distinguished  by  the  entirely 
black  front  and  subtile  punctuation  of  the  abdomen. 

13.  Nysson  rusticus  Cress. 

Nysson  rusticus  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.   IX,  p.  283,  $  9 . 

Washington;  Moscow,  Idaho  (Aldrich);  Colorado. 

14.  Nysson  nigripes  Frov. 

Aysson  nigripes  Provancher,  Add.  Hym.  Quebec,  p.  269,  $ . 
Hull,  Canada  CProvancher).     Unknown  to  me.     Placed  near  ri/s- 
ticus  provisionally,  as  it  may  belong  elsewhere. 


March,  i&j6  ]  FoX,    Nol-ITII   AMERICAN  SpECIES  OF  NySSOX.  15 

15.  Nysson  rufiventris  Cress. 

Nyssoti  rufiventris  Cresson,  ibid,  p.  283,  9  • 

Montana;  Colorado. 

16.  Nysson  fidelis  Cress. 

Xysson  fidelis  Cresson,  ibid,  p.  282,    J  $  . 

Montana ;   Colorado. 

17.  Nysson  simplicicornis,  sp.  nov. 

^ — Cheel;s  not  margined  posteriorly  beneath,  rather  finely  punctured;  front 
with  distinct,  somewhat  separated  and  strong,  punctures,  slightly  prominent  above  the 
antenna ;  between  ocelli  flat,  not  tuberculate  ;  clypeus  transversely  depressed  before 
apical  margin,  which  is  subtruncate  ;  antennae  slenderer  than  in  the  allied  species 
scape  shining,  punctured,  flagellum  opaque,  the  apical  joint  not  curved  or  enlarged, 
obtuse  at  tip,  the  preceding  joint  not  at  all  produced  at  apex  beneath  ;  dorsulum  with 
coarse  shallow  punctures,  or  rugoso-punctate ;  scutellum  coarsely  punctured,  not 
margined  laterally ;  mesopleuras  coarsely  punctured  but  less  so  than  the  dorsulum  ; 
middle  segment  with  the  spines  sharp,  slender,  enclosure  irregularly  ridged;  hind 
tibi;^  not  spinose ;  wings  sub-hyaline,  nervures  and  stigma  black,  petiole  of  second 
submarginal  cell  shorter  than  the  height  of  cell,  submedian  cell  of  posterior  wings 
terminating  at  the  origin  of  the  cubital  vein,  punctures  of  the  abdomen  distinct,  finer 
and  closer,  however,  than  in  lateralis,  second  ventral  segment  strongly  convex,  with 
the  punctures  sparser,  last  dorsal  bidentate.  Black ;  spot  at  apex  of  four  anterior 
femora  beneath  and  on  dorsal  segments  1-3,  whitish;  mandibles  reddish  medially ; 
tarsi  somewhat  testaceous ;  clypeus  and  sides  of  face  with  dense  silvery  pubescence. 
Length  5  mm. 

Ingham  County,  Michigan  (G.  C.  Davis),  July  17th.  Smaller 
than  the  allied  species  with  black  abdomens  and  is  at  once  separated 
by  the  different  terminal  antennal  joint. 

1 8.  Nysson  opulentus  Gerst. 

Nysson  opulentus  Gerstacker,  Abh.  Naturh.  Gesell.  zu  Halle,  X,  p.  1 14,  $ 
Nysson  opulentus  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  279,  9. 
N'ysson  opulentus  Handlirsch,  1.  c.  p.  357,  9  <?• 

New  York.     The  $  I  have  not  seen. 

19.  Nysson  mellipes  Cress. 

Nysson  mellipes  Cressun,  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  279,  $  9. 
Colorado ;   Dakota ;  Montana. 

20.  Nysson  tuberculatus  Hdl. 

Nysson  tuberculatus  Haxdlirsch,  I.  c.  p.  363,  $  9  ■ 

Wisconsin  and  South  Carolina  (Handlirsch).  Unknown  to  me. 
It  is  said  to  be  close  to  basilaris,  but  seems  to  differ  somewhat  in  the 
punctuation  of  abdomen,  greater  extent  of  black  on  legs  and  presence 


16  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.      |Vo1  iv 

of  pale  spots  on   scutellum.     I  am  inclined  to   regard  hasllaris  and 
tiiberculatKS  as  synonymous,  however. 

21.  Nysson  basilaris  Cress. 

Nyv,son  basilaris  Cresson,  Tr.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  IX,  p.  281,  9- 

Georgia. 

22.  Nysson  bell  us  Cress. 

A'ysson  bellus  Cresson,  ibid.  p.  2S0,  9 . 
Montana  and  Texas. 

23.  Nysson  pumilus  Cress. 

Nysson  jtimilus  Cresson,  ibid.  p.  405,  $  . 

Nevada. 

-24.   Nysson  albomarginatus  Cress. 

Nysson  albomarginatus  Cresson,  ibid.  p.  278,  ^  9  • 
Nevada.  Easily  distinguished  by  the  pale,  continuous  fascice  of  ab- 
domen.    The  unique  9  type  has  also  two,  tranverse,  pale  spots  on  first 
segment,  near  base.     These  may  not  be  constant  in  a  series,  however. 

25.  Nysson  mcestus  Cress. 

Ayssoj!  tnasttis  Cresson,  ibid.  p.  280,  $  . 

Washington  State. 

26.  Nysson  bicolor  Cress. 

Hyponyzson  bicolor  Cresson,  ibid.  p.  284,  9  . 
Nysson  bicolor  Handlirsch,  1.  c.  p.  402. 

Washington  State.  The  unique  type  of  this  species  lacks  the  third 
submarginal  cell. 


SOME  NOTES  ON  LOCUST  STRIDULATION. 

By  a.  p.  Morse,  Wellesley,  Mass. 

Every  observer  of  outdoor  Nature  is  familiar  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent  with  the  peculiar  rattling  or  crackling  sounds  produced  by 
certain  locusts  or  "grasshoppers"  in  flight.  When  at  rest  these  in- 
sects are  quite  inconspicuous,  their  colors  resembling  closely  the  pre- 
vailing tints  of  their  surroundings,  but  when  in  flight  many  of  them  at- 
tract notice  not  only  by  their  stridulation,  but  also  by  their  strikingly 
colored  wings  in  which  yellow  and  red  with  black  markings  predomi- 
nate. 


March,  1896.]  MORSE,   NOTES  ON  LoCUST  StRIDULATION.  17 

These  locusts  belong  to  a  group,  the  QEdipodinee,  usually  given 
subfamily  rank,  of  which  fifteen  species  are  found  in  New  England.  One 
of  the  best  known  and  most  widely  distributed  of  these  in  eastern  North 
America  is  a  species  whose  wings  are  black  with  a  pale  buff  outer  bor- 
der and  with  a  few  spots  at  the  tip ;  this  is  the  Carolina  locust.  It  is 
very  common  on  dusty  roadsides  and  waste  places  in  the  latter  part  of 
summer  and  the  early  autumn.  Owing  to  the  prevailing  tint  of  quiet 
brown  which  clothes  the  majority  of  individuals  they  are  known  in  some 
localities  as  "  Quakers." 

Just  how  the  rattling  sound  is  produced  is  a  matter  of  some  specu- 
lation ;  it  is,  however,  entirely  under  the  control  of  the  insect,  which 
can  produce  it  or  not  at  will.  So  far  as  recorded,  only  the  male  stridu- 
lates,  though  I  suspect  thaf  the  females  of  some  species  occasionally  do 
in  a  less  degree.  Owing  to  the  noise  being  produced  in  flight  it  is  dif- 
ficult not  only  to  observe  the  exact  method  of  its  production,  but  also 
to  determine  with  certainty  that  it  is  confined  to  one  sex.  It  is  usually 
stated  to  be  caused  by  the  striking  of  the  front  edge  of  the  wing  against 
the  under  side  of  the  wing- cover.  This  might  occur  as  the  result  of  an 
up-and-down  blow  or,  as  I  venture  to  suggest,  of  a  slight  antero- poste- 
rior movement  bringing  the  prominent  veins  of  the  under  side  of  the 
wing- cover  (humeral  trunk  and  ulnar  or  anal  veins)  into  collision  with 
the  raised  veins  of  the  base  of  the  wing. 

Certain  species,  however,  produce  not  only  rattling,  but  distinct 
snapping  sounds  consisting  of  separate  loud  snaps  or  clacks,  e.  g.,  Cir- 
coteitix  verrucnlatus,  which  often  dances  up  and  down  in  the  air  while 
doing  so  and  not  infrequently  ends  its  powerful  and  erratic  flight  with 
a  rattle  immediately  before  alighting.  It  has  seemed  to  me  that  the 
clacks  may  be  produced  in  a  diff"erent  manner  from  the  rattling  sounds, 
and  the  following  is  suggested  as  a  possible  explanation. 

If  the  wing-cover  of  any  of  our  larger  Gildipodinse  be  examined 
there  will  be  readily  seen  near  its  point  of  attachment,  about  in  its  mid- 
line, between  the  bases  of  two  of  the  conspicuous  veins  (humeral  trunk 
and  anal)  and  pressing  them  apart,  as  it  were,  a  distinct  prominence. 
From  this  spring  the  two  ulnar  veins.  If  the  wing-cover  be  inverted  a 
depression  will  be  found  corresponding  to  the  external  prominence. 
In  this  depression  lies  the  elevated  base  of  the  median  vein  of  the  wing 
when  the  wings  and  wing-covers  are  closed,  and  this  arrangement  holds 
these  organs  in  place  in  the  position  of  rest  without  any  direct  effort  of 
the  insect.  If  the  wing-cover  of  a  newly  killed  or  relaxed  O^dipodine 
be  properly  manipulated  it  will  leave  its  place  with  a  distinct  snap,  due 


18  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

to  the  sudden  slipping  off  of  the  base  of  the  wing-cover  from  the  base 
of  the  wing.  This  arrangement  is  highly  developed  in  the  genus  Cir- 
cotettix,  whose  members  are  noted  for  the  clacking  noise  produced  in 
flight,  which  it  seems  to  me  may  perhaps  be  thus  produced  by  the  sud- 
den, and  more  or  less  rapidly  repeated,  opening  and  closing  of  the 
flight- organs. 

There  is  another  group  of  locusts  found  with  us,  fewer  in  species, 
smaller  in  size,  and  of  less  conspicuous  habits,  but  more  plentiful  in 
numbers  than  the  Qildipodinse,  which  stridulate  not  during  flight,  but 
when  at  rest, — these  are  the  little  oblique-faced  Tryxalinee.  In  this 
group  the  sound  is  produced  by  rubbing  the  hind  thighs  against  the 
wing-covers,  and  both  the  apparatus  and  its  working  are  readily  ob- 
served. It  consists,  in  most  of  our  species,  of  a  row  of  fine  teeth  pro- 
jecting from  the  inner  side  of  the  hind  thighs  of  the  male  in  such  a 
position  as  to  engage  the  elevated  veins  of  the  basal  part  of  the  wing- 
covers,  by  this  means  setting  up  vibrations  in  the  latter.  This  may  be 
readily  demonstrated  in  the  fresh  insect  or  a  relaxed  specimen.  The 
sounds  produced  in  this  way  are  entirely  different  in  character  from 
those  made  by  the  QEdipodinse  in  flight,  being  a  scraping  or  scratching, 
as  distinguished  from  a  rattling,  crackling,  or  rustling. 

There  is,  however,  a  genus  (^Mecostethiis)  of  this  group  which  is 
allied  to  the  (Edipodinje  in  structure,  and  the  males  of  one  of  its  species 
produce  the  loudest  note  made  by  any  of  our  Tryxalinae.  In  this  genus 
the  hind  thighs  of  the  males  are  destitute  of  teeth,  which  are  borne  in- 
stead upon  a  supernumerary  vein  of  the  wing-covers,  which  is  raised 
above  the  others.  In  the  species  referred  to  the  teeth  on  this  vein  are 
high  and  very  acutely  pointed. 

This  additional  vein  is  found  in  all  our  representatives  of  the 
CEdipodinae,  which  stridulate  in  flight,  and  the  discovery  of  this  ar- 
rangement of  the  apparatus  in  Mecostethus  led  me  to  examine  this  vein 
in  several  species  of  Qidipodin^e  to  see  whether  it  was  ever  supplied 
with  a  rasping  surface ;  for  if  so,  these  locusts  also  could  doubtless 
stridulate  when  at  rest.  It  was  found  in  several  species  to  be  provided 
with  teeth  of  different  degrees  of  effectiveness,  and  not  long  afterward  I 
was  enabled  to  witness  the  use  of  this  form  of  stridulating  apparatus  by 
an  CEdipodine. 

While  walking  up  the  Mt.  Washington  carriage-road  one  bright 
morning  in  early  September  I  came  upon  a  group  of  several  males  of 
Circotettix  verruculatas  sunning  themselves  by  the  roadside  in  the 
shelter  of  an  overhanging  cliff.     The  night  had  been  quite  cool   and 


March,  iSo6.]  MORSE,    NOTES    ON    LoCUST  StRIDULATION.  19 

they  had  evidently  but  just  become  sufficiently  warmed  by  the  morning 
sun  to  take  an  active  part  in  life,  and  in  consequence  allowed  a  closer 
approach  than  is  the  usual  custom  of  this  wary  species.  Two  of  them 
seemed  more  wide  awake  than  the  others,  and  as  they  crawled  about 
would  occasionally  stop,  slightly  elevate  the  hinder  part  of  the  body 
and  rapidly  move  the  hind  thighs  up  and  down  against  the  wing-covers, 
producing  a  distant  "  scritching  "  sound  clearly  audible  at  a  distance 
of  three  or  four  feet.  This  act  was  repeated  several  times  at  intervals  of 
a  few  seconds.     No  females  were  seen  near  by. 

Desiring  to  make  further  observations  on  this  mode  of  stridulation 
in  the  CEdipodinae  I  secured  one  day  after  my  return  several  examples 
of  Encoptolophus  sordidus  and  Arphia  xanthoptera  and  enclosed  them, 
together  with  some  grass,  in  a  pasteboard  box  of  about  a  cubic  foot  ca- 
pacity, covered  it  with  netting  and  placed  it  in  the  sun.  Both  sexes  of 
both  species  were  represented,  but  of  females  there  were  but  two  of  each. 

At  first  their  efforts  were  entirely  in  the  direction  of  escape,  but  after 
a  short  time  they  became  more  quiet  and  were  left  by  themselves,  an 
occasional  approach  being  made  to  see  how  matters  stood.  Nothing  of 
interest  was  learned  from  the  Arphias,  but  after  some  time  two  males  of 
E.  sordidus,  oblivious  to  their  surroundings,  became  attentive  to  one  of 
the  females.  Aroused  by  her  near  presence  they  crawled  rapidly  about, 
and  as  they  approached  her  would  stop,  stridulate  for  a  second  with 
their  hind  thighs,  and  excitedly  leap  toward  or  upon  her,  when,  being 
repulsed,  they  would  repeat  the  operation.  The  sound  produced  was  a 
very  high-pitched  "  I'chT-i'chi-T'chT-i'chi. " 

Another  sound  of  an  entirely  different  character  was  made  by  them 
in  a  different  manner.  The  hind  thighs,  instead  of  being  closely  ap- 
plied to  the  wing-covers,  were  spread  somewhat  apart  and  violently 
vibrated,  moving,  as  nearly  as  could  be  judged,  up  and  down  with  ex- 
treme rapidity  and  striking  as  they  did  so  upon  the  bottom  of  the  box. 
The  sound  produced  was  a  peculiar  ''r-r-r-rd"  or  "r-r-r-rt,"  low  in 
tone  and  of  considerable  volume,  leading  me  to  think  from  its  quality 
that  it  was  due  in  part  to  the  vibration  of  the  pasteboard  bottom.  Once 
it  seemed  as  if  the  wing-covers  took  some  part  in  it,  vibrating  laterally ; 
but  as  the  act  was  witnessed  but  twice,  both  times  from  the  side,  and 
was  too  rapid  for  the  e3^e  to  follow,  I  am  uncertain  of  the  exact  method 
of  its  production. 

Lack  of  time  in  suitable  weather  prevented  further  observations, 
but  these  are  reported  in  the  hope  of  bringing  out  information  on  the 
subject  and  inducing  other  observers  to  pay  some  attention  to  this  in- 
teresting habit. 


20  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi  iv. 

The  occurrence  in  the  CEdipodinse  of  stridulation  when  at  rest 
seems  to  have  been  entirely  overlooked  in  late  years,  though  observed  by 
Yersin  in  (Ed.  fasciata.  Among  the  Acridinse  Caloptemis  italiciis  and 
Melanophi^s  femur-rubrnm  have  been  observed  by  Yersin  and  Scudder 
respectively  to  perform  the  stridulatory  movements,  though  no  sound 
was  noted  in  either  case.  Yersin  was  disposed  to  believe  that  all  locusts 
provided  with  well-developed  wing-covers  execute  such  movements, 
whether  accompanied  by  sound  or  not.  And  it  is  not  unlikely  that 
sound  is  often  produced  too  faint  or  fine  for  our  ears  to  perceive. 

Nothing  is  known  of  stridulation  in  the  Tettiginae,  but  it  seems 
possible  that  it  may  occur  in  the  same  manner,  /.  e.,  by  friction  of  the 
hind  thighs  on  the  side  of  the  pronotal  process  or  anterior  edge  of  the 
wing  which  in  this  group  take  the  place  of  the  wing-covers.  In  the 
Eremobinoe  both  sexes  are  said  by  Saussure  to  be  often  provided  with 
special  musical  apparatus  of  two  kinds,  one  used  at  rest  and  one  in 
flight  and  both  differing  from  those  here  mentioned. 


BOTH     SIDES    OF   BUTTERFLIES. 

By  A.  P.  Morse,   Wellesley,   Mass. 

Every  collector  of  butterflies  and  every  student  of  variation  in 
these  insects  is  interested  in  methods  whereby  both  surfaces  of  the  wings 
of  his  favorites  can  be  studied  with  a  minimum  amount  of  labor  and  in- 
convenience. Book-boxes,  so-called,  with  glass  top  and  bottom  and 
cork  gummed  to  the  glass,  answer  very  well  in  a  permanent  collection, 
but  for  one  which  is  receiving  additions  and  to  whose  owner  expense  is 
an  item  to  be  closely  considered,  so  that  an  entire  case  or  cases  cannot 
be  given  up  to  a  species,  some  method  is  necessary  which  will  more 
readily  permit  of  rearrangement  when  desired.  With  this  end  in  view 
I  several  years  ago  designed  the  following  plan,  which  is  here  presented 
in  the  hope  that  it  will  be  of  interest  or  use  to  others.  While  metal 
strips  filled  with  cork  have  been  used  for  some  time  I  believe  that  the 
method  of  rearrangement  suggested  is  entirely  novel. 

The  cases  for  which  the  plan  was  designed  are  of  the  standard 
museum  pattern,  i6x  19x3  inches  outside,  15 x  18  inside  measurement, 
the  top  and  bottom  of  glass,  the  sides  of  wood  joined  by  tongue  and 
groove,  the  tongue  being  either  of  wood  or  metal.  The  plan,  however, 
is  applicable  to  almost  any  form  or  size  of  case  preferred.     Aside  from 


Maich,  1896.]  Morse,  Both  Sides  of  Butterflies.  21 

its  increased  weight  a  glass  bottom,  as  well  as  top,  is  to  be  preferred  for 
all  cases  of  considerable  size,  as  it  does  away  with  the  troublesome 
shrinking  which  is  inseparable  from  the  use  of  large  sheets  of  wood  un- 
less made  in  three-ply,  as  in  the  manufacture  of  desks,  etc. 

The  method  is  this  :  Procure  twice  as  many  thin  strips  of  some 
straight-grained  wood  with  as  little  tendency  to  warp  as  possible,  such  as 
cherry  or  basswood,  one-quarter  inch  in  thickness,  as  long  as  the  inside 
measurement  of  the  front  of  the  case  and  as  wide  as  the  case  is  deep  in- 
side. On  one  side  of  these  strips  are  sawed,  with  a  fine  saw,  slots  one- 
fourth  inch  in  depth  at  intervals  of  half  an  inch.  Two  strips  will  be 
needed  for  each  case  (front  and  back),  making  twice  as  many  strips  as 
cases,  one-half  of  which  should  have  the  first  slot  sawed  at  a  distance  of 
one-half  inch  from  the  end,  the  other  half  at  a  distance  of  three-quarters 
inch ;  the  reason  for  this  will  be  seen  later.  These  strips  may  be  pro- 
cured at  slight  expense  from  the  maker  of  the  cases  or  a  box  manufac- 
turer. 

Next,  get  a  reliable  tinsmith  to  cut  some  strips  of  tin  three- 
quarters  inch  wide  and  fourteen  and  seven-eighths  inches  long  and  bend 
them  up  into  troughs  one-fourth  inch  wide  and  deep  with  vertical  sides. 
To  one  side  of  each  end  of  a  trough  should  be  soldered  neatly  the  short 
end  of  an  L-shaped  piece  of  the  same  material  one- fourth  plus  three- 
fourths  inch  long  and  nearly  one-fourth  inch  wide.  These  lie  flat  upon 
the  bottom  of  the  case  out  of  sight  beneath  the  wooden  strip  and  act  as 
feet  to  hold  the  trough  upright  during  rearrangement.  To  give  as  much 
supporting  surface  as  possible  they  should  be  attached  to  opposite  sides 
of  the  trough.  The  portion  of  the  side  of  the  trough  opposite  the  at- 
tached piece  should  be  cut  through  and  turned  down  flat,  widening  the 
supporting  base,  or  it  may  be  removed  entirely,  leaving  the  end  of  the 
trough  with  a  single  vertical  edge  which  fits  into  the  slots  sawed  in  the 
wooden  strips.  These  edges  being  on  opposite  sides  of  the  trough 
necessitate  the  different  position  of  the  slots  on 'the  front  and  back 
strips  previously  mentioned.  The  troughs  are  then  to  be  filled  with 
strips  of  cork  and  the  whole  to  be  painted  over  a  dead  white  or  black 
as  preferred.  The  tin  troughs  ready  to  be  filled  may  be  obtained  for 
about  three  cents  apiece,  in  lots  of  one  hundred  or  more. 

The  troughs  are  held  in  position  by  the  slots  sawed  in  the  wooden 
strips  and  may  be  placed  within  an  inch  of  each  other,  or  within  one- 
half  inch  in  the  case  of  very  small  specimens  by  cutting  a  little  off  the 
ends  of  the  L-shaped  feet,  or  as  far  apart  as  desired.  The  wooden 
strips  are  held  in  place  at  front  and  back  of  the  case  by  short,  headless 


22  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

pins  or  brads  thrust  into  the  sides  of  the  case,  and  if  equal  in  width  to 
the  depth  of  the  case  are  held  down  by  the  cover,  or  they  may  be  nar- 
rower and  then  held  securely  in  place  by  a  pin  above  each  end. 

For  examination  the  case  may  be  placed  upon  a  table  covered  with 
white  or  dark  cloth  or  paper  according  to  the  background  desired,  and 
may  be  instantly  turned  upside  down,  allowing  both  sides  of  the  entire 
series  of  specimens  to  be  examined  when  desired  without  a  moment's 

delay. 

• 

A    NEW   GLOVERIA. 

By  Harrison  G.  Dyar. 

Mr.  L..  O.  Howard  has  sent  me  several  examples  of  a  Lasiocampid 
collected  in  Arizona  for  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  which  seems  to 
represent  an  undescribed  species.     I  take  pleasure  in  dedicating  it  to 
this  well  known  entomologist. 
Dendrolimus  howardi,  sp.  nov. 

Female.  Like  Qtiadrina  dtazoma.  Cla-j  color  (Ridgway,  pi.  V,  fig.  8)  irro- 
rate  with  pale  chocolate  brown  scales.  Two  faint,  brown,  nearly  straight  lines,  one 
across  the  cell,  the  other  at  the  outer  third  of  the  wing,  the  most  distinct  mark.  A 
very  faint  white  discal  dot.  Subterminal  line  irregular,  broken,  faint,  twice  out- 
wardly curved,  at  veins  3  and  4  and  6  to  8.  Secondaries  and  thorax  pale  brown, 
about  the  tint  of  the  transverse  lines  of  the  primaries ;  abdomen  a  little  paler.  Ex- 
panse 49  to  66  mm. 

Alale.  Considerably  like  the  male  of  D.  gargamelle  Strecker  (The  male  of 
Q.  diazoma  being  unknown).  Sepia  (Ridgway,  pi.  Ill,  fig.  3),  along  the  outer 
margin  of  primaries  succeeded  by  a  semi-transparent  zone,  which  shades  into  raw 
umber  (R.  Ill,  14)  over  the  basal  half  of  the  wing,  composed  of  brown  and  yellow- 
ish hairs.  Discal  dot  round,  distinct,  white.  Lines  as  in  the  female,  faint,  darker 
than  the  wing,  the  subterminal  especially  obscure,  broken  into  a  series  of  brown 
intervenular  dots,  the  one  at  the  anal  angle  the  most  distinct.  Secondaries  sepia,  a 
semitransparent  space  covering  the  outer  third  except  for  a  narrow  outer  margin. 
Body  dark,  mixed  with  yellowish  hairs.  On  the  primaries  the  subterminal  line  is 
much  fainter  than  in  ga7-ga7nelle;  the  transverse  space  encroaches  on  it  whereas  in 
%argaineUe  it  just  reaches  the  line.  Basally  in  both  it  reaches  to  the  discal  do^. 
The  bright  yellowish  costal  shade  is  not  present  in  gargamelle.  The  secondaries 
{  dark  chocolate,  not  bright  reddish  brown;  the  transparent  space  reaches  out 
•urther  than  in  its  ally,  leaving  only  a  narrow  band  instead  of  an  outer  third. 
Expanse  38  to  45  mm. 

The  types  are  three  pairs  in  the  National  Museum  and  one  pair  in 
my  collection.     All  bred  specimens. 

In  markings  the  female  is  perhaps  not  different  from  Quadrina  diazoma. 


March,  1896.]  Dyar,  a  New  Gloveria.  23 

Grote,  the  type  of  which  is  rubbed  and  the  faint  transverse  anterior  line  and 
discal  spot  may  have  been  obUterated,  not  being  mentioned  in  the  de- 
scription. The  wings  are,  however,  clearly  not  short  and  broad  as  de- 
scribed (and  as  shown  also  in  the  photograph  before  me);  but  are,  as 
usual,  rather  long,  the  outer  margin  gently  convex.  The  size,  too,  is 
much  smaller ;  but  the  specimens  may  have  been  reduced  by  breeding, 
although  Mr.  Howard  does  not  think  that  this  can  be  the  case  to  any 
great  extent.  Otherwise  this  form  is  distinct  from  any  in  our  fauna, 
nor  is  there  anything  like  it  in  the  Biologia  Centrali-Americana.  Mr. 
Druce  and  Mr.  Schaus  have  both  described  several  Lasiocampids  since 
the  date  of  the  Biologia ;  but  a  perusal  of  their  descriptions  dees  not 
suggest  that  any  of  them  have  to  do  with  the  present  insect. 

Synopsis  of  the  American  Dendrolimus  9  9 . 

Gray,  the  subterminal  line  distinct. 

Subterminal  line  sharply  and  regularly  dentate arizonensis. 

Subterminal  line  undulate,  irregular dolores. 

Brown-gray  to  yellowish  brown,  subterminal  line  obscure. 

Dark  grizzled  gray  brown,  discal  dot  white gargamelle. 

Paler,  luteous  brown,  only  traces  of  discal  spot. 

Wings  as  usual,  rather  elongate howardl. 

Wings  short  and  broad,  depressed  at  apices diazoma. 

The  following  notes,  sent  me  by  Mr.  Howard,  show  the  dates 
observed  for  the  emergence  of  the  moths  as  bred  at  Washington. 

"  April  10,  1895.  Received  from  J.  W.  Toumey,  Tuscon,  Arizona 
a  web  of  a  Lasiocampid  and  some  partly  grown  larvse  found  feeding  on 
Querciis  emoryi ;  only  observed  on  a  few  trees.  Accompanying  them 
was  a  strip  or  band  of  web  taken  from  the  tent.  Mr.  Toumey  has  been 
informed  that  great  bands  of  such  web  hang  from  the  branches  imme- 
diately around  the  tent  like  long  streamers. 

The  larvae  are  bright  ferruginous  with  a  yellowish  lateral  stripe  and 
dull  black  head. 

There  are  three  median  dorsal  rows  of  white  soft  hairs  and  a  lateral 
row  of  same  color. 

April  20th.  Larvse  are  feeding  both  on  buds  just  opening  as  well 
as  on  the  dry  leaves  of  oak.  One  tachinid  fly  issued ;  it  is  Exorista 
thlecarum. 

July     I  St.     One  larva  spun  up. 

July  loth.     One  moth,  a  female  issued. 

July  1 6th.  Five  males  issued;  two  were  ruined,  the  remaining 
three  spread. 


24  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv- 

July  i8th.     One  female  issued;  left  in  cage  to  copulate. 

July  19th.  Two  females  and  four  males  issued.  Eggs  were  de- 
posited in  the  cage. 

July  22d.  Three  females  and  five  males  issued.  Two  more  batches 
of  eggs  ^deposited. 

July   23d,     Three  females  and  two  males  issued. 

July  24th.  One  female  and  one  male  issued.  More  eggs  were 
deposited. 

July  25th.     Two  males  issued. 

July  26th.     One  female  issued. 

July  29th.     Two  issued.     (Sex  not  stated.) 

August  2d.    Two  issued. 

August  5th.  One  female  issued.     Some  of  the  eggs  hatched. 

August  8th.  One  male  issued. 

August  9th.  More  larvae  hatched." 

The  following  descriptions  have  been  drawn  up  from  alcoholic 
specimens  preserved  at  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  some  of  which 
have  been  kindly  presented  to  me  by  Mr.  Howard. 

jEggs. — Oval ;  one  end  bluntly  rounded,  the  other  conical,  slightly 
flattened  above  and  below.  Pure  white,  very  slightly  shining,  a  small, 
round,  yellowish  translucent  spot  in  the  centre  of  each  flattened  side. 
(The  large  end  is  eaten  away  in  all  the  specimens,  by  the  young  larvae, 
so  I  am  not  able  to  describe  the  micropylar  region.) 

Length  i.  8  mm.,  width  i.  5  mm.  and  1.4  mm.  through  the  flattened 
sides.  Shell  minutely  roughened  under  a  half-inch  objective,  but 
without  marks.     Laid  in  irregular  clusters  without  any  covering. 

Stage  I. — Head  and  thoracic  feet  shining  black;  cervical  shield, 
leg  plates  and  anal  plate,  as  well  as  a  dorsal  patch  on  joint  13,  brown 
black.  Body  grayish  white  with  a  row  of  subdorsal  segmentary  orange 
spots,  diffuse  and  broad.  Warts  small,  black,  each  with  several  hairs, 
fine,  spinulated  and  rather  long.  Arrangement  of  the  warts  normal 
(Psyche  vii,  259),  the  secondary  warts  very  feebly  developed,  obscure; 
warts  iv  and  v  also  obscure,  vi  divided.  On  the  thorax  the  posterior 
subdorsal  wart  (iia)  is  larger  than  in  Clisiocampa  and  bears  several 
hairs.     No  secondary  hairs.     Width  of  head  1.05  mm. 

Stage  IF. — Head,  cervical  shield,  joints  12  and  13  dorsally,  anal 
plate  and  anal  feet  black;  width  of  head  3.0-3.2  mm.  Body  gray, 
mottled  with  black,  defined  in  a  series  of  subdorsal  dots  and  narrow 
lateral  line,  between  which  runs  a  broad  orange-red  band.     Hair  fine, 


March,  1896.]  DVAR,   A    NeW    GlOVERIA.  25 

white,  rather  thick,  with  a  series  of  Httle  short  dorsal  tufts.  Venter 
dark  gray  with  a  series  of  black  medio-ventral  spots.  Body  quite 
densely  clothed  with  secondary  hairs,  the  warts  almost  obsolete,  some  of 
the  largest  ones  persisting,  black.     Leg  plates  dark. 

Last  stage. — Head  black,  the  lower  segment  of  clypeus,  side  pieces 
and  median  suture  whitish  ;  mouth  pale;  all  covered  with  soft  white 
secondary  hairs;  rounded,  rather  large,  not  retracted;  width  5.5  to 
6.4  mm.  Body  curiously  transversely  streaked  with  whitish  and  red- 
brown,  silky  hairy,  flattened  ;  no  warts.  There  is  a  rather  broad  shaded 
blackish  band  below  the  spiracles,  relieved  by  a  series  of  whitish  inter- 
segmental patches  below,  otherwise  grading  into  the  dark  venter,  mot- 
tled with  black  and  light  red  on  each  side  of  the  median  black  patches. 
Above  the  substigmatal  line  the  marks  are  transeverse,  except  a  narrow 
brown-black  broken  lateral  line  which  cuts  them.  The  ground  color  is 
whitish,  shading  into  bright  brown  subdorsally,  with  about  si.x  obscured 
transverse  streaks  of  brown  black,  most  distinct  intersegmentally.  They 
become  clouded  in  a  dark  brown  shade  centrally  on  the  segment  and 
are  relieved  by  an  orange  subdorsal  transverse  dash  on  the  posterior 
third  on  joints  4  to  12,  a  rather  conspicuous  making,  defined  before  by 
darker  brown;  an  anterior  dark  brown  ad-dorsal  patch.  These  trans- 
verse markings  are  produced  by  a  growth  of  fine  short  dark  brown  sec- 
ondary hairs  in  four  transverse  lines  over  the  dorsum,  a  broken  blackish 
dorsal  and  ad-dorsal  shading  on  the  ground  of  the  original  broad 
orange-red  subdorsal  band.  At  the  lower  edge  of  the  orange  dash  a 
dark  red  shade  obscurely  parallels  the  longitudinal  superstigmatal  line. 
Cervical  shield  velvety  black  with  two  white  streaks  below  it.  Anal 
plates  black,  joint  12  heavily  clouded  with  blackish.  Thoracic  feet 
reddish,  abdominal  dark,  with  a  bright  whitish  streak  down  the  outer 
side.  Hair  soft,  fine,  white,  tufted  dorsally  and  subventrally  centrally 
on  the  segments.  Warts  absent,  all  the  hairs  secondary ;  no  percepti- 
ble enlargement  below  the  cervical  shield  ;  joint  12  not  enlarged. 

The  short  brown  hairs  are  stiff  thick-walled  tubes,  smooth  with 
pointed  conical  ends ;  they  are  widest  at  terminal  third  and  taper  a  lit- 
tle toward  the  base,  minutely  granular-roughened  just  before  the  tip. 
The  long  white  hairs  are  more  slender,  colorless,  thin  walled  and 
smooth,  gently  tapering  toward  the  tip.  There  is  a  slight  roughening 
toward  the  tip  of  short  lamellar  points.  Length  of  the  short  hairs  .4  to 
.6  mm.,  of  the  long  ones  3  to  6  mm.  The  short  hairs  are  evidently  of 
a  defensive  nature  as  they  become  detached  when  the  larva  is  handled 
and  entering  the  skin  produce  some  irritation  and  finally  small  blisters 
which  last  for  several  days. 


26  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  lvoi.  iv. 

Cocooji. — Thin,  almost  papery,  of  dark  brown  silk,  .single,  but 
with  some  loose  silk  without;  elliptical,  less  definite  in  shape  than  in 
Clisiocampa,  the  ends  thinner  than  the  central  portion.  Size  35  x  15  mm. 

Pupa. — Robust,  the  abdomen  large,  thicker  than  the  thorax, 
slightly  curved  ventrally,  the  anal  rounded,  pilose,  without  cremaster , 
three  moveable  incisures,  viz.  4-5,  5-6,  o-yth  abdominal  segments 
(corresponding  to  joints  8-9,  9-10,  lo-ii  of  the  larva)  the  other  in- 
cisures behind  the  8th  abdominal  segment  distinct,  but  fixed.  Spiracles 
large,  distinct,  present  on  abdominal  segments  2  to  8.  Cases  smooth, 
compact,  firmly  united,  the  joinings  marked  by  darker  lines;  the  leg 
cases  reach  to  the  end  of  the  third  abdominal,  wing  cases  to  middle  of 
the  fourth,  antennae  cases  opposite  the  end  of  the  fourth  segment. 
Head  and  thorax  pilose,  abdomen  less  distinctly  so;  cases  smooth. 
Color  light  reddish  brown,  the  incisures,  spiracles  and  sutures  darker. 
Length  25  mm.,  width  10  mm. 


LITERATURE  ON  DEFENSIVE  OR  REPUGNATO- 
RIAL  GLANDS  OF  INSECTS. 

By  a.  S.  Packard. 

Aldrovandus,  U. — De  animalibus  insectis  libri  septem  cum  singulorum 
iconibus  ad  vivum  expressis.  Denuo  impress :  Bonon.  apud  Clementem  Ferronium 
1638,  p.  273.     [The  first  edition  was  in  1602.] 

Moufet,  T. — Insecioium  sive  minimoriim  animalium  theatrum  .  .  London, 
1634.  pp.  185-186. 

Goedart,  J.— Metamorphosis  naturalis  sive  insectorum  historia  .  Amstelo- 
dami,  1700.  Pars  2,  p.  136.  [French  ed.  of  1700,  t.  2,  p.  162;  Lister's  Latin  ed. 
London,  1685,  p.  60.] 

Reaumur,  R.  A.  F. — Memoires   pour   servir   a   I'histoire    des   insectes  .    . 
Paris,  1736,  t.  2,  pp.  266-269,  pi.  21-22.     [t.  2,  partie  2,  pp.  21-23  of  the  Amster- 
dam ed.  of  1737-1748.] 

De  Qeer,  C. — Observation  sur  la  propriete  singuli^re  qu'  ont  les  grandes 
chenilles  a  quatorze  jambes  et  a  double  queue,  du  saule,  de  seringuer  de  la  liqueur. 
(Mem.  sav.  etrang.  Pans,  1750,  i,  pp.  530-531,  pi.  Goetze  und  Bonnet,  etc.  au- 
serlesene  abhandlungen,  1774,  p.  220.) 

Schaffer,  J.  C. — Neuendeckte  theile  an  raupen  und  zweyfaltern  .  .  Regens- 
burg,  1754. 

Sulzer,  J.  H. — Die  kennzeichen    der  insekten  .    .  Zurich,   1761,  pp.  65-67 

Pk  5.  fig-  34- 

Miiller,  O.  F. — Pile-larven  med  dobbelt  hale,  og  dens  phalaene  .  .  Kjoben- 
havn,  1772,  pp.  53-56,  pi.  2,  fig.  3-5. 


March,  1896.]         PACKARD,   On  DEFENSIVE  GlANDS  OF  INSECTS.  27 

Amoreux,  P.  J. — Notice  des  insectes  de  la  France,  reputes  venimeux,  .    . 
Paris,  1789,  pp.  282-285. 

Bonnet  C. — Memoire  sur  una  nouvelle  partie  commune  a  plusieurs  especes  de 
chenilles.  (Mem.  math.  d.  savants  etrang.  Paris,  1755,  ii,  pp.  44-52.)  Collection 
complete  des  oeuvres  de  C.  Bonnet,  ii,  1779.  pp.  3-16. 

Memoire  sur  la  grande  chenille  a  queue  fourchue  du  saule,  dans  lequel 

on  prouve,  que  la  liqueur  que  cette  chenille  fait  jaillir,  est  un  veritable  acide,  et  un 
acide  tresactif.  (Mem.  math,  de  savants  etrang.  Paris,  1755,  ^-  ^'  P-  267-282. 
Collection  complete  des  oeuvres  de  C.  Bonnet,  1779,  ii,  pp.  17-24.) 

Schwarz  C. — Neuer  raupenkalender  .       Niirnberg,  179I.     Abth.  i,  p.  59. 

Petzhold  C.  P. — Lepidopterologische  beytrage.  (  L.  G.  Scriba's  beitrage 
zu  der  insektcngeschichte,  Frankfurt  am  Main,  1793,  heft  3,  pp.  230-251.) 

Nouvelle  Dictionaire  d'  Hist.  Nat.  xv,  p.  487.  (  Larva  of  Hydrophilus 
ejaculates  with  a  slight  noise  a  fcetid  and  blackish  fluid.) 

Rengger,  Johann  Rudolph. — Physiologische  untersuchungen  iiber  die 
thierische  haushaltung  der  Insecten.  I'tibingen,  1817.  (  In  the  chapter  entitled 
Abgesonderte  Safte  bei  den  Raupen,  he  speaks  of  the  glandular  apparatus  of  the 
larva  of  B.  vituila,  noticing  the  general  form  of  the  secretory  sack,  that  it  opens  out 
in  two  muscular  evertible  points,  out  of  which  the  secretion  is  ejected.) 

Kirby  and  Spence. — Introduction  to  entomology  .  .  2d.  ed.  i.  18 15,  Lon- 
don, 1 8 18,  ii,  pp.  238-239. 

Dufour  L. — Memoire  anatomique  sur  une  nouvelle  espece  d'insecte  du  genre 
Brachinus.     (  Ann.  de  mus.  d'histoire  nat.  xviii,  1811,  pp.  70-81.) 

Recherches  anatomiques  sur  les  carabiques  et  sur  plusieurs  autres  colt- 

opteres.     (Ann.  d.  Sci.  Nat.  1826,  viii,  pp.  5-54) 

Memoire   sur  les   metamorphosis   et  I'anatomie   de  la  Pyrochroa  coc- 

cinea.     Glande  odorifique.     (  Ibid,  ii  ser.  Zoologie.  xiii,  1840,  pp.  340-341.) 

Lyonet,  P. — Recherches  sur  I'anatomie  et  les  metamorphoses  de  differentes 
especes  d'insectes.     Ouvrage  posthume,  public  par  M.  W.  deHaan,  Paris,  1832. 

Morren,  C. — Memoire  sur  I'emigration  du  puceron  du  pecher  [Aphis  per- 
sicce),  et  sur  les  caracteres  et  I'anatomie  de  cette  espece.  (Ann.  Sci.  Natur.  Zool. 
1836,  VI,  pp.  65-93,  pl.  6-7.) 

Ratzeburg,  J.  T.  C. — Die  forstinsekten  .  .  .  Theil  I,  Die  kafer  .  .  1837, 
...  p.  246. 

Aube,  C. — [Note  sur  une  secretion  fetide  d'  Eumolpiis pretiosus.'\  (Ann.  Soc. 
Entom.  Fr.  1837,  s.  I,  t.  6;  Bull.  p.  58.) 

Lacordaire,  J.  S. — Introduction  a  I'entomologie,  1838,  ii,  p.  45. 

Meckel,  von  Hemsbach,  Johann  Friedrich. — Mikrographie  einiger  Drii 
senapparate  der  niederen  Tbiere.  (Anat.  Phys.  u.  Wiss.  Med.  1846,  p.  I-73,  pl. 
1-3)  p.46.  Miiller's  Archiv. 

Stein,  Friedrich. — Vergleichende  anatomie  und  physiologic  der  Insekten. 
Berlin,  1847. 

Leidy,  Joseph. — History  and  anatomy  of  the  hemipterous  genus  Belostoma. 
(Journ.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Philadelphia,  Ser.  2,  1847,  I,  Pt.  I.     pp.  57-67-     pl-  i-) 

Odoriferous  glands  of  invertebrata   (Proc.  Acad.  Phila.  1849,  iv,  234- 

236.     I  PL).     Ann.  &  Mag.  N.  H.  Ser.  2,  1850,  v,  pp.  154-156. 


28  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Dufour,  L. — Recherches  anatomiques  sur  les  Dipteres.  1851,  pp.  195,313. 
(Alimentary  canal  of  Sepsis  contains  the  seat  of  a  "  glande  odorifique.") 

Chapuis  et  Candeze. — Catalogue  des  larves  des  coleopteres  .  .  .  (Mem- 
Soc.  Sci.  de  Liege,  1853,  viii,  pp.  351-653,  pi.  1-9,  pp.  611-612.) 

Siebold,  Carl  Theodor. — Lehrbuch  der  vergleichenden  anatomic  der  vvir- 
bellosen  Thiere,  1848.     Burnett's  transl.  Boston,  1854. 

Burnett,  Waldo  Irving. — Translation  of  Siebold's  Anatomy  of  the  Inverte- 
brates, 1854  (Note  on  the  osmeteria  of  Fapilio  asterias,  which  he  regards  as  an  odor- 
iferous and  defensive,  rather  than  tactile  organ,  p.  415). 

Karsten,  H. — Bemerkungen  iiber  eininge  scharfe  und  brennende  absonder- 
ungen  verschiedener  raupen.  (Midler's  Archiv  fiir  Anat.  Phys.  u.  Wiss.  Med.  1848, 
pp.  375-382,  pi.  11-12)  describes  the  poison  glands  at  the  base  of  the  spines  of  Sa- 
turnia  larvae.) 

Harnorgane  des  Brac/iinus   coviplanatus    Fabr.     Fig.   (Miiller's  Ar- 

cliiv,  1848,  pp.  367-376. 

Saussure,  Henri  de.  — Recherches  zoologiques  de  I'Amerique  centrale  et 
du  Mexique.     6"'™'^'  Partie.     Etudes  sur  les  Myriopodes  et  les  Insectes.     Paris,  i860. 

Gerstaecker,  C.  E.  A. — Ueber  das  vorkommen  von  ausstiUpbaren  hautan- 
hangen  am  hinterleibe  an  schaben.     (Archiv  f.  Naturgesch.  1861,  xxi,  pp.  107-115.) 

Laboulbene,  Alexandre. — Note  sur  les  caroncules  thoraciques  du  Malachius. 
(Annales  de  la  Socittc  Ent.  de  France.     38  Ser.  vi,  pp.  521-528,  1858). 

Liegel,  Hermann. — Ueber  den  Ausstiilpungsapparat  von  Malachius  und 
verwandten  Formen.  Inaugural  Dissertation.  GSttingen.  pp.  31,  i  pi.  [n.  d. 
since  1858  and  before  1878.] 

Leydig,  F. — Zur  anatomic  der  insecten.  (  Archiv  f.  Anat.  Phys.  u.  Wiss. 
Med.   1859,  pp.  33-89,  149-183,  pi.  2-4)  p.  35  and  38. 

Biolog.  Centrabl.  x,  1 890,  pp.  395-396,  Ueber  bombardier  Kafer. 

Claus,  C. — Ueber  die  Seitendriisen  der  Larve  von  Chrysomela  popiili. 
(Zeits.  f.  Wissench.  Zoologie,  xi.     1861.     pp.  309-314.     Taf.  xxv.) 

Ueber  schutzwaffen  der  raupen  des  gabelschwanzes  (Wiirzburger  Na- 

turw.  Zeitschrift,  1862,  iii,  xiv,  Sitz.  am.  28,  Juni,  1862. 

Ueber  die  wachsbereitenden  hautdriisen  der  insecten.     (Sitzungsber. 

gesells  z.  beford.  d.  gesammt.  naturw.  zu  Marburg,  June,  1867,  No.  8.      pp.  65-72.) 

Rogenhofer,  Alois. — Drei  Schmetlerlingsmetamorphosen.  (Verhandlungen 
der  K.  K.  zoolog.-bot.  Gesellschaft,  Wien,  xiii,  1862,  pp.  1224-30.) 

Fitch,  Asa. — Eighth  report  on  the  noxious  and  others  insects  of  .  .  New^ 
New  York  (Trans.  N.  Y.  State  Agric.  Soc.  1862,  xxii,  pp.  657-684.),  p.  677. 
[Separate,  p.  195.] 

Quenee,  Achille.  — Annales  Soc.  Ent.  de  France,   Ser.  IV,   1867,  pp.  696- 

697.     PI-  13- 

Landois,  L. — Anatomic  der  bettwanze,  Cimex  lectiilarius,  mit  beriicksichti- 
gung  verwandter  hemipterengeschlecter  (Zeitsch.  f.  Wiss.  Zool.  1868,  xvii,  pp, 
206-224,  pi.  11-12,  p.  218-223.) 

Studer,  Theodor. — Mitlheilungen  der  naturforsch  Gesellschaft  in  Bern. 
i872-'73,  No.  792-811,  p.  loi. 

Candeze,  E. — Les  moyens  d'attaque  et  de  defense  chez  les  insectes.  (Bull. 
Acad,  royale  de  Belgique,  2  Ser.  xxxviii,  1874,  pp.  787-816.) 


March,  1896.]     Packard,  On  Defensive  Glands  of  Insects.  29 

Mayer,  Paul. — Anatomic  von  Pyrrhocoris  apterus.  (Reichert  und  du  Bois- 
Reymond's  Archiv  f.  Anat.  Phys.  etc.  1874,  pp.  3l3-347>  3  Taf. ) 

Scudder,  Samuel  Hubbard. — Odoriferous  glands  in  Phasmidse.  (Psyche, 
i,  137-140,  Jan.  14,  1876;  Amer.  xNTat.  x,  p.  256,  April,  1876,  drawings  shown  by 
W.  J.  Fewkes  to  show  their  structure  and  position.) 

Prothoracic  tubercles  in  butterfly  caterpillars.     (Psyche,  i,    168,  April 

14,  1876.) 

Organs  found  near  the  anus  of  the  9  pupa  of  Danais,  which  recall  the 

odoriferous  organs  mentioned  by  Burnett,  transl.  Siebold's  Comp.  Anat.  as  occur- 
ring in  Argynnis  and  other  genera.     (Psyche,  iii,  278,  1882,  p.  453,  note  22.) 

[Glands  and  extensile  organs   of  larvae  of  blue    butterflies.]      ( Proc. 

Bos.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xxxiii,  p.  357-358,  1888.) 

Butterflies  of  Eastern  United  States,     i-iii,  1889. 

New  light  on  the  formation   of  the  abdominal   pouch   in   Parnassius. 

(Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  London,  Dec.  1892,  published  Jan.,  1893,  249-253.) 

Miiller,  Fritz. — Die  stinkkolbcheu  der  weiblichen  maracujafalter.  (Zeitschr. 
f.  Wiss.  Zool.  1877,  bd.  30,  p.  167-170,  pi.  9.) 

Helm,  F.  C. — Ueber  die  spinndriisen  der  lepidopteren.  (Zeits.  f.  \Viss.  Zool. 
1876,  xxvi,  pp.  434-469,  pi.  27-28.) 

Plateau,  Felix. — Note  sur  une  secretion  propre  aux  coleopteres  dytiscides. 
(Ann.  Soc.  Entom.  Belg.  1876,  v,  xix,  pp.  i-io.) 

Edwards,  William  H. — Notes  on  Lyccena  pseudargiolus  and  its  larval  his- 
tory.    (Can.  Ent.  x,  Jan.  1878,  pp.  I-14.     Fig.) 

On  the  larvse  of  Lyccena  pseudargiolus  and  attendant  ants.   (Can.  Ent. 

X,  July,  1878,  pp.  131-I36. 

Voges,  Ernst. — Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  Juliden.  (Zeitsch.  f.  Wissen. 
Zoologie,  xxxi,  p.  127,  1878.  The  scent  glands  are  retort-shaped  bodies,  the 
necks  of  which  open  \k\\.o  foramina  repugn  at  oriaS) 

Rye,  E.  C— Secretion  of  water-beetles.  (Ent.  Month.  Mag.  xiv,  1877-78, 
pp.  232-233. 

Forel,  A. — Der  giftapparat  und  die  anal  driisen  der  ameisen.  (Zeits.  f.  Wiss. 
Zool.  1878,  XXX,  Suppl.  pp.  28-68,  pi.  3-4.). 

Saunders,  William. — Notes  on  the  larva  of  Lyccena  scudderi.  (Can.  Ent. 
X,  Jan.  1878,  p.  14.  Attended  by  ants  so  that  the  author  supposes  that  it  has 
glands  like  those  described  by  W.  H.  Edwards,  in  the  same  journal  of  the  same  date.) 

Weismann,  A. — Ueber  duftschuppen.  (Zool.  Anzeiger,  26th  Aug.  1878, 
jahrg.  i,  pp.  98-99  ) 

Qissler,  Carl  Friedrich.— On  the  repugnatorial  glands  in  Eleodes.  (Psyche, 
ii,  Feb.  1879,  pp.  209-210.) 

[Odoriferous  glands  on  the  5th  abdominal  segment  in  nymph  of  Lach- 

nus  strobi.^  (Fig.  273,  p.  804  of  Packard's  Report  on  Forest  and  Shade  Tree  Insects, 
1890.) 

Brunner  von  Wattenwyl,  K.— [Ueber  ein  neues  organ  bei  den  acridio- 
deen.]  (Verhandl.  k.  k.  Zool.  Bot.  Gesells.  Wien,  1879,  xxix ;  Sitzungsber.  pp. 
26-27.) 

Verb.  K.  K.  Zool.  Bot.  Ges.  Wien.     (A  peculiar  organ  on  hind  femora 

of  AcrididiTS.) 


30  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        |Voi.  iv. 

Rougement  P. — Observations  sur  I'organe  detonnant  du  Brachiiius  crepi- 
iajis  Oliv.  (Bull.  Soc.  Sci.  Nat.  Neuchatel,  1879,  xi,  pp.  471-478,  pi.) 

Goossens,  Th. —  [Sur  une  organe  entre  la  tete  et  la  premiere  paire  de  pattes 
de  quelques  chenilles.]      (Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  France,  ix,  p.  4,  1869.     Bull.  pp.  60-61.) 

Des  chenilles  vesicantes.    (Ann.  Ent.  Soc.  France  (6)  Tome  vi,  p.  461- 

464,  1887.) 

Coquillett,  D.  W. — On  the  early  stages  of  some  moths.     (Can.  Ent.  March* 

1880.  xii,  pp.  43-46,  p  45.) 

Chambers,  Victor  Tousey,— Notes  upon  some  tineid  larvce.  (Psyche, 
iii,  July,  1880,  p.  67.  Certain  retractile  processes  "from  the  sides  of  certain  seg- 
ments of  the  larva.") 

Further  notes  on  some  Tineid   larvae.     (Psyche,  iii,  p.   135,  Feb.   12, 

1881.  Larva  of  Phyllocnistis  has  8  pairs  of  lateral  pseudopodia  on  first  8  abdominal 
segments.) 

French,  O.  H. — LarvK  of  Cei-ura  occidentalis  Lint,  and  C.  borealis  Bd- 
(Can.  Ent.  July,  1881,  xiii,  pp.  144-145.) 

Passerini,  N. — Sopra  i  due  tubercoli  abdomanali  della  larva  della  Porthesia 
chrysorrhaa.      (Bull.  Soc.  Ent.  Ital.  1881,  xiii,  pp.  293-296.) 

Klemensiewicz,  Stanislaus. — Zur  naheren  Kentniss  der  Hautdriisen  bei 
den  raupen  und  bei  Alalachuis.  (Verhandlungen  d.  Zool.  ]3ot.  Gesellsch.  Wien. 
xxxii,  pp.  459-474,  1882,  2  Taf.) 

Weber,  Max. — Ueber  eine  Cyanwasserstoffsaure  bereitende  Driise.  (Archiv 
fiir  Mikr.  Anat.  21  Bd.  p.  468-475,  T.  24,  1882.) 

Bertkau,  Philip. — Ueber  den  Stinkapparat  von  Lacon  miirinus  L.  (Archiv 
f.  Naturg.  1882.     Jahrg.,  48,  pp.  371-373.) 

Dimmock,  George. — Organs,  probably  defensive  in  function,  in  the  larva  of 
Hyperchiria  z/^r/a  Walk.  ySatiirnia  to  Harris).    (Psyche,  iii,  pp.  3'52-353,  Aug.  19. 

1882.  Account  of  lateral  eversible  glands  on  1st  and  7th  abdominal  segments;  they 
emit  neither  moisture  nor  odor.) 

On  some  glands  which  open  externally  on  insects.     (Psyche,  iii,  387- 

399,  Jan.  15,  1883.  Treats  of  poison  glands,  glandular  hairs,  eversible  glands  of 
Cerura,  etc.) 

Coleman,  N. — Notes  on  Orgyia  lettcostignia.  (  Papilio,  Nov.-Dec.  1882. 
[Jan.  1883],  ii,  pp.  164-166.  p.  165.) 

Miiller,  F. — Der  anhang  am  hinterleibe  der  ^^r^jfl-weibchen.  (  Zool.  An- 
zeiger,  6  Aug.  1883,  jahrg.  vi,  pp.  415-416.) 

Dewitz,  H. — Ueber  das  durch  die  Foramina  repugnatoria  entleerte  Secret  bei 
Glomeris.     (  Biol.  Centralblatt,  iv,  202-203,  1884). 

Williston,  S.  A. — Protective  secretion  of  Eleodes  ejected  from  anal  gland. 
(Psyche,  iv,  p.  168,  May  1S84.) 

Poulton,  Edward  Bagnall. —Notes  in  1885  upon  lepidopterous  larvae  and 
pupre,  including  an  account  of  the  loss  of  weight  in  the  freshly-formed  lepidopterous 
pup.-E.     (Trans.  Ent  Soc.  London,  June,  1886,  pp.  156,  157,  159.) 

Notes  in  1886  upon  lepidopterous  larvae,  etc.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, Sept.  1887,  pp.  295-301.) 

Notes  in  1887  upon  lepidopterous  larvte,  etc.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  Lon- 
don, 1888,  p.  597.) 


March,  1896.J         PACKARD,   On  DEFENSIVE  GlANDS  OF  INSECTS.  31 

Kiinkel,  J. — La  punaise  de  lit  et  ses  appareils  odoriferants.  (Comptes  Rendus, 
ciii,  1886,  pp.  81-S3.     Annals  &  Mag.  Nat.  Hist.  5th  Sen  xviii,  1886,  pp.  167-168.) 

Packard,  Alpheus  Spring. — The  fluid  ejected  by  notodontian  caterpillers 
(Amer.  Nat.  1886,  xx,  pp.  811-812.) 

An  eversible  "gland"  in  the  larva  of  Orgyia.     (Amer.  Nat.  1886,  xx, 

p.  814.) 

- — ■ •  5th  Rep.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.     Insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees, 

p.  136,  1S90. 

Hints  on  the  evolution  of  the  bristles,  spines  and  tubercles  of  certain 

caterpillars.     (  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xxiv,  1890,  p.  551.) 

Notes  on  some  points  in  the  external  structure  and  phylogeny  of  lepi- 

dopterons  larvae.     (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xxv,  1890,  pp.  83-114.) 

Loman,  J.  C.  C. — Freies  Jod  als  Driisensecret.  (Tijdschr.  Neder.  Dierk. 
Ver.  Deel  i,  1887,  PP-  106-108.) 

Riley,  Charles  Valentine.— Proc.  Ent  Soc.  Washington,  March  13,  1888. 
i,  pp.  87-89. 

Notes  on  the  eversible  glands  of  larvaj  of  Orgyia  and  Parorgyia  leiico- 

phiea  and  P.  clintonii  {achatijta).     (See  5th  Rep.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.  p.  137.) 

Denham,  Ch.  S. — The  acid  secretion  of  Notodotita  co7tcinna.  (Insect  Life, 
i,  p.  147,  18SS.  Hydrochloric  acid). 

Michin,  Edward  A. — Note  on  a  new  organ,  and  on  the  structure  of  the 
hypodermis,  in  Periplaneta  orieit talis.  (Quart.  Journ.  Micros.  Sc.  Dec.  1S88,  xxiv, 
I  PI.) 

Further  observations  on  the  dorsal  gland  in  the  abdomen  of  Periplaneta 

and  its  allies.     (Zool.  Anz.  27  Jan.  1890,  pp.  41-44.) 

Maynard,  C.  L. — The  defensive  glands  of  a  species  of  Phasma,  Anisomorpha 
buprestoides.     (Contributions  to  Science,  i,  April,  1889.) 

Schaeffer,  Csesar. — Beitrage  zur  Histologic  der  Iiisekten.  (Zool.  Jahrb. 
Morph.  Abth.  iii,  pp.  611-052,  T.  29,  30,  1889.  Treats  of  the  ventral  glands  in 
prothorax  of  caterpillars.  Scales  and  hairs  are  secretions  from  the  very  greatly 
enlarged  hypodermic  cells). 

Qilson,  Q. — Les  glandes  odoriferes  der  Blaps  mortisaga  et  de  quelques 
autres  especes.     (La  Cellule,  v,  1-21,  PL,  1889.) 

The  odoriferous  apparatus  of  Blaps  mortisaga.     (Rep.  58th  Meeting 

Brit.  Assoc.  Adv.  Sc.  18S9,  pp.  727-728.) 

Haase,  Erich. — Ueber  die  Stinkdriisen  der  Orthoptera.  (Sitzgsber.  Ges. 
Naturf.  Freunde,  Berlin,  pp.  57-58,  1889. 

Zur  Anatomic  der  Blattiden.  Zool.  Anz.  xii,  Jahrg.  pp.  169-172,  1889.) 

Herbst,  Curt. — Anatomische  Untersuchungen  an  Scutigera  coleoptrata. 
(Ein  Beitrag  zur  vergleichenden  Anatomie  der  Articulaten.  Dissert.  Jena,  pp.  36 
(Hautdriisen,  Coxal — Organ.),  p.  I,  1889.) 

Wheeler,Williani  M.  —Hydrocyanic  acid  secreted  by  Polydesnms  virginien- 
sis  Drury.  (Psyche,  v,  p.  422.) 

New  glands  in  the  hemipterous  embryo.      (Amer.  Nat.  Feb.  1890,  p. 

187.  Odorous  (?)  glands). 

Jackson,  W.  Hatchett.— Studies  in  the  morphology  of  the  Lepidopera. 
Pt.  i.  (Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  2  ser.  zool.  v,  May,  1890.) 


82  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [VoI.  iv. 

Krauss,  liermann. — Die  Duftdriise  der  Aphlebia  bivittata  Brulle  (Blat- 
tidae)  von  Teneriffa.     (Zool.  Anz.  xiii,  Jahrg.  1890,  pp.  584-587,  3  figs.) 

Fernald,  H.  T. — Rectal  glands  in  Coleoptera.  (Amer.  Nat.  xxiv,  p.  loc- 
lor,  PI.  4.  5>  1890.) 

Vosseler,  Julius. — Die  Stinkdiiisen  der  Forficuliden.  (Arch.  Mikr,  Anat. 
xxxvi,  1890,  pp.  565-578,  Taf.  29.) 

Carlet,  Q. — Sur  les  organes  secreteur.s  et  la  secretion  de  la  cire  chez  I'Abeille. 
(Coniptes  Rendus,  Tome  no.     pp.  361-363,  1890). 

Carriere,  J. — Die  Driisen  am  ersten  Hinterleibsringe  der  Insektenembryonen. 
(Biol.  Centralblatt,  xi,  pp.  IIO-127,  1891.) 

Borgert,  Henry. — Die  Hautdriisen  der  Tracheaten.    (Inaugural  Diss.   Jena, 

1891,  pp.  1-80.) 

Lang,  Arnold. — Lehrbuch  der  Vergleichende  Anatomic,  English  Trans,  by 
Henry  M.  and  Matilda  Bernard,  1891,  pp.  458-459. 

Kennel,  J.  von. — DieVerwandtschaftverhiiltnisse  der  Arthropoden  (Schriften 
herausgegeben  von  der  Naturforscher  Gescllschaft  bei  der  Universitat  Dorpat,  vi. 
Dorpat,  1 89 1). 

Patton,  W.  H. — Scent-glands  in  the  larva  of  Limacodes.  (Can.  Ent.  xxiii, 
Feb.  1891,     p.  42-43.     8  pairs  of  glands  with  pores  along  the  edges  of  the  back.) 

Batelli,  Andrea. — Di  una  particolarita  nell  integumento  dell'  Aphrophora 
spjimaria.  Monitore  Zool.  Ital.  Anno  2,  p.  30-32,  1891.  (Dermal  glands  in  the 
hindermost  f  egment.) 

Ash,  C.  D. — Notes  on  the  larva  of  Danima  baiiksii  Lewin.  (Ent.  Month. 
Mag.  Sept.  1892,  p.  232.  (  Fig.)  Notodontian  larva  protrudes  from  under  side  of 
prothoracic  segment  a  y-shaped  red  organ  like  that  of  Papilio.  No  odor  or  fluid 
given  out. 

Bernard,  Henry  M. — An  endeavor  to  show  that  the  tracheae  of  the  Arthro- 
poda  arose  from  setiparous  sacs.     (Spengel's  Zool.  Jahrbuch,  1892.) 

Latter,  Oswald. — The  secretion  of  potassium  hydroxide  by  Dicranura  vi- 
nula,  and  the  emergence  of  the  imago  from  the  cocoon.     (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.  London, 

1892.  287,  also  xxxii.  Prof.  Meldola  added  that  the  larva  of  D.  vinula  secretes 
strong  formic  acid,  and  is  the  only  animal  known  to  secrete  a  strong  caustic  alkali.) 

Further  notes  on  the  secretion  of  potas'iium  hydroxide  by  Dicranura 

vimila  (imago)  and  similar  phenomena  in  other  Lepidoptera.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc. 
London.     Nature,  1895,  P-  55'-     March  20,  1895.) 

Zograff,  Nicolas. — Note  sur  I'origine  et  les  parentes  des  Arthropodes,  prin- 
cipalement  des  Arthropodes  tracheates.  (  Congres  Internationale  de  Zoologie  2™^ 
Session  a  Moscow,  Aug.  1892.  Part  i.  Moscow,  1892,  pp.  278-302,  1892.  Cyano- 
genic  glands  in  Myriopods,  p.  287.) 

Swale,  H. — Odour  of  Olopliruin  piceniu.  (Ent.  Month.  Mag.  v,  Jan.,  1896, 
p.  1-2.) 

Cuenot,  L. — The  ejection  of  blood  as  a  means  of  defence  by  some  Coleop- 
tera.    (Comptes  Rendus,  Acad.  Sc.  France,  April  16,  Nature,  April  26,  1894.) 

Holmgren,  Emil. — Studier  ofverhudens  och  de  kortelartade  hudorganens 
morfologi  hos  skandinaviska  macrolepidopterlarver,  9  Taf.  (K.  Svenska  Vetenskaps- 
Akademiens  Handlingar,  Bd.  xxvii.  No.  4,  Stockholm,  4°,  1895,  PP-  ^2.) 


March,  1896.]  WiCKHAM,   COLEOPTERA  OF  N.   E.   AMERICA. 


33 


PRELIMINARY  HANDBOOK  OF  THE  COLEOPTERA 
OF  NORTHEASTERN   AMERICA. 

By  H.  F.  Wickham. 

(Continued  from  Vol.  Ill,  p.  IQO-) 

Amara  Bon. 
This  genus  includes  those  Pterostichini  in  which  the  terminal  joint 
of  the  palpi  is  not  dilated,  the  labial  with  the  penultimate  joint  plunse- 
tose  in  front  and  longer  than  the  last  one.     The  elytra  are  without  the 
dorsal  puncture.     The  genus  is  of  great  size  and  offers  considerable 
diversity  of  form,  some  of  the  species  resembling  Pierostichus  or  Har- 
palus,  while  the  majority  have  a  fades  which  is  unmistakeable.     The 
form  of  the  thorax  has  served  a  good  purpose  in  the  primary  separation 
into  groups,  after  which  secondary  sexual  characters  must  be  largely 
relied   upon.     By  the  kind  permission  of  Dr.  Horn,  his  synopses  and 
descriptions  have  been  used  in  this  paper  (almost  without  change  except 
in  the  way  of  condensation)  for  those  portions  of  the  genus  on  which 
he  has  written.     The  first  part,  the  subgenus  Lirus,  has  been  largely 
taken  from  the  descriptions  of  Dr.   LeConte,  who,  however,  had   not 
tabulated  the  species.     No  attempt  has  been  made  to  disturb  the  exist- 
ing status  of  species,  the  idea  being  simply  to  give  a  clue  to  the  iden  1- 
fication  as  they  now  rest.     A  careful  revision  of  the  forms  with  sub- 
cordiform  thorax  is  a  desideratum  but  must  be  left  to  those  who  have 
access  to  types. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 
:.    Thorax  broader  in  front  of  the  base,  narrowed  posteriorly  and  usually  more  or 

Th:::::^;:::a-;.;;;^riy:b;;;d-^:;d;;h;b;s;-;;;^^^^^ 

rowed  in  that  part 

2     Posterior  tibis  not  pilose  internally  in  either  sex i^ 

Posterior  tibiae  of  male  densely  pilose  internally •    ^ 

3.  Middle  tibiae  simple  in  both  sexes ^ 

Middle  tibiae  of  male  bidentate  internally 

4.  Hind  angles  of  prothorax  not  carinate   sVmilVs. 

Hind  angles  of  thorax  with  distinct  carina 


% 


34  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

5.  Larger  (8-10  mm),  elytral  strite  distinctly  punctured,  prothorax  punctured  from 

side  to  side  at  base   avida. 

Smaller  (6  mm.),  elytral  striae  nearly  smooth,  thorax  not  punctured  at  base. 

arenaria. 

6.  Thorax  sinuate  on  the  sides  near  base,  hind  angles  rectangular  or  prominent.  .7 
Thorax  not  sinuate  on  sides  near  base,  hind  angles  obtuse 9 

7.  Elytra  more  parallel,  more  than  three  times  as  long  as  the  prothorax. 

rufimanus. 

Elytra  more  rounded  on  sides,  less  shining,  less  than  three  times  as  long  as  pro. 

thorax 8 

8.  Sides  of  prothorax  more  rounded,  more  suddenly  sinuate  at  base,  hind  angles 

rectangular,  prominent laticollis. 

Sides  of  prothorax  less  rounded,  less  suddenly  sinuate  at  base,  hind  angles  rect- 
angular, not  prominent carinata. 

9.  Thorax  nearly  quadrate,  elytral  striae  fine,  finely  punctate  anteriorly,  .elongata. 
Thorax  broader  than  long,  elytral  strialion  less  fine,  punctuation  quite  evident.  10 

10.  Blackish  piceous,  elytral  striae  more  finely  punctate . .  .hyperborea. 

Blackish,  elytra  brown,  striae  more  strongly  punctate    brunnipennis. 

1 1.  Prosternum  with  side  pieces  smooth 12 

Prosternum  with  side  pieces  punctured,  scutellar  stria  long apricaria. 

12.  Prosternum  ^  not  punctured septentrionalis. 

Prosternum  ^  with  oval  punctured  space 13 

13.  Scutellar  stria  short  or  wanting,  meso-  and  metasternal  side-pieces  punctured. 

exarata. 
Scutellar  stria  long,  meso-  and  metasternal  side-pieces  smooth latior. 

14.  Posterior  tibiae  of  $  densely  pilose  internally 15 

Posterior  tibiae  of  ^  not  or  scarcely  pilose  internally 23 

15.  Spur  of  anterior  tibia  trifid 16 

Spur  of  anterior  tibia  simple 17 

16.  Hind  angles  of  thorax  obtuse,  four  antennal  joints  largely  pale.  .  .  .angustata. 
Hind    angles   of  thorax   sharp,   rectangular,   only   three    basal    antennal   joints 

pale pallipes. 

17.  Antenna  not  carinate,  prosternum  of  ^  not  punctured 18 

Antennje  with  joints  2-3  carinate 21 

18.  Scutellar  stria  terminating  in  an  ocellate  puncture impuncticollis. 

Scutellar  stria  without  ocellate  puncture 19 

19.  Striae  of  elytra  punctured,  base  of  thorax  finely  punctured basillaris. 

Striae  of  elytra  not  or  obsoletely  punctured,  base  of  thorax  smooth 20 

20     Thorax  narrowing  from  base  to  apex,  form  broad,  robust,  terminal  spur  of  ante- 
rior tibia  shorter  than  usual crassispina. 

Thorax  narrowing  from  in  front  of  base,  form  oblong-oval,  tibial  spur  normal, 
legs  piceo-rufous,  hind  angles  of  thorax  obtuse,  the  puncture  rather  distant 
from  side  margin cupreolata. 

21.  Scutellar  stria  with  ocellate  puncture fallax. 

Scutellar  stria  without  ocellate  puncture 22 

22.  Basal  impressions  of  thorax  very  faint,  striae  of  elytra  and  surface  of  thorax  not 

punctured,  form  oblong  oval protensa. 


March,  1896]  W1CK.HAM,   COLEOPTERA  OF  N.   E.   AxVIERlCA.  35 

Basal  impressions  of  thorax  distinct polita. 

23.  Antennae  and  legs  piceous  black 24 

Antennae  pale,  legs  usually  so 25 

24.  Elytra  with  silken  lustre,  intervals  with  more  or  less  uneven  surface,  color  vari- 

able   interstitialis. 

Elytra  shining,  intervals  flat,  even,  smooth erratica. 

25.  Prosternum  plurisetose  at  tip;  metepisternum  longer  than  wide  at  base,  .obesa. 
Prosternum  bisetose  at  tip,  sides  of  thorax  distinctly  deplanate,  legs  rufo-testa- 

ceous ;    ^  shining,  9  opaque remotestriata. 

Prosternum  without  setae,  sides  of  prothorax  not  deplanate 26 

26.  Prosternum  of  <J  with  a  small  group  of  punctures 27 

Prosternum  of  $  smooth  as  in  9 28 

27.  Form  rather  broadly  oval,  not  twice  as  long  as  broad,  legs  rufo-testaceous. 

chalcea. 

Form  oblong,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  thorax  very  broad,  legs  rufo-testaceous. 

gibba. 

28.  Sides  of  thorax  oblique  behind,  apex  of  scutellar  stria  united  to  first .  .  harpalina. 
Sides  of  thorax  not  oblique  behind  the  middle,  scutellar  stria  free  at  apex ....  29 

29.  Thorax  distinctly  emarginate  at  apex,  front  angles  sharply  prominent  .  subsnea. 
Thorax  nearly  truncate  at  apex,  anterior  angles  very  obtuse 30 

30.  Sides  of  metasternum  and  met-episterna  coarsely  punctate rubrica. 

Sides  of  metasternum  and  met-episterna  smooth musculus. 

It  will  be  noted  that  two  species  belonging  to  the  sixth  division 
(^Lirus  Zimm.),  are  omitted  from  the  table,  namely  L.fidvipes  Putz. 
and  L.  canadensis  Putz.,  no  specimens  being  at  hand  for  comparison. 
The  descriptions  are  intercalated  in  the  proper  place. 

A.  avida  Say. — Black  or  piceous,  broad,  oblong,  thorax  wide, 
narrowed  posteriorly,  hind  angles  nearly  rectangular,  base  with  numer- 
ous coarse  punctures  extending  entirely  across,  basal  fovese  ill  defined 
though  moderately  deep.  Elytral  striae  deep,  distinctly  punctured. 
Antennae  and  legs  rufous.     Length  8-9.5  mm.,  =  .3 2-. 38  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Massachusetts,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Iowa. 

A.  arenaria  Lee. — Much  smaller  that  the  preceding,  piceous 
black,  tip  of  abdomen  reddish,  legs,  antennae  and  palpi  rufous  or  rufo- 
testaceous.  Thorax  with  sides  rounded,  narrowed  at  base,  median 
longitudinal  line  deep ;  the  base  is  not  punctured  or  only  extremely 
finely  so,  and  the  basal  foveae  are  smooth.  Elytra  shining,  striae  mod- 
eratety  deep  and  scarcely  visibly  punctate.     Length  6  mm.  =  .24  in. 

Habitat :    New  York  (Buffalo),  Mt.  Washington,  New  Hampshire. 

A.  similis  Kirby. — Black  or  nearly  so,  shining,  prothorax  sub- 
quadrate,  narrower  at  base,  sides  rounded,  margin  reflexed,  of  uniform 


36  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

width,  hind  angles  carinated,  obtuse,  basal  impressions  deep,  punctured. 
Elytra  rather  finely  striate,  punctures  small  but  distinct.  Legs  rather 
dark  rufous,  antennae  rufo-piceous,  stout.  Length  11-12  mm.  =^  .44- 
.48  in. 

Habitat:  Canada,  Northwest  Territory,  New  Hampshire  (Mt. 
Washington). 

A.  rufimanus  Kirby. — Blackish,  with  very  distinct  greenish 
tinge,  shining,  form  elongate.  Thorax  short,  moderately  narrowed 
posteriorly,  sides  rounded  and  with  a  sharp  sinuation  near  the  hind 
angles  which  are  rectangular  and  prominent ;  basal  impressions  deep, 
punctured  and  with  an  acute  carina  on  outer  margin.  Elytra  very 
long,  sides  parallel,  striae  well  marked  and  distinctly  punctured  except 
toward  the  tip.  Legs  and  antennae  rufous.  Length  11. 5-12  mm.  = 
46-. 48  in. 

Habitat :  Canada,  Wisconsin,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Magdalen 
Island. 

The  above  description  is  made  out  from  a  pair  named  lacustris 
Lee,  in  my  collection.  The  name  is  considered  a  synonym  of  rufi- 
manus Kirby,  though  there  is  little  of  value  in  the  last  description. 

A.  laticollis  Lee. — Broader  and  more  oblong,  piceous  black,  less 
shining,  thorax  larger  in  proportion  to  the  elytra  which  are  more 
rounded  on  the  sides.  Sides  of  thorax  much  rounded,  sinuate  near 
base,  hind  angles  hardly  as  prominent  as  in  rufimanus,  basal  foveae 
deep,  the  carina  well  marked  and  acute.  Elytral  stri^  with  very  dis- 
tinct punctures  except  towards  the  tip.  Antennae,  legs  and  epipleurae 
rufous.     Length  11-14  "coxa..  =  .44-.  5 6  in. 

Habitat :  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  Wyoming,  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, British  America. 

A.  carinata  Lee. — Differs  from  latieollis  by  the  characters  given 
in  the  table.  These  points  are  to  be  made  out  with  tolerable  ease  from 
comparison  though  seemingly  rather  indefinite.  Length  12-15  '^'^-  = 
.48-.60  in. 

Habitat:     New  Mexico,  Colorado,  Manitoba,  Illinois. 

A.  elongata  Lee. — Elongate,  oblong-ovate,  slender,  rufo-piceous, 
thorax  about  equal  in  length  and  breadth,  sides  rounded,  hind  angles 
somewhat  obtuse,  basal  foveae  bistriate,  punctate,  carina  broad,  not 
much  elevated.  Elytra  broader  than  the  thorax  and  with  fine  striae 
which  are  finely  punctate  anteriorly.     Length  10  mm.  :=  .40  in. 

Habitat :     Lake  Superior  region. 

A.  hyperborea  Dej. — Moderately   elongate,    ^blackish    piceous,. 


37 


March,  1896.]  WiCKHAM,   COLEOPTERA  OF  N.  E.   AMERICA. 

thorax  narrower  behind,  sides  rounded,  oblique  near  the  base  and  not 
sinuate.  Hind  angles  obtuse,  basal  fove»  bistriate,  basal  region  punc- 
tate, carina  present  but  rather  blunt.  Elytra  oblong  ovate,  stride  punc- 
tured, less  distinctly  so  at  apex.     Legs  reddish.     Length  9-1 1  mm.  = 

.36-.44  in. 

Habitat :     Labrador,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire. 

A.  brunnipennis  Z>^y.— Oblong,  head  and  thorax  blackish- 
seneous,  thorax  with  sides  rounded,  punctured  behind,  basal  fovese 
bistriate.  Elytra  brownish  or  obscure  reddish,  oblong,  subparallel, 
striate-punctate,  suture  and  margins  blackish.  Antennae  and  base  of 
tibiae  rufous,  femora  and  tarsi  rufo-piceous.    Length  8.5  mm.  =  .34  m- 

Habitat :     Labrador,  White  Mountains,  New  Hampshire. 

A.  canadensis  P///z.— Piteous,  elytra  submetallic,  palpi  testa- 
ceous, antenna  and  legs  brownish.  Prothorax  transverse,  sides  angu- 
late  slightly  rounded,  hind  angles  rectangular,  basal  margin  bisinuate, 
base  punctulate,  basal  fove^  two,  oblong,  impressed.  Elytra  convex  ob- 
long-ovate, humeri  somewhat  rounded,  stri«  punctate.  Episterna  and 
sides  of  abdomen  punctured.     Length  11  mm.  =  .44  m. 

Habitat :     Northern  Canada. 

This  species  is  unknown  to  me,  the  above  description  being  trans- 
lated from  Putzeys.  It  probably  will  be  easily  recognized  by  the  shape 
of  the  prothorax. 

A.  fulvipes  P/z/z.— Black,  shining,  palpi,  antennae  and  legs  ru- 
fous Prothorax  with  the  sides  rounded,  not  sinuate,  narrowed  ante- 
riorally  and  posteriorly.  Anterior  angles  somewhat  prommcnt,  but 
rounded,  hind  angles  acute,  slightly  prominent.  Elytra  oblong-ovate, 
narrowed  behind,  humeri  obtusely  angulate.     Length  10 mm.  =  .40 m. 

Habitat :  Missouri  C  Putzeys  ),  Allegheny,  Pennsylvania  (  Ham- 
ilton.) r^,        ^  1  • 

The  description  is  translated  from  Putzeys.  The  Pennsylvania 
specimens  sent  as  this  species  have  the  thoraxic  margin  somewhat  sinuate 
near  the  base,  which  is  coarsely  punctured  (to  a  varying  degree  of  den- 
sity) in  the  region  of  the  fovea,  which  are  only  moderately  distinct. 
The  female  is  broader  and  less  shining  than  the  male,  and  the  sides 
of  the  thorax  are  more  rounded. 

A.  apricaria  Fayk.— Oblong  oval,  piceous,  surface  feebly  bronzed. 
Head  smooth,  frontal  impressions  moderate,  antennae  pale  rufous. 
Thorax  one-half  broader  than  long,  sides  moderately  arcuate  m  front, 
slightly  sinuous  and  feebly  narrowed  toward  the  base,  hind  angles  rec- 


38  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

tangular,  slightly  prominent.  Basal  foveae  deep,  the  inner  one  rounded, 
carina  obtuse,  one-fourth  the  length  of  the  thorax ;  basal  third  of  thorax 
punctured,  punctures  coarse,  sparser  in  the  middle.  Elytra  oval,  mod- 
erately deeply  striate  (less  so  at  apex),  strias  crenate-punctate.  Scutellar 
stria  long,  thoracic  side  pieces  coarsely  punctured,  abdomen  moder- 
ately coarsely  punctured  at  sides.  Length  8  mm.  =  .32  in.  The  de- 
scription is  taken  from  Dr.  Horn's  account  of  Putzeysii,  which,  he 
writes,  is  a  synonym  of  the  above. 

Habitat :     Newfoundland,  Massachusetts,  Europe. 

A.  septentrionalis  Z^r._Elongate,  oblong  oval,  blackish-pice- 
ous,  more  or  less  aeneous  above,  thorax  one-half  broader  than  long, 
narrowed  in  front  and  behind,  sides  broadly  rounded,  base  sparsely 
punctate,  foveae  deep,  double,  hind  angles  sub-obtuse.  Elytra  striate, 
stria  finely  punctured,  smooth  at  tip.  Antenna  rufous,  legs  rufo-pice- 
ous.  Prosternum  with  a  i)road  feeble  longitudinal  channel,  less  evident 
in  the  female.     Length  7.5  mm.  :=  30  in. 

Habitat:     Lake  Superior,  New  York. 

A.  exarata  Z)^'._Convex,  form  sub-ovate,  color  blackish-pice- 
ous.  Thorax  sub-quadrate,  somewhat  narrowed  behind,  basal  foveae 
double,  punctured.  Elytra  with  deep-punctured  stria.  Antenna  and 
legs  rufous.     Length  8-9  mm.  =  -3 2-. 36  in. 

Habitat:     Northeast  America  in  general. 

A.  latior  ^/r^/.— Piceous,  more  or  less  bronzed.  Prothorax 
broader  than  long,  not  sinuate  at  base,  sides  rounded,  hind  angles  rec- 
tangular. Basal  foveae  double,  punctured,  elytra  striate,  stria  punc- 
tured, less  distinctly  at  apex.     Length  9-10  mm.  =  .36-.40  in. 

Habitat:  New  Hampshire,  Canada,  Lake  Superior,  Illinois, 
Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Oregon,  Idaho,  Vancouver  Island. 

A.  angustata  6'^?y.— Body  oval,  above  black  with  cupreous  re- 
flections. Thorax  broad,  narrowed  from  the  base,  emarginate  at  apex, 
surface  impunctate  except  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  basal  fovea  which 
may  be  sparsely  punctate;  hind  angles  acute.  Elytra  not  wider  than 
the  thorax,  narrowed  from  the  base,  stria  deeper  behind,  impunctured  ; 
legs  rufous.     Length  6.25-7  mm.  =  .25-.  28  in. 

Habitat:  "Middle  and  Southern  States."  Ohio,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska. 

A.  pallipes  ^/>^_y. —Elongate,  oval,  above  cupreous  or  blackish- 
cupreous,  thorax  narrowed  from  about  the  middle  to  the  apex,  basal 


March,  1896.]         WiCKHAM,   COLEOPTERA    OF    N.   E.   AMERICA.  39 

fovs  double,  slightly  punctured  ;  elytra  broader  that  the  thorax,  striae 
not  deeper  behind.     Legs  rufous.     Length  7-5  mm.  =  .30  in. 

Habitat:  New  York,  Wisconsin,  Canada,  New  Jersey,  Iowa. 
A.  crassispina  Z^r.— Broadly  oval,  aeneous  above,  body  beneath 
and  legs  rufo-piceous,  thorax  twice  as  broad  as  long,  narrowed  ante- 
riorly tides  obliquely  rounded,  sub-explanate  behind,  base  hardly  fove- 
ate,  elytral  striae  impunctate,  not  deeper  behind.  Antennae  piceous,  the 
three  basal  joints  testaceous.  Length  9  mm.  =  .35  m. 
Habitat :     Lake  Superior. 

A.  cupreolata  Putz. —0\Aox\g  oval,  above  bronzed,  thorax  nar- 
rowing from  a  point  in  advance  of  the  base.  Legs  piceo-rufous,  hind 
angles  of  thorax  slightly  obtuse. 

Habitat :     New  Jersey,  Illinois. 

A.  fallax  Z^r.—Oval,  »neous  above,  thorax  nearly  twice  as 
broad  as  long,  moderately  narrowed  anteriorly,  sides  rounded,  anterior 
angles  not  prominent,  basal  foveae.  indistinct,  elytral  striae  not  deeper 
behind  or  only  slightly  so.  Legs  black,  tibiae  piceous  at  base.  Length 
7.5-9  mm.  =  .30-. 36  in. 

Habitat :     Lake  Superior,  New  York,  Alabama. 
A.  protensa  Putz.—0\Ao\^z  oval,  scutellar  stria  without  ocellate 
puncture.     Thorax  with  very  faint  basal  impressions,  surface  not  punc- 
tured.    Elytral  striae  smooth. 

Habitat :     Illinois  (Teste  Bolter) . 

A.  polita  Z^^.— Oval,  shining,  more  or  less  cupreous,  thorax 
twice  as  broad  as  long,  narrowing  anteriorly  from  before  the  middle, 
basal  fove»  small  but  deep.  Elytral  striae  not  deeper  behind,  legs 
black.     Length  6.25  mm.  =  .25  in. 

Habitat:  Canada,  New  York,  Nebraska,  New  Mexico,  Idaho. 
A.  interstitialis  Z>^/— Oval,  somewhat  oblong,  moderately  con- 
vex, color  variable  from  brownish  bronze  to  bright  green,  cupreous  or 
nearly  black.  Antennae  usually  black,  first  joint  sometimes  pale. 
Thorax  less  than  twice  as  wide  at  base  as  long,  hind  angles  rectangular. 
Elytra  with  fine  indistinctly  punctured  striae,  intervals  slightly  convex 
usually  with  undulating  surface,  the  alternate  ones  often  slightly  more 
elevated,  surface  distinctly  alutaceous.  Body  beneath  smooth,  and, 
with  the  legs,  piceous  black.     Length  6.5-10  mm.  =  .26-40  in. 

Habitat:  Nova  Scotia  to  Hudson's  Bay,  Alaska,  Kamtschatka, 
south  to  Pennsylvania  and  northern  California.    Also  found  in  Europe. 


40  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

A.  erratica  Sturm. — Elongate  oval,  aeneous,  cupreous  or  nearly 
black,  shining.  Antennas  piceous  black,  two  basal  joints  often  red. 
Elytra  differing  as  noted  in  table.     Length  6-7.5  ™"''-  =  •24-- 30  in. 

Habitat:  About  as  in  the  preceding,  not  coming  farther  south 
than  Canada  and  Vermont. 

A.  obesa  Say. — Oblong-oval,  narrower  in  front,  piceous-black, 
shining,  the  elytra  opaque  in  the  female.  Antennae  ferruginous  or 
brownish.  Thorax  about  one-half  broader  than  long,  sides  arcuate  at 
apical  half,  then  nearly  parallel  to  base.  Hind  angles  rectangular,  disk 
moderately  convex,  basal  fovese  two,  the  outer  deeper  and  with  an  ex- 
ternal carina.  Basal  region  punctate,  smoother  at  middle.  Elytra 
striate,  strise  finely  punctured  and  more  deeply  impressed  at  apex,  in- 
tervals slightly  convex  $ ,  or  flat  9  .  Beneath  piceous  black,  legs  piceous 
or  rufo-piceous.     Length  9-12  mm.  =  .36-.48  in. 

Habitat:  New  York,  District  of  Columbia,  Lidiana,  Montana, 
Michigan,  Idaho,  Hudson  Bay,  Colorado,  Nebraska,  Utah,  Oregon, 
Washington. 

A.  remotestriata  Dej. — Oblong-oval,  moderately  convex,  brown- 
ish or  very  slightly  piceous,  males  shining  with  faint  bronze  lustre, 
females  dull.  Antennae  always  rufo-testaceous.  Thorax  about  one- 
half  broader  at  base  than  long,  slightly  wider  at  middle  than  at  base, 
sides  arcuate,  hind  angles  sharply  rectangular,  basal  fovese  double,  shal- 
low, basal  region  sparsely,  often  very  feebly,  punctate.  Elytra  finely 
striate,  stride  smooth  or  very  finely  and  feebly  punctate,  intervals  flat  in 
both  sexes.  Body  beneath  smooth,  metathorax  and  abdomen  darker, 
epipleurae  paler.  Legs  always  pale  rufo-testacous.  Length  6.5-8  mm. 
=  .26-,32  in.     A  terrestris  Lee,  is  synonymous. 

Habitat:  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Iowa, 
Montana,  Idaho,  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Canada,  British  Columbia, 
Washington,  Oregon,  Northern  California. 

A.  chalcea  Dej. — More  broadly  oval  and  more  convex  than 
remotestriata,  piceous,  shining  in  both  sexes,  surface  slightly  bronzed. 
Antennas  pale.  Width  of  thorax  at  base  not  equal  to  twice  the  length, 
feebly  narrowed  anteriorly.  Sides  arcuate  nearly  from  the  base,  hind 
angles  rectangular,  two  fovese  on  each  side,  both  rather  large  and  deep, 
and  coarsely  punctured.  Elytra  finely  sharply  striate,  striae  not  punc- 
tured, intervals  flat.  Beneath  piceous  black,  legs  rufo-testaceous. 
Length  6.5-7  mm.  =  .26-.  28  in. 

Habitat :   Massachusetts,  New  York,  District  of  Columbia,  North 


March,  1896.]  WiCKHAM,   CoLEOPTERA    OF    N.   E.   AMERICA.  41 

Carolina,  Georgia,  Texas,  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Colorado. 

A.  gibba  Lee. — Oblong-oval,  distinctly  narrower  in  front,  brown- 
ish or  nearly  piceous,  shining,  a  feeble  trace  of  bronze  luster,  legs 
always  pale.  Antennae  pale  rufo-testaceous.  Thorax  one  and  three- 
fourth  times  as  wide  at  base  as  long,  slightly  narrowed  anteriorly,  sides 
regularly  arcuate,  base  slightly  narrowed,  hind  angles  rectangular. 
Entire  basal  region  usually  punctate.  Elytra  distinctly  wider  at  base 
than  the  thorax,  sides  arcuate,  disc  moderately  deeply  striate,  striae 
finely  but  distinctly  punctate,  intervals  flat,  slightly  convex  near  the 
base.  Body  beneath  darker,  shining.  Length  6.5-7.5  mm.  =  .26- 
.30  in. 

Habitat:  Lake  Superior  region,  Colorado,  Arizona,  South  Cali- 
fornia, New  Jersey. 

A.  harpalina  Lee. — Form  oblong,  rufo-piceous  or  testaceous, 
moderately  shining.  Legs  and  antennae  rufo-testaceous.  Thorax  at 
middle  less  than  twice  as  wide  as  long,  slightly  narrow^ed  in  front,  sides 
arcuate  in  front,  oblique  at  basal  half,  hind  angles  sharply  rectangular, 
basal  region  vaguely  bi-impressed  each  side,  this  whole  region  punctate. 
Elytral  base  wider  than  that  of  thorax,  disk  moderately  deeply  striate, 
striae  finely  crenately  punctured,  intervals  convex.  Beneath  usually 
paler  than  above,  sides  of  metasternum  and  episterna  very  coarsely  and 
closely  punctate,  the  sides  of  first  three  ventral  segments  more  sparsely 
so.     Length  6.25-7  mm.  =  .25-.  28  in. 

Habitat:  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Reported  from  New  Jersey 
under  the  synonym  acutangida  Putz. 

A.  subaenea  Lee. — Form  oblong-oval,  narrowed  anteriorly,  pic- 
eous, faintly  bronzed,  shining.  Antennae  rufo-testaceous.  Thorax 
about  one  half  wider  at  base  than  long  at  middle,  distinctly  narrowed 
at  apex,  sides  regularly  arcuate,  front  angles  prominent,  hind  angles 
rectangular.  Elytra  not  wider  at  base  than  the  thorax,  striae  moder- 
ately deep,  finely  crenately  punctured,  intervals  convex.  Beneath 
usually  paler  than  above,  sides  of  metasternum  and  first  two  ventral  seg- 
ments with  a  few  coarse  punctures.     Length  5-7  mm.  =  .20-.28  in. 

Habitat :     Lake  Superior  Region,  Nebraska,  Colorado. 

A.  rubrica  Hald. — Oblong,  moderately  convex,  rufo-testaceous 
to  castaneous,  shining  in  both  sexes.  Antennae  pale.  Thorax  not 
twice  as  wide  as  long,  very  little  narrowed  in  front,  apex  very  feebly 
emarginate,  sides  regularly  arcuate,  hind  angles  usually  very  obtuse,  disc 
convex,  basal  impressions  very  feeble,  usuallypunctured,  sometimes  quite 


42  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

smooth.  Elytra  at  base  very  slightly  v/ider  than  the  thorax,  stride  mod- 
erately deep,  finely  crenately  punctured,  intervals  convex.  Beneath 
paler,  sides  of  metasternum  and  the  met-epimera  with  coarse  punctures. 
Ventral  segments  coarsely  sparsely  punctate  at  sides  of  the  first  four. 
Legs  pale  rufo-testaceous.  Length  6-7  mm.  =  .24-.  28  in. 
Habitat :     Middle  States  region  to  Texas  and  Colorado. 

A.  musculus  Say. — Oblong  oval,  rufo-piceous  or  piceous,  shin- 
ing, sometimes  faintly  aeneous.  Antennae  pale.  Thorax  rather  more 
than  half  wider  than  long,  distinctly  narrowed  anteriorly,  sides  arcuate, 
hind  angles  usually  obtuse,  sometimes  nearly  rectangular,  basal  impres- 
sions almost  obliterated,  surface  near  hind  angles  sparsely  indistinctly 
punctured  or  entirely  smooth.  Elytra  at  base  not  wider  than  the  tho- 
rax, striae  moderately  deep,  finely  crenately  punctured,  intervals  slightly 
convex.  Beneath  of  nearly  same  color  as  above,  abdomen  mually  paler, 
first  ventral  segment  with  a  few  punctures  at  sides.  Legs  rufo-testa- 
ceous.    Length  5-55  mm.  =  .20-. 22  in. 

Habitat:  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  District  of  Columbia, 
North  Carolina,  Wisconsin,  Nebraska,  Arizona. 

Loxandrus  Lee. 
Differs  from  Pterostichus  and  allied  genera  by  the  anterior  tarsi 
being  obliquely  dilated  in  the  males.  The  species  included  are  usually 
black,  shining,  iridescent  beetles,  rarely  with  any  color-markings  be- 
yond the  tendency  to  piceous  or  yellow  shades  of  the  appendages.  They 
occur  chiefly  in  the  Southern  States,  and  are  difficult  of  separation  be- 
sides being  quite  rare  in  collections.  A  tabular  arrangement  of  the 
characters  regarded  as  of  specific  value  by  previous  writers  will  allow  us 
to  separate  them  as  follows :  the  species  from  the  region  under  consid- 
eration all  belonging  to  Dr.  LeConte's  division  in  which  the  side  margin 
of  the  prothorax  is  not  explanate  posteriorly,  and  the  hind  angles 
rounded  or  rarely  rectangular. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

Elytra  with  a  post-median  ferruginous  spot celer. 

Elytra  immaculate. 

Smaller  (.20-.  18  in.).     Color  of  legs  variable,  hind  angles  of  prothorax 

with  the  tip  rounded agilis. 

Larger  (.38-.40  in.). 

Hind  angles  of  prothorax  rounded  at  tip minor. 

Hind  angles  of  prothorax  rectangular erraticus. 

L.  celer  Dej. — Black,   moderately  brilliant,   antennae    and    legs 


March,  1S96.]  WiCKHAM,    CoLEOPTERA    OF    N.   E.  AMERICA.  43 

blackish-brown,  the  first  joint  of  the  former  ferruginous.  Elytra  with 
a  common  reddish  sutural  spot  near  the  tip ;  striae  extremely  finely 
punctured,  intervals  flattened,  the  third  with  one  large  puncture, 
slightly  in  advance  of  the  middle,  near  the  second  stria.  Prothorax 
subquadrate.  Length  6-7  mm.  :=  .24.28  in. 
Habitat :     Illinois,  Florida,  Texas. 

L.  agilis  Dej. — Black,  shining,  iridescent,  prothorax  subquadrate, 
narrower  anteriorly,  the  base  punctured  at  middle,  hind  angles  rounded 
at  tip.  Legs  piceous  or  ferruginous,  antennae  ferruginous  at  base  be- 
coming darker  toward  the  tip.  Elytra  with  strongly  punctured  stri?e. 
Length  5-6  mm.  =  .20-.  24  in. 

Habitat :  District  of  Columbia,  Arkansas,  Pennsylvania,  south  to 
Florida. 

L.  minor  Chaud. — Black,  shining,  thorax  moderately  rounded  at 
sides,  base  nearly  smooth,  the  hind  angles  obtuse  with  the  extreme  tip 
rounded.  Elytral  striae  finely  punctured,  interstices  moderately  convex. 
Antennae  dark,  except  the  three  basal  joints  which  are  reddish.  Legs 
reddish  or  with  femora  piceous.     Length  9-10  mm.  r=  .36-. 40  in. 

Habitat :  Louisiana,  District  of  Columbia,  Arkansas,  Indiana,  Illi- 
nois, Missouri. 

L.  erraticus  Dej. — Black,  shining,  iridescent,  prothorax  sub- 
quadrate, the  hind  angles  not  rounded.  Elytra  striate,  striae  with,  obso- 
lete punctures.  Legs  reddish  or  brownish,  femora  ordinarily  darker. 
Antennae  dark,  first  two  joints  reddish.     Length  9.5  mm.  =  .38  in. 

Habitat :     Illinois,  Florida,  Louisiana. 
Diplochila  Brulle. 

Flattened  insects  of  rather  broad  form  and  smooth  surface.  The 
elytra  have  the  eighth  and  ninth  striae  very  close  together,  the  third  in- 
terspace has  a  large  puncture  near  the  middle ;  the  elytral  margin  is  not 
interrupted  at  posterior  third  as  in  the  Pterostichini.  Supra-orbital 
setigerous  punctures,  two.  The  species  are  few  in  number  and  may  be 
distinguished  by  these  characters  : 

Synopsis  of  Species. 

Thorax  with  hind  angles  moderately  well  defined. 

Seventh  stria  of  elytra  feeble,  not  approaching  the  sixth  in  aistinctness. 

Smaller  ( 13-15  mm.) laticollis. 

Larger  (18-20  mm.) van  major. 

Seventh  stria  of  the  elytra  about  as  distinct  as  the  sixth.     Thorax  less  narrowed 

in  front,  more  so  at  base impressicollis. 

Thorax  with  hind  angles  obtusely  rounded.     Smaller,  elytral  strire    finer,  seventh 
almost  obliterated obtusa. 


44  Journal  New  York  Extomological  Society.         [voi.  iv. 

D.  laticollis  Lee. — Black,  somewhat  shining,  thorax  transverse, 
sides  slightly  rounded  and  feebly  sinuate  towards  the  base,  hind  angles 
distinct.  Elytra  moderately  deeply  rather  finely  striate,  the  striae  with 
fine  punctures,  seventh  feeble.     Length  13-20  mm.  =r:  .5  2-. 80,  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana,  Illi- 
nois, Iowa,  Canada,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Michigan,  Florida. 

D.  impressicollis  Dej. — Usually  black,  sometimes  the  alternate 
elytral  interstices  are  reddish.  The  thorax  differs  from  that  of  laticollis 
as  stated  in  the  table  ;  and  the  seventh  elytral  stria,  while  sometimes 
slightly  fainter  than  the  sixth,  is  still  distinct.  Length  16-17  ™™-  = 
.64-.68  in. 

Habitat:  New  York,  Canada,  Michigan,  Indiana,  Iowa,  Illinois, 
South  Dakota,  Utah,  Washington,  Oregon. 

D.  obtusa  Lee. — Black,  smaller  than  the  other  species  and  with 
the  outer  striae  of  the  elytra  very  weak,  the  sixth  being  often  quite  fee- 
ble, while  the  seventh  may  be  almost  obliterated.  The  thorax  has 
rounded  hind  angles  and  very  deep  well-defined  basal  foveas.  Length 
11-12  mm.  ^  .44-.48  in. 

Habitat :     Illinois,    Indiana,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Nevada. 

Dicselus  Bon. 
Usually  large  species  of  black,  purplish  or  metallic  color,  the 
thorax  broad,  the  elytra  usually  deeply  striate,  the  seventh  interval 
carinate  from  the  humerus  to  a  varying  distance.  With  the  exception  of 
Icevipennis,  which  extends  into  western  Arizona,  they  are  confined  to 
the  region  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  to  Mexico,  being  more 
numerous  in  the  Atlantic  States,  especially  those  to  the  south. 

Synopsis  of  Species. 
Elytral  intervals  very  irregular,  broken  up  by  deep  rugosities  or  by  ocellate  punc- 
tures   sculptilis. 

Elytral  intervals  regular,  or  at  least  entire. 
Thorax  broad  at  base,  narrowed  at  apex. 

Elytra  brilliant,  brassy  or  cupreous splendidus. 

Elytra  violaceous  or  purplish purpuratus. 

Elytra  black. 

Elytral  intervals  feebly  alternating,  humeral  carina  moderately  long,  .furvus. 
Elytral  intervals  equal. 

Strice  very  distinctly  punctured cretiattis. 

Striae  not  or  very  finely  punctured. 
Smaller  species  (15-18  mm.). 

Form  shorter,  thorax  with  one  segiterous  puncture   near  middle  of 


March,  1896.]         WiCKHAM,  CoLEOPTERA   OF   N.  E.  AMERICA.  45 

niargin ovalis. 

Form  elongate,  thorax  with  two  setigerous  punctures  near  middle  of 
margin elongatus. 

Larger  species  (20-25  mm.). 

Form  elongate,  sides  of  thorax  reflexed  posteriorly ambiguus. 

Form  broad,  sides  of  thorax  not  or  but  slightly  reflexed  posteriorly, 

elytral  intervals  rather  narrow,  convex dilatatus. 

Thorax  narrowed  at  base,  elytra  feebly  shining teter. 

Thorax  about  equally  narrowed  at  base  and  apex,  humeral  carina  short,  elytra  very 
shining politus. 

Most  of  the  above  characters  have  already  been  used  in  the  syn- 
optic table  of  Diccelus  published  some  time  ago  by  Dr.  Horn  in  the 
Brooklyn  Bulletin.  The  arrangement  has  been  changed  to  suit  the 
different  conditions  consequent  upon  the  more  restricted  fauna  under 
consideration.  The  setigerous  punctures  referred  to  under  ovalis  and 
elongatus  are  actually  anterior  to  the  middle,  but  the  above  wording 
has  been  adopted  to  keep  students  from  misconstruing  the  punctures 
meant.  There  is  usually  a  sub-basal  puncture  to  be  seen  and  often  a 
sub-apical  bristle  as  well. 

D.  sculptilis  ^y. — Black,  shining,  but  without  metallic  luster. 
Easily  known  from  the  other  species  of  the  genus  by  the  peculiar  rough- 
ness of  the  elytra,  the  alternate  intervals  being  curiously  broken  and 
distorted.  The  bottoms  of  the  striae  are  granulate  or  marked  vvith  ocel- 
late  punctures.     Length  16-20  mm.  r=  .64-. 80  in. 

Habitat:  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  Wisconsin,  Iowa,  Illinois,  South 
Dakota,  Kansas,  District  of  Columbia,  Maryland,  Manitoba. 

D.  splendidus  Say. — Blackish  with  violaceous  or  purplish  reflec- 
tions, especially  on  margins  of  pronotum  and  on  lower  surface  of  body. 
Upper  surface  of  prothorax  marked  with  fine  wavy  lines,  mostly  trans, 
verse  in  direction,  median  longitudinal  line  very  clear  and  sharp-cut. 
Elytra  coppery  or  brassy,  shining,  strige  deep,  intervals  convex.  Length 
18-25  ^''™-  =  -76-1.00  in. 

Habitat :     Nebraska,  Kansas,  Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri,  Louisiana. 

D.  purpuratus  Say. — Very  closely  resembling  splendidus,  but 
differing  in  being  of  a  purplish  or  violaceous  color,  without  brassy 
elytra,  the  antennae  and  legs  black.  The  form  is  more  elongate  than  in 
splendidus,  and  the  head  larger  in  proportion.  Length  20-25  rn™-  = 
.80-1.00  in. 

Habitat:  New  York,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylvania,  Indiana, 
Louisiana,  Florida,  Missouri,  Illinois,  Iowa. 


46  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

D.  furvus  Dej. — Form  short,  broad,  folor  blackish-opaque,  or 
slightly  shining.     The  median  thoracic  Hne  is  feeble,  the  lateral  margins 
slightly  reflexed.     Elytral  intervals  alternating,  striae  smooth.     The  in- 
terval between  the  sixth  and  seventh  stria  bears  several  punctures  near  ' 
the  base.     Length  15  mm.  =  .60  in. 

Habitat :     Ohio,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  Florida. 

D.  crenatus  Zee. — The  district  punctuation  of  the  elytral  striae 
will  serve  to  separate  this  species  from  its  neighbors.  I  have  seen  no 
specimens  and  am  unable  to  give  other  differential  characters.  Length 
15-16  mm.  =  .60-. 64  in. 

Habitat :  I^ouisiana,  Texas ;  recorded  also  from  Buffalo,  New 
York. 

D.  ovalis  Lee. — Black,  form  short,  the  median  thoracic  line  very 
distinct  and  deeper  near  base  and  apex.  Elytral  striae  deep,  smooth, 
intervals  not  alternating,  humeral  carina  long.  Lengih  15-16  mm.  = 
.60-.64  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Mary- 
land, District  of  Columbia,  Ohio,  Texas. 

D,  elongatus  Bon. — Form  more  elongate  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  thorax  with  deep  and  distinct  longitudinal  median  line,  two 
deep  setigerous  punctures  anterior  to  the  middle  of  the  prothorax. 
Elytra  with  deep  regular  striae,  intervals  convex,  not  alternating. 
Length  15-18  mm.  ^  .60-. 76  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Ohio,  Maryland,  District  of  Columbia,  Texas,  Iowa,  Louisiana,  Mis- 
sissippi. 

D.  ambiguus  Laf. — A  large  species  of  black  color,  either 
opaque  or  more  or  less  shining.  The  sides  of  the  thorax  are  reflexed 
behind,  the  form  elongate.     Length  20-22  mm.  =:  .80-.87  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Illinois,  Missouri,  District  of 
Columbia,  Alabama,  Mississippi. 

D.  dilatatus  Say. — Black,  dull,  or  with  a  slight  surface  luster. 
Form  broad,  short,  sides  of  thorax  hardly  reflexed  posteriorly ;  elytra 
with  broad  deep  striae  which  are  almost  smooth  except  for  traces  of 
punctures  near  the  tip.     Length  20-25  '^^^-  =  .80-1.00  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Maryland, 
Indiana,  Illinois,  Missouri,  District  of  Columbia,  Virginia,  Alabama, 
Texas. 


March,  1896.]  WiCKHAM,   COLEOPTERA    OF    N.   E.   AMERICA.  4  7 

D.  teter  Bon. — Black,  slightly  shining,  thorax  broader  in  front 
of  middle  and  considerably  narrowed  behind,  longitudinal  median  line 
very  deep.  Elytra  deeply  striate,  strice  smooth,  intervals  regular,  very 
convex.  The  form  of  thorax  gives  somewhat  the  appearance  of  certain 
Pterostichi.     Length  20-22  mm.  =  .80-.88  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Maryland,  New  Jer- 
sey, District  of  Columbia,  Virginia, 

D.  politus  Dej. — Smaller,  black,  very  shining,  form  resembling 
that  of  teter,  but  the  thorax  is  more  nearly  quadrate,  being  less  narrowed 
behind.  The  elytra  are  regularly,  smoothly  and  deeply  striate,  the 
humeral  carina  short  and  obtuse.     Length  12-15  mm.  =  .48-.60  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia, Florida. 

Licinus  Latr. 

Antennae  with  thre  ebasal  joints  glabrous,  eighth  and  ninth  striae 
of  elytra  distinct ;  elytra  strongly  sinuate  at  apex,  seventh  interval  not 
carinate. 

L.  silphoides  Fabr. — Black,  somewhat  shining,  thorax  rounded, 
punctate.  Elytra  with  three  rather  faint  costae,  punctato-striate,  inter- 
spaces deeply  and  closely  punctured.     Length  14-15  mm.  =  .56-. 60  in. 

Habitat :  Massachusetts.  Not  a  true  member  of  our  fauna,  be- 
ing a  European  species. 

Badister  Clairv. 

Small  beetles  of  a  form  suggesting  our  common  species  of  Agono- 
derus.  They  differ  from  the  three  preceeding  genera  in  having  only 
two  basal  joints  of  the  antennae  entirely  glabrous.  The  eighth  and  ninth 
elytral  striae  are  not  approximated,  the  third  interval  has  two  dorsal 
punctures.  A  condensation  of  Dr.  Leconte's  table  will  suffice  to  separ- 
ate the  species  of  northeastern  America  as  follows  : 

Synopsis  of  Species. 
Elytral  striae  deep,  interspaces  narrow,  convex.     Elytra  rufo-piceous,  darker  behind, 

antennse  and  legs  reddish notatus. 

Elytral  striae  fine,  interspaces  flat. 
Elytra  spotted. 

Prothorax,  legs  and  elytra  bright  yellow,  the  latter  with  broad  median  band  in- 
terrupted at  suture  and  an  apical  blotch  iridescent  black pulchellus. 

Prothorax  black,  legs  and  elytra  orange,  the  latter  with  broad  median  band  and 
apical  spot  black,  confluent  longitudinally  from  4th  to  6th  stria,  maculatus. 
Elytra  not  spotted,  sometimes  bicolored. 


48  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [voi.  iv. 

Prothorax   and   legs   testaceous,   elytra   piceous,  margined   at    base,  sides  and 
suture   with   testaceous,   epipleura;    testaceous.     Hind    angles   of    prothorax 

broadly  rounded Obtusus. 

Piceous,  head  as  broad  as  the  prothorax,  hind  angles  of  latter  obtuse  and  slightly 

rounded ferrugineus. 

Black  or  nearly  so,  legs  yellow. 

Hind  angles  of  prothorax  very  much  rounded ...  .flavipes. 

Hind  angles  of  prothorax  not  or  feebly  rounded,  margin  piceous. 

Side  margin  of  prothorax  narrow,  not  more  reflexed  towards  base.micans. 
Side  margin  broader,  more  reflexed  near  base ref  lexus. 

B.  notatus  Hald. — The  characters  given  above  will  amply  dis- 
tinguish this  species,  as  it  is  the  only  one  in  our  fauna  with  deep  elytral 
striae  and  narrow  convex  interspaces.     Length  4.5  mm.  =  .18  in. 

Habitat :  Canada,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Illinois,  Louisiana, 
Iowa. 

B.  pulchellus  Lee. — Above  bright  yellow,  head  black,  elytra  with 
a  very  large  submedian  spot  on  each,  reaching  nearly  to  the  suture  and 
each  with  an  apical  spot,  black.  The  two  spots  on  each  elytron  may 
be  connected  by  a  broad  longitudinal  stripe  or  may  be  quite  separate. 
Beneath  mostly  black,  the  legs  and  prothorax  yellow.  Antennae  dusky, 
first  joint  yellow.     Length  5.5-6.5  mm.  =  .22-.26  in. 

Habitat :  New  York,  Indiana,  Illinois,  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Canada, 
Georgia,  Florida. 

B.  maculatus  Lee. — Black,  thorax  with  deep  transverse  im- 
pression, elytra  orange- yellow  with  black  markings  as  given  in  the  table. 
Legs  yellow,  antennae  dusky,  first  joint  testaceous.  Length  6  mm.  = 
.24  in. 

Habitat:     Pennsylvania. 

B.  obtusus  Lee. — Piceous,  shining;  prothorax,  base  of  antennae 
and  legs  testaceous.  Elytra  obscure  reddish,  side  margins  paler.  Hind 
angles  of  prothorax  rounded,  basal  impressions  round,  deep  and  fovei 
form,  transverse  lines  quite  feeble,  longitudinal  median  line  deep. 
Length  5.8-6.5  mm.  =  .23-. 26  in. 

Habitat:     Lake  Superior,  Montana  (Helena). 

B.  ferrugineus  Dej. — Above,  head  black,  thorax  reddish  or 
rufo-piceous;  elytra  piceous  with  bluish  or  greenish  iridescence,  inar- 
gin  narrowly  testaceous.  Beneath,  blackish  except  the  prothorax 
which  is  reddish,  legs  testaceous.  Antennae  blackish,  first  joint  yellow- 
testaceous.  Other  characters  will  be  found  in  the  table.  Length  4.5- 
5  mm.  =  .18-.  20  in. 


March,  1S96.]  WiCKHAM,  COLEOPTERA    OF    N.   E.   AMERICA.  49 

Habitat:  California  and  Alaska — said  to  be  found  at  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. 

B.  flavipes  Lee. — Black,  thorax  somewhat  narrowed  behind,  hind 
angles  very  much  rounded,  longitudinal  line  deep,  basal  impressions 
small  but  deep.  Elytra  more  deeply  striate  than  usual  in  this  group, 
the  interstices  more  convex  ;  in  color  they  are  blackish  with  a  bluish- 
metallic  luster;  legs  yellowish  testaceous,  antennae  fuscous.  Length 
6  mm.  =  .24  in. 

Habitat :     New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Louisiana,  Florida. 

B.  micans  Lee. — Differs  from  the  preceding  in  the  form  of  the 
hind  angles  of  the  prothorax  (as  stated  in  the  table)  and  in  the  fact  that 
the  luster  of  the  elytra  is  simply  blue,  not  metallic.  The  striae  of  the 
elytra  are  less  deep  and  the  interstices  less  convex.     Length  5-6  mm. 

Habitat:  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Illinois, 
Georgia,  Florida. 

B.  reflexus  Lee. — Smaller  than  micans,  piceous,  shining,  margin 
of  prothorax  and  elytra  testaceous,  the  latter  with  faint  metallic  reflec- 
tions. Prothorax  trapezoidal,  narrowed  behind  and  with  the  sides 
more  strongly  margined  than  usual,  the  margin  broader  and  more 
strongly  reflexed  near  the  base ;  hind  angles  very  obtuse.  Legs  yellow- 
ish, antennae  piceous,  tip  of  last  joint  pale.     Length  4  mm.  =  .16  in. 

Habitat :     New  York,  Michigan,  Lousiana,  Pennsylvania, 

(  To  be  continued. ) 


Figs. 


ILLUSTRATIONS  OF  NORTH  AMERICAN  TETTIGIN.^ 

By  a.  p.  Morse,  Wellesley,  Mass. 

(See  articles  in  this  Journal,  March  and  September,  1895.) 

Explanation  of  Plate. 

I, 

\a,     lb. 

Nomotettix  parvus  $ . 

2, 

za,    2b. 

"           crista tus  $  . 

3. 
4> 

6, 

3^^.    3b. 
9;  4«,.T 
9;   5«.^ 
9;  6fl,<j 

"           covipressus  J' . 
Tettigidea  prorsa. 

"           partnpemiis. 

"          lateralis  (?),  from  Indiana. 

7. 
8, 
9. 
10, 

9- 

9;  8«,^. 

9;  9a, $■ 

9;  \oa,$ 

"          acuta. 
"          apiculata. 
"          spicata. 
"          artnata. 

[Vol.  IV  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  50 


PROCEEDINGS    OF   THE    NEW  YORK  ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

Meeting  of  June  i8th,  1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  President 
Rev.  J.  L.  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Twelve  members  present. 

Mr.  Beutenmuller  proposed  for  active  membership  Dr.  G.  Lang- 
mann  and  Mr.  David  H.  Ray,  and  for  corresponding  membership  Mr. 
F.  H.  Johnson. 

An  invitation  to  join  the  Philadelphia,  Newark  and  Brooklyn  Ento- 
mological Societies  in  a  field  meeting  at  Jamesburg,  New  Jersey,  on 
July  4th,  was  received  and  accepted  with  thanks. 

Mr.  Beutenmuller  read  a  paper  "On  Collecting  at  Watchogue 
Staten  Island,"  communicated  by  Mr.  Wm.  T.  Davis. 

Mr.  Johnson  exhibited  a  piece  of  stone  which  he  found  over  an  ant 
nest  and  which  had  been  bored  through  by  the  ants,  who  used  the 
hole  as  one  of  the  entrances  to  their  nest. 

Mr.  Faycn  exhibited  a  gooseberry  leaf,  with  the  stalk  partly  eaten 
through  by  Gymnetron  teter,  a  weevil,  living  in  the  seed  pods  of  the 
Mullein. 

"  A  Copy  of  Comstock's  Manual  to  the  Study  of  Insects,"  was  ex- 
hibited and  recommended  to  the  members  of  the  society. 

Mr.  Zabriskie  spoke  on  species  of  Coleophora  living  on  Juncus, 
which  he  said  appeared  in  salt  meadows  near  the  sea  shore  of  Long 
Island.      Adjournment. 

Meeting  of  September  17th,  1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.  In  absence  of 
the  President  Mr.  Ottomar  Dietz  was  elected  chairman  pro  tern.  Nine 
members  present.    The  treasurer's  report  was  read  and  accepted. 

Dr.  Langmann  and  David  H.  Ray  were  elected  members  of  the 
society  and  Mr.  F.  H.  Johnson  as  a  corresponding  member. 

Notes  on  the  summer's  collecting  were  given  by  the  members. 
Mr.  Dyar  showed  the  larva  of  a  Harrisina  from  Texas  which  had  two 
of  the  segments  entirely  black,  thus  differing  from  the  eastern  species 
which  has  all  the  segments  with  yellow  bands.  He  also  exhibited  the 
larva  and  moth  of  Alypia  langtoni  from  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H. — 
Adjournment. 


JOURNAL 


JOfId  ]9orh  6!ntoraoIogirfll  ^oriFtg. 


Vol.  IV.  JUNE,  1896.  No.  2. 


NEW  SPECIES    OF  HETEROCERA. 
By  William  Schaus. 
Perophora  funebris,  sp.  nov. 

$ .  Wings  and  abdomen  dull  brownish  black  with  the  basal  and  outer  lines 
almost  imperceptible,  the  latter  starting  from  the  costal  margin  at  two-thirds  from  the 
base,  convexly  oblique  to  vein  7  and  then  straight  to  the  middle  of  inner  margin. 
Underneath,  this  line  is  wavy  and  closer  to  the  outer  margin.  The  9  is  dark  brown 
with  the  markings  as  in  the  $  and  an  oval  spot  in  the  cell.  Expanse  $  45  mm. 
51  62  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Perophora  nigrescens,  sp.  nov. 

Wings  pale  gray,  shaded  with  brown  on  the  extreme  outer  margins  and  finely 
speckled  with  black,  especially  on  the  median  space  of  the  primaries.  The  primaries 
with  a  broad  black  shade  at  a  third  from  the  base  and  an  outer  black  band  angled  at 
vein  7 ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  small  diaphanous  spot.  The  secondaries  with  a 
median  black  line.  Underneath  darker,  with  only  an  outer  line  which  is  curved  on 
both  wings.     Body  light  gray  speckled  with  black.     Expanse  42  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 
Perophora  musa,  sp.  nov. 

Body  dark  gray,  the  abdomen  dorsally  shaded  with  red.  Wings  above  gray, 
finely  and  thinly  speckled  with  black ;  an  indistinct  median  darker  shade  minutely 
speckled  with  red  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  transparent  spot ;  the  costal  margin  nar- 
rowly red ;  the  outer  line,  fine,  dark  brown,  starting  obliquely  from  the  costal  mar- 
gin at  four-fifths  from  the  base,  forming  an  angle  between  veins  7  and  8,  and  then 
slightly  wavy  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin  of  the  secondaries.  Beyond  the  line 
the  wings  are  slightly  darker  and  shaded  with  red  on  the  inner  margins  and  at  the 
angle  on  the  primaries.  Underneath  the  primaries  are  darker  and  the  veins  on  both 
wings  are  shaded  with  red.     Expanse  $  43  ^m.      9  51  mm. 

Habitat :   Castro,  Parana. 

This  species  is  allied  to  P.  despecta  Walk. 


52  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Perophora  pulverula,  sp.  nov. 

Wings  above  gray  finely  and  thinly  speckled  with  black,  a  wavy  basal  brown 
line,  and  an  outer  very  dentate  brown  line ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  two  contiguous  di- 
aphanous spots  circled  by  a  fine  brown  line ;  fringe  brown.  Underneath  paler  with 
no  basal  line,  and  the  outer  line  is  closer  to  the  margin  and  more  lunular  than  den- 
late.     Expanse  9   5o  mm. 

Habitat :     Sfio  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Perophora  grisea,  sp.  nov. 

Body  and  wings  above  pale  brownish  gray,  thinly  speckled  with  black ;  a  mi- 
nute transparent  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  on  the  primaries;  the  outer  line  lunular, 
fine,  dark  gray,  follower)  by  a  brownish  shade  which  widens  towards  the  anal  angle  of 
the  secondaries  and  is  outwardly  margined  with  a  blackish  line  forming  long  projec- 
tions between  the  veins.  Underneath  pale  brownish  gray  with  an  outer  and  a  sub- 
marginal  dentate  blackish  line.     Expanse  ^  45  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Perophora  deprava,  sp.  nov. 

Primaries  acute,  the  outer  margin  convex  opposite  vein  3.  Wings  above  light 
gray  minutely  speckled  with  black ;  an  indistinct  gray  transverse  line  at  a  third  from 
the  base  on  the  primaries ;  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  outer  line  dark, 
forming  a  black  spot  on  the  costal  margin,  then  concave  to  vein  7  where  it  is  rounded, 
and  then  wavy  to  the  inner  margin ;  the  fringe  brownish  gray.  Underneath  the 
wings  are  darker  with  the  outer  line  finely  dentate.     Expanse  $  35  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Perophora  olivia,  sp.  nov. 

Thorax  pinkish  brown.  Abdomen  olive  brown  with  darker  scales  on  the  anal 
segment.  The  basal  three-fourths  of  the  wings  olive  brown,  with  a  large  round  yel- 
low spot  in  the  cell  on  the  primaries.  Two -nearl}' contiguous  straight  black  lines, 
separated  by  a  fine  pinkish  brown  shade  from  the  anal  angle  on. the  secondaries,  to 
vein  8  on  the  primaries,  where  the  inner  line  forms  an  indistinct  angle  to  the  costal 
margin,  and  the  outer  line  follows  vein  8  to  the  outer  margin,  above  which  the  costal 
margin  and  apex  are  dark  brownish.  The  outer  margins  broadly  pink  shaded  with 
olivaceous  on  the  extreme  margin.     Underneath  the  same  but  paler.     Expanse  42  mm. 

Habitat :  Columbia. 
Colabata  dora,  sp.  nov. 

Thorax  grayish;  abdomen  yellowish  brown  irrorated  with  darker  scales.  Pri 
maries  grayish  thickly  mottled  with  darker  scales;  tlie  outer  margin  broadly  yel- 
lowish, a  very  indistinct  wavy  basal  line,  a  small  yellowish  spot  containing  a  brown 
point  in  the  cell ;  an  irregular  outer  wavy  shade  separating  the  darker  portion  of 
the  wing  from  the  yellowish  outer  margin ;  a  terminal  lunular  brown  line ;  the  base 
and  extremity  of  the  fringe  brownish.  Secondaries  light  brown,  somewhat  yellowish 
on  the  outer  margin ;  a  fine  median  transverse  line  and  a  broad  submarginal  brown 
shade.  Underneath  cream  color  with  two  median  transverse  brown  lines  and  a  ter- 
minal lunular  line  on  the  primaries.     Expanse  50  mm. 


June,  1896.]  ScHAUS :    New  Species  OF  Heterocera.  53 

Habitat :   Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Closely  allied  to  C.  marginalis  Walk.  (Jiiieosa  Wlk.),  but  darker 
and  with  the  markings  less  distinct. 

Apatelodes  velutina,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  patagiaa  violaceous  gray,  center  of  thorax  very  dark  brown  ;  abdomen 
brown  with  grayish  scales  on  the  posterior  portion  of  each  segment.  Primaries  witli 
the  basal  portion  light  brown  limited  by  a  dark  line,  heaviest  on  the  costal  margin, 
slightly  oblique  to  below  vein  2,  and  then  turning  in  to  the  inner  margin,  preceded 
on  the  inner  margin  near  the  base  by  a  dark  brown  shade ;  the  median  space  velvety 
gray  limited  by  a  dark  wavy  outer  line  and  containing  an  indistinct  pale  streak  at  the 
end  of  the  cell;  the  outer  margin  gray  mottled  with  reddish  brown;  a  dark  velvety 
brown  spot  on  the  costal  margin  near  the  apex,  followed  by  two  small  transparent 
white  spots.  Secondaries  reddish  brown,  much  darker  at  the  anal  angle,  above  which 
is  the  commencement  of  a  transverse  line.  Underneath  the  wings  are  dull  reddish 
brown  with  a  transverse  whitish  line  crossing  both  wings.     Expanse  9  3^  'T^rn. 

Habitat :   Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Apatelodes  corema,  sp.  nov. 

Body  light  brown  with  some  gray  scales  on  the  patagise.  Primaries  light  creamy 
brown;  some  grayish  scales  along  the  costal  margin;  a  basal,  indistinct,  wavy  gray 
line,  followed  on  the  inner  margin  by  a  large  patch  of  gray  scales ;  the  outer  trans- 
verse  line  deeply  wavy,  outwardly  shaded  with  pale  scales  and  followed  by  two  trans- 
parent spots  between  veins  4  and  5  and  5  and  6.  Secondaries  light  reddish  brow^n. 
Underneath  light  reddish  brown  ;  an  indistinct  median  transverse  shade  and  an  outer 
line,  fine  and  straight  on  the  primaries,  but  forming  a  series  of  black  points  on  each 
vein  on  the  secondaries.  Expanse  9  43  "i'^''- 
Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Apatelodes  sericea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  dark  brown.  Thorax  pale  fawn  color,  the  posterior  portion  dark  velvety 
brown  preceded  by  a  fine  transverse  line.  Abdomen  brown,  very  dark  dorsally  at 
the  base.  Primaries  above  pale  fawn  color;  a  fine  oblique  line  near  the  base  from 
the  costa  to  the  submedian  vein,  below  which  is  a  broad  dark  shade  resting  on  the 
inner  margin  and  outwardly  bordered  by  a  fine  grayish  line;  a  wavy,  narrow  median 
transverse  shade ;  the  outer  line  very  fine  and  wavy  with  a  dark  point  on  each  vein  ; 
some  brownish  submarginal  shades  near  the  apex  and  a  small  transparent  spot.  Sec- 
ondaries brown,  very  dark  on  the  inner  margin ;  an  indistinct  transverse  pale  line. 
Underneath  fawn  color  shaded  with  brown  at  the  apex  of  the  primaries ;  on  the  sec- 
ondaries a  median  brown  spot  and  an  outer  grayish  line ;  some  submarginal  brown 
shades.     Expanse  $  45  mm.      9  65  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Thelosia,  gen.  nov. 

Antennce  pectinated  in  the  $  ,  pubescent  in  the  9  .  Legs  slightly  hairy.  Pri- 
maries with  the  costal  margin  slightly  sinuate,  acute  at  the  apex,  and  the  outer  mar- 


54  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi  iv, 

gin  very  convex  at  vein  5.  Veins  6-io-stalked.  Secondaries  rounded  in  the  ^, 
somewhat  oblong  in  the  9  >  the  costal  margin  nearly  straight ;  neuration  as  in  Co/a- 
bata  Walk.  =  Dorisia  Mosch. 

Thelosia  phalsena,  sp.  nov. 

^ .  dark  reddish  brown  above  without  markings.  Underneath  d,uller  brown 
with  the  costal  margins  of  the  primaries  and  secondaries  entirely  and  thickly  speck- 
led with  chrome  yellow  scales ;  a  black  point  in  the  cells  and  an  outer  transverse 
brown  line. 

9 .  Thorax  violaceous  gray.  Abdomen  reddish  brown.  Primaries  above 
olive  brown  with  two  darker  transverse  lines,  the  inner  one  faintly  curved,  the 
outer  one  straight  and  parallel  with  the  outer  margin ;  the  base  of  the  wings  and  the 
outer  portion  of  the  transverse  lines  heavily  shaded  with  lilacine  scales  ;  a  cluster  of 
similar  scales  in  the  cell.  Secondaries  light  reddish  brown  with  an  indistinct  spot  in 
the  eel!  and  an  outer  transverse  darker  line.  Underneath  yellowish  brown  ;  a  dark 
transverse  streak  in  the  cell  and  an  outer  brown  line ;  some  lilacine  scales  at  the  apex 
of  the  primaries.     Expanse  $  30  mm.    $  45  mm. 

Habitat :  Nova  Friburgo,  Brazil. 

Thelosia  camina,  sp.  nov. 

9 .  Thorax  gray.  Abdomen  light  brown.  Primaries  fawn  color  finely  speck- 
led with  brown  ;  an  inner  transverse  brown  line,  and  an  outer  similar  line,  slightly 
curved  from  the  costa  to  vein  2,  and  then  straight  to  the  inner  margin.  Secondaries 
brownish  at  the  base,  fawn  color  on  the  outer  portion ;  an  indistinct  dark  median 
line.  Underneath  grayish  brown  with  an  indistinct  transverse  line  and  minute  spot 
in  the  cell.     Expanse  38  mm. 

Habitat'.   Castro,  Parana. 

Closely  allied  to  T.  phaliEiia  Schs.  but  with  the  outer  line  always 
different  ;  in  one  specimen  the  median  space  is  heavily  shaded  with 
dark  brown. 

Thelosia  truvena,  sp.  nov. 

^ .  Body  light  brown ;  patagire  and  a  transverse  posterior  line  on  each  segment 
of  the  abdomen  light  gray.  Primaries  above  brownish  gray,  finely  speckled  with 
darker  scales  ;  a  straight  brown  basal  line  followed  by  a  brownish  shade  ;  a  minute 
brown  spot  in  the  cell,  followed  by  a  straight  brown  line  ;  an  outer  and  a  subtermi- 
nal  very  fine  and  indistinct  brown  line,  between  which  the  dark  scales  form  an  indis- 
tinct band.  Secondaries  light  fawn  color  with  two  very  indistinct  transverse  brownish 
lines.  Underneath  pale  fawn  color  with  a  median  transverse  line,  a  minute  brown 
spot  in  the  cell  and  an  outer  wavy  brown  line  on  the  secondaries.     Expanse  30  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Thelosia  tropea,  sp.  nov. 

Thorax  gray  with  a  dorsal  dark  streak.  Abdomen  brownish  shaded  with  gray 
posteriorly  on  the  segments.  Primaries  gray  ;  a  broad  basal  transverse  angular  brown 
band,  and  an  outer  band  nearly  straight  on  the  inner  side,  but  outwardly  angular  and 
followed  by  a  very  fine  angular  subterminal  line ;   in  the  cell  a  pale  gray  streak. 


June,  1S96.]  ScHAUs:    New  Species  of  Heterocera.  55 

Secondaries  light  brown.  Underneath  primaries  gray  shaded  with  brown  along  the 
costa,  and  an  indistinct  subterminal  line  ;  secondaries  brownish  with  a  median  darker 
line.     Expanse  28  mm. 

Habitat :  Castro,  Parana. 

Tarema,  gen.  nov. 

Antennae  pectinated  as  in  Perophora.  Primaries  with  the  costal  and  outer 
margin  slightly  convex,  the  inner  margin  straight;  veins  4,  5,  6  starting  from  disco- 
cellular  ;  7  and  8  stalked  from  upper  angle  of  cell ;  a  wide  space  between  8  and  9 ; 
Secondaries  with  the  apex  very  rounded  ;  veins  3  and  4  from  lower  angle  of  cell ;  5 
from  middle  ;  6  and  7  on  short  stalk  from  upper  angle. 

Tarema  rivara,  sp.  nov. 

^  .  Abdomen  reddish  brown.  Primaries  gray  along  the  costa,  reddish  on  the 
inner  margin  above  the  inner  angle  and  at  the  apex ;  a  whitish  transverse  outer  line 
at  two-thirds  from  the  base,  followed  from  the  costa  to  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin 
by  a  similar  line ;  an  oblique  dark  spot  circled  with  whitish  in  llie  cell.  Secondaries 
reddish ;  a  black  spot  in  the  cell  and  a  black  transverse  median  line ;  the  costa 
shaded  with  gray.  Underneath  mottled  gray  and  dull  red  with  a  double,  wavy,  sub- 
marginal  whitish  line  and  the  discal  spots  rather  more  conspicuous.  Expanse  27  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

What  I  believe  to  be  the  9  of  this  species  has  the  reddish  shades 
replaced  by  dark  brown. 

Sibine  extensa,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  glossy  brown  nearly  black.  Abdomen  light  reddish 
brown.  Primaries  reddish  brown  darkest  in  the  cell ;  four-fifths  of  the  costa,  the 
median  nervure  broadly,  and  the  fringe  with  a  silky  hue ;  a  single  minute  white 
spot  beyond  the  cell.  Secondaries  light  reddish  brown  with  the  fringe  very  dark  at 
the  anal  angle.    Underneath  reddish  brown.     Expanse  $  38-46  mm.  9  54-64  nim. 

Habitat:   Jalapa,  Mexico. 

I  have  retained  for  this  species  a  MSS.  name  given  by  the  late 
Hy.  Edwards. 

Sibine  plora,  sp.  nov. 

$  .  Body  dark  silky  brown,  the  center  of  the  thorax  reddish.  Primaries  dark 
silky  brown ;  a  streak  below  the  median  vein,  one  through  the  cell  to  the  apex,  and 
the  outer  margin  dull  reddish  brown.  Secondaries  reddish  brown,  very  dark  on  the 
inner  margin,  the  veins  somewhat  paler.  The  9  has  a  violaceous  hue  over  the  silky 
brown  portion  of  the  primaries,  and  the  secondaries  are  light  brown,  with  dark 
fringe.     Expanse  $  34  mm.       9  45  ^"^• 

Habitat :   Aroa,  Venezuela. 

This  species  is  allied  to  S.  modes ta  Cr.,  of  which  I  have  a  good 
series  from  the  same  locality. 


56  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Sibine  auromacula,  sp.  nov. 

^  .  Body  dark  silky  brown.  Primaries  silky  brown ;  a  large  round  and  a  small 
golden  spot  below  the  median  vein,  and  three  similar  spots  beyond  the  cell,  the  mid- 
dle one  much  the  largest  and  s-shaped.  Secondaries  with  the  costal  and  inner  mar- 
gins broadly  dark  brown,  the  rest  of  the  wing  white,  transparent.  Underneath  dull 
brown,  except  the  transparent  portion  of  the  secondaries.  The  9  entirely  light  red- 
dish brown  with  the  golden  spots  rather  larger  than  in  the  ^.  Expanse  ^  31  mm. 
9   50  mm. 

Habitat:  Area,  Venezuela;   Pernambuco,  Brazil, 
Aidos  castrensis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  gray.  Abdomen  brownish.  Primaries  light  gray,  the  inner 
margin  brownish  ;  two  dark  indistinct  spots  near  the  base  ;  an  outer  interrupted 
blackish  line,  dentate  on  veins  3,  4  and  5  ;  a  terminal  row  of  blackish  points  ;  a  short 
upright  white  line  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  angle.  Secondaries  white  faintly 
tinged  with  pink  on  the  inner  margin  ;  a  terminal  row  of  brown  spots.  Expanse  25 
mm. 

Habitat :  Castro,  Parana. 
Perola  platona,  sp.  nov. 

Dark  reddish  brown ;  primaries  with  some  still  darker  indistinct  basal  streaks 
extending  to  the  end  of  the  cell ;  an  indistinct  dark  shade  from  the  apex  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  inner  margin.     Expanse  35  mm. 

Habitat:  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

Veins  2  and  3  on  the  primaries,  also  7,  8  and  9  are  stalked  as  in 
Perola  murina,  Walk.  The  following  species  should  be  placed  in  the 
genus  Perola:  Trabala  drucei  Schs.,  T.  brumalis  Schs.,  T.  circiir 
Schs.,   T.  riibe7is  Schs.,  T.  driiceoides  Dogn.,  Asbolia  sericea  ]\Iosch. 

Perola  sucia,  sp.  nov. 

Body  brownish  yellow,  the  patagi^e  violaceous  gray.  Primaries  fawn  color 
thickly  mottled  with  grayish  scales ;  a  median  transverse  darker  shade  consisting  of 
blotches  of  gray  scales  ;  an  outer  irregular  row  of  small  dark  gray  spots,  and  a  few 
similar  spots  below  the  apex  on  the  outer  margin  ;  the  extreme  margin  finely  brown. 
Secondaries  brownish  yellow.  Underneath  brownish  yellow  without  markings.  Ex- 
panse 30  mm. 

Habitat :  Rio  Janeiro  and  Sao  Paulo,  Brazil. 
Closely  allied  to  Perola  subpitnctata  Walk. 

Prolimacodes,  gen.  nov. 

Differs  from  Eiilimacodes  in  having  vein  10  arise  from  the  cell. 

Prolimacodes  triangulifera,  sp.  nov. 

Body  brown.  Wings  the  same  shade  with  a  fine  white  line  extending  a  short 
distance  along  the  costa  from  the  base,  descending  from  the  middle  of  vein  i  b  and 


June,  1896.]  ScHAUS :    New  Species  of  Heterocera.  57 

tlien  faintly  sinuate  to  the  apex  ;  the  portion  enclosed  by  this  line  is  heavily  shaded 
with  darker  brown.     Expanse  30  mm. 

Habitat :  Jalapa,  Mexico. 

This  species  strongly  resembles  E.  scapha  Harris. 

Dalcera  obscura,  sp.  nov. 

Dark  golden  brown,  the  costal  margin  of  the  secondaries  somewhat  paler.  Ex- 
panse 21  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Dalcera  citrina,  sp.  nov. 

Entirely  pale  lemon  color.     Expanse  17  mm. 
.    Habitat:  Trinidad,  B.  W.  I. 

Eupoeya  jamaicensis,  sp,  nov. 

Primaries  above  silvery  white.  Secondaries  light  gray,  darker  along  the  outer 
margin.  Underneath  primaries  grayish  with  the  veins  white,  and  a  terminal  dark 
gray  line.  Secondaries  below  white  with  the  outer  margin  dark  gray.  Expanse 
17  mm. 

Habitat :  Jamaica,  B.  W.  I. 

The  neuration  of  this  species  agrees  with  Eupoeya  nivalis  Pack. 

Cyclara,  gen.  nov. 

Wings  short  and  rounded.     Primaries — vein  3  from  lower  angle  of  cell ;  4  and 
5   from  angle   in  discocellular;  7,  8,  9  from  very  long  stalk  at  upper  angle  of  cell 
10  also  from  upper  angle  of  cell.     Secondaries  with  veins  3  and  4  from  lower  angW 
of  cell ;  5  and  6  from  discocellular ;  7  from  upper  angle.     Antennns  pectinated. 

Cyclara  ovata,  sp.  nov. 

Wings  rather  diaphanous  brownish  gray.  Primaries  with  a  darker  basal  shade 
and  a  median  transverse  dentate  and  irregular  brown  line  outwardly  edged  with 
white,  which  is  more  distinct  on  the  inner  half  of  the  wing ;  a  small  subapical  dark 
brown  spot.     Expanse  19  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Carama  flavescens,  sp.  nov. 

Body  and  primaries  yellowish  white.  Secondaries  white.  The  wings  rather 
thinly  scaled.     Expanse  40  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Carama  grisea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brownish  white.     Abdomen  grayish  brown.     Wings  grayish 
brown,  a  white  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  on  the  primaries.     Expanse  $  32  mm. 
Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Carama  parva,  sp.  nov. 

Entirely  pure  milky  white.     Expanse  9  30  mm. 
Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 


68  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Trochuda  impura,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  yellowish.  Abdomen  white,  subdorsally  fawn  color.  Pri- 
maries whitish  yellow  ;  two  oblique  parallel  brownish  lines,  one  at  a  third  from  the 
base,  the  other  from  the  apex  to  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin.  Secondaries  white. 
Expanse  f  43  rniri- 

Habitat :   Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Megalopyge  lapena,  sp.  nov. 

Body  whitish  gray,  with  indistinct  transverse  brown  shades.  Primaries  very 
pale  brownish  gray,  whiter  beyond  the  cell  and  between  the  veins  near  the  outer 
margin ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  small  reddish  brown  spot ;  below  the  median  vein 
a  large  reddish  brown  spot  composed  of  long  crinkly  scales.  Secondaries  and  under- 
neath yellowish  white.     Expanse  $  35  mm. 

Habitat :   Jalapa,  Mexico. 
Megalopyge  fieldia,  sp.  nov. 

$.  Head  white,  brown  behind.  Collar  white  anteriorly,  brown  posteriorly. 
Thorax  brown  edged  with  white  in  front  and  with  two  white  tufts  posteriorly. 
Abdomen  brown  with  a  subdorsal  row  of  white  tufts.  Primaries  Mith  the  basal 
half  brown  except  the  costa  which  is  white  with  a  few  long  brown  streaks; 
a  dark  brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  brown  with  the 
veins  whit.sh  and  two  transverse  white  lines  breaking  the  brown  up  into  irregular 
spots;  there  are  also  some  white  longitudinal  streaks  between  the  veins  on  the  outer 
margin.  Secondaries  brown  ;  white  at  the  base  of  the  costal  margin  ;  some  whitish 
spots  on  the  fringe.  Underneath  brown,  some ;  white  marginal  streaks  ;  the  inner 
margin  of  the  primaries  broadly  white.     Expanse  45  mm. 

Habitat:   Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Megalopyge  vipera,  sp.  nov. 

5  .  Head  brown.  Collar  white.  Thorax  brown.  Abdomen  brown  with  a  few 
grayish  scales  subdorsally.  Primaries  brown,  the  basal  two-thirds  with  crinkly 
white  scales  along  the  costa,  and  transverse  brownish  streaks  to  the  inner  margin, 
and  a  dark  brown  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  as  in  M.  albicollis  Walk. ;  the  outer 
margin  broadly  grayish  brown  without  markings.  Secondaries  grayish  brown. 
Underneath  dull  brown.      Expanse  53  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  Jlf.  albicollis  Walk.,  which  is 
placed  by  Kirby  as  a  synonym  of  M.  nuda  Stoll,  but  M.  niida  is 
quite  distinct,  as  I  have  seen  specimens  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Ober- 
thiir  which  agree  perfectly  with  StoU's  really  excellent  figure. 

Megalopyge  trujillo,  sp.  nov. 

$.  Head  cream  color;  palpi  black.  Body  brown.  Primaries  brownish  gray ; 
a  large  white  spot  at  the  base,  a  smaller  one  at  the  end  of  the  cell  connected  with  the 
basal  spots  by  a  white  line;  an  outer  transverse  irregular  white  band  i;etv\een  which 


June.  1896]  ScHAUS :    New  Species  OF  Heterocera.  59 

and  the  median  nervure  the  veins  are  whitish ;    fringe  cream  color.     Secondaries 
creamy  with  the  veins  and  some  scales  at  the  base  darker. 

9 .  Almost  entirely  smoky  brown ;  the  fringe  cream  color ;  at  the  base  and 
near  the  apex  of  the  primaries  some  white  scales ;  the  median  space  mottled  with 
blackish  crinkly  scales.     Expanse  $  34  mm.      9  5°  "^^■ 

Habitat :  Orizaba,  Mexico. 

Named  after  my  assistant  collector,  Mateo  Trujillo, 

Citheronia  aroa,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  reddish,  the  latter  yellow  beneath  the  patagias.  Abdomen 
red  with  transverse  yellow  bands.  Primaries  above  mouse  gray ;  a  bright  yellow 
spot  at  the  base  ;  an  orange  spot  in  the  cell  and  a  large  similar  spot  below  the  me- 
diart  vein ;  an  outer  row  of  orange  spots  from  near  the  apex  to  the  inner  margin,  fol- 
lowed by  a  broad  irregular  orange  band.  Secondaries  orange,  shaded  with  red  at  the 
base  ;  a  red  spot  in  the  cell  and  a  narrow  transverse  dark  red  line,  shaded  with 
gray  at  the  anal  angle.  Underneath  the  markings  are  the  same  as  in  C.  inexicana 
Grote  &  Rob.,  to  which  this  species  comes  nearest.     Expanse  ^  85  mm. 

Habitat :  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

Citheronia  azteca,  sp.  nov. 

Head  red  with  some  white  hairs  under  the  antennse.  Collar  white,  broadly 
margined  with  red  posteriorly.  Thorax  red  with  three  yellow  lines.  Abdomen  red ; 
a  large  white  subdorsal  spot  at  the  base  and  a  fine  yellowish  band  posteriorly  on  each 
segment.  Primaries  gray  with  all  the  veins  broadly  red ;  at  the  base  two  creamy 
spots  ;  a  similar  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  an  outer  row  of  transverse  creamy 
spots  between  the  veins;  fringe  on  the  inner  margin  red.  Secondaries  above  bright 
yellow,  the  veins  red  ;  a  large  red  space  at  the  base  and  a  red  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
■cell ;  a  transverse  narrow  gray  shade  to  the  anal  angle  and  some  grayish  spots  be- 
tween the  veins  on  the  outer  margin.  In  the  9  t'le  secondaries  have  the  yellow 
replaced  by  gray  with  two  wavy  yellow  transverse  bands.  Expanse  $  105  mm. 
9   loS  mm. 

Habitat :  Jalapa,  Mexico. 

Allied  to  C.  splendens  Druce,  but  quite  distinct. 

Adelocephala  acuta,  sp.  nov. 

Body  pinkish  fawn  color.  Primaries  very  acute  at  the  apex,  reddish  fawn  color 
shaded  with  lilacine  at  the  base  and  on  the  outer  margin ;  two  fine  transverse  brown 
lines,  one  from  near  the  middle  of  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  at  a  third  from  the 
base,  the  other  from  the  apex  to  the  inner  margin  at  two-thirds  from  the  base ;  in  the 
cell  an  indistinct  grayish  spot  containing  a  minute  white  point.  Secondaries  reddish 
fawn  color  with  a  large  cluster  of  dark  red  hairs  on  the  inner  margin.  Underneath 
the  primaries  are  orange  with  a  triangular  gray  tpace  occupying  the  outer  margin 
and  a  large  black  spot  with  a  white  point  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Secondaries  fawn 
color  with  an  indistinct  transverse  line.     Expanse  $   55  mm. 

Habitat :  Aroa,  Venezuela. 


60  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [v6i.  iv. 

Heliconisa  catherina,  sp.  nov. 

Body  fawn  color  ;  antennte  black.  Wings  with  the  basal  two-thirds  fawn  color, 
becoming  diaphanous  outwardly ;  the  outer  third  of  the  wings  black  with  some  indis- 
tinct brownish  r.treaks  between  the  veins ;  a  brownish  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cells. 
Expanse  ^   loo  mm. 

Habitat :  Santa  Catherina,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Dirphia  bertha,  sp.  nov. 

Head  reddish.  Thorax  black,  the  patagiae  edged  with  yellow.  Abdomen  red 
in  the  $ ,  brownish  in  the  J  •  Primaries  above  very  dark  gray  ;  all  the  veins  orange 
edged  on  either  side  with  pale  yellow  ;  a  yellowish  streak  in  the  cell,  and  another 
between  the  median  and  submedian  veins ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  small  dark  red 
spot  circled  with  black.  Secondaries  in  the  $  red  with  long  yellow  hairs  at  the 
base  ;  the  outer  margin  black  interrupted  by  yellow  veins  ;  fringe  yellow  ;  a  large 
black  spot  with  a  brownish  centre  crossed  by  a  white  line  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  In 
the  9  the  secondaries  are  pinkish  shading  to  gray  on  the  outer  margin,  \vhere  the 
veins  are  tinged  with  yellow ;  the  discal  spot  as  in  the  male.  Underneath  the  wings 
are  dull  gray  in  the  J  with  yellowish  veins  ;  in  the  $  the  primaries  below  are  red 
and  the  disc  of  the  secondaries  yellowish  with  broad  black  margins,  all  the  veins  be- 
ing yellowish.     Expanse  $  88  mm.     J  74  n^"^- 

Habitat :  Castro,  Parana. 

I  name  this  beautiful  species  Bertha  in  honor  of  the  wife  of  E.  D. 
Jones,  Esq.,  who  has  done  so  much  to  give  us  a  knowledge  of  the 
fauna  of  Southeast  Brazil. 

Dirphia  taglia,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brown,  the  latter  with  a  few  white  hairs.  Abdomen  red 
dorsally,  whitish  laterally  and  underneath.  Primaries  brown ;  near  the  base  three 
lilacine  transverse  bands  ;  a  dark  spot  in  the  cell ;  a  dentate  outer  brown  line  shaded 
on  either  side  with  lilacine ;  a  subterminal  brownish  indistinct  line  beyond  which  the 
outer  margin  is  lilacine  gray.  Secondaries  brown  with  an  outer  and  a  submarginal 
wavy  lilacine  band  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a  large  dark  spot  containing  some  lighter 
scales  and  circled  with  yellow.  Underneath  light  brown,  both  wings  crossed  by  an 
outer  lilacine  band  and  the  outer  margins  are  broadly  lilacine.      Expanse  9  74  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Allied  to  Dirphia  perdix  Massn. 


June,  1896.]      Packard:    Phosphorescent  Organs  of  Insects. 


61 


THE   PHOSPHORESCENT    ORGANS    OF   INSECTS. 

By  a.  S.  Packard. 

The  nature  of  the  phosphorescent  organs  and  their  physiology  has 
never  seriously  engaged  the  attention  of  students  in  this  country,  and  I 
have  thought  that  some  account  compiled  from  the  latest  and  best  re- 
searches might  stimulate  inquiry  in  this  country,  where  fire-flies  are 
universally  common. 

Phosphorescence  is  not  infrequent  in  the  Protozoa,  Ccelenterates, 
Worms,  and  has  been  observed  in  the  bivalve  Pholas,  in  a  few  abyssal 
Crustacea,  in  Myriopods  {Geophtiits),  in  an  Ascidian,  Pyrosoma,  and 
in  certain  deep-sea  fishes. 

In  insects  luminosity  is  mostly  confined  to  a  few  Coleoptera,  and 
besides  the  well-known  fire-flies,  an  Indian  Buprestid  {Buprestis  ocel- 
lata)  is  said  to  be  phosphorescent;  also  a  Telephorid  larva.  Other 
luminous  insects  are  the  Poduran  Anurophorus,  Fulgora,  and  certain 
Diptera  (^Ciilex  and  Tyreophora). 

The  seat  of  the  light  is  the  intensely  luminous  areas  situated  either 
in  the  head  (Fulgora),  in  the  abdomen  (Lampyridae),  or  in  the  thorax 
(in  a  few  Elateridae  of  the  genus  Pyrophorus).  The  luminous  or  photo- 
genic organ  is  regarded  by  Wielowiejsky  and  also  by  Emery  as  morpho- 
logically a  specialized  portion  of  the  fat-body,  being  a  plate  consisting 
of  polygonal  cells,  situated  directly  under  the  integument,  and  supplied 
with   nerves  and  fine  tracheal  branches. 


P  -,.■ 


Fig.  A.  Sagittal  section  through  the  hinder  end  of  a  male  Luciola ;  the 
organs  above  the  phosphorescent  plate  only  drawn  in  outline,  s,  integument  of  the 
last  segment,  somewhat  removed  by  the  section-knife  from  the  phosphorescent  tissues. 


62  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

d,  dorsal  layer  of  the  phosphorescent  plate  penetrated  by  irregular  tracheal  branches, 
and  rendered  opake  by  numerous  urate  concretions  imbedded  in  it ;  v,  ventral  phos- 
phorescent layer  of  the  plate,  with  perpendicular  tracheal  stems  whose  branches,  where 
they  pass  into  capillaries  bear  lumps  which  stain  brown  with  osmic  acid.  ;;,  struct- 
urless  substance  (  coagulum  ?  )  filling  the  end  of  the  last  ventral  segment.  B.  Iso- 
lated portion  of  the  ventral  layer  of  the  phosphorescent  plate,  tr.  tracheal  stem  sur- 
rounded by  a  cylindrical  lobe;  /,  parenchym  cell  attached  to  the  cylinder;  c,  capil. 
lary,  without  the  spiral  threads ;  m,  coagulum  stained  brown.  C.  a  tracheal  stem 
of  the  ventral  layer  :  at  the  fork  of  the  brown-stained  capillaries  are  lumps  stained 
brown  with  osmic  acid.  D.  a  part  of  C.  more  highly  magnified  showing  the  remains 
of  the  tracheal  end-cells  (  tc  )  enveloping  the  brown  lumps  (  vi ) — after  Emery. 

In  Liiciola  as  well  as  in  other  fire-flies,  including  Fyrophori/s,  the 
phosphorescent  organ  or  plate  consists,  as  first  stated  by  KoUiker,  of  two 
layers  lying  one  over  the  other  a  dorsal  one  {d.)  which  is  opake,  chalky 
white, and  non-photogenic,  and  a  lower  one  (^'.),  the  active  photogenic 
layer,  which  is  transparent.  Through  the  upper  or  opake  layer  and  on  its 
dorsal  surface  extend  large  tracheae  and  their  horizontal  branches,  from 
which  arise  numerous  very  fine  branches  which  pass  down  perpendicu- 
larly into  the  transparent  or  photogenic  layer  of  the  organ.  Each 
tracheal  stem,  together  with  its  short  branches  is  enveloped  by  a  cylin- 
drical mass  of  transparent  tissue,  so  that  only  the  short  terminal 
branches  or  very  fine  tracheal  capillaries  project  on  the  upper  part  of 
the  cylinder.  These  finest  tracheal  capillaries  are  not  in  Liicioia  filled 
with  air,  but  with  a  colorless  fluid,  as  was  also  found  by  VVielowiejsky 
and  others  in  Lampyris. 

These  transparent  cylinders,  with  the  tracheae  within,  forming 
longitudinal  axes,  resemble  lobules.  These  lobules  are  so  distributed 
that  they  appear  on  a  surface  section  of  this  plate  as  numerous  round 
areas  in  which  circular  periphery  the  tracheal  capillaries  are  arranged 
with  the  axially  disposed  tracheal  end-cells.  These  "  tracheal  end-cells  " 
are  only  membranous  enlargements  at  the  base  of  the  tracheal  capillar- 
ies (  Wielowiejsky).  The  cylindrical  lobules  are  separated  from  each 
other  by  a  substance  consisting  of  abundant  large  granular  cells  (par- 
enchym cells  )  among  which  project  the  tracheal  capillaries.  The  cyl- 
indrical lobules  extend  to  the  hypodermis  and  come  in  contact  only 
by  their  lateral  faces  with  the  parenchym. 

The  structure  of  the  upper  opake  chalky  white  layer  of  the  phos- 
phorescent organ  is,  compared  with  that  of  the  photogenic  lower  por- 
tion, very  simple.  In  its  loose,  pappose,  mass  are  no  cellular  elements, 
but  when  treated  with  different  reagents  it  is  seen  to  be  filled  with 
countless  urate  granules  (guanine)  swimming  in  the  fluid  it  contains, 


June,  1896  ]      Packard  :    Phosphorescent  Organs  of  Insects.  63 

the  cell  plasma  appearing  to  be  dissolved,  the  cells  having  lost  their 
cohesion. 

In  comparing  the  phosphorescent  plate  or  organ  of  Liiciola  with 
that  of  Lampyris,  the  general  structure,  including  the  clear  cell  ele- 
ments of  the  cylindrical  lobules,  which  envelop  the  perpendicular  tra- 
cheal twigs  and  their  branches,  and  also  the  granular  parenchymatous  cells 
are  alike  in  both,  though  the  arrangement  and  distribution  of  the  ele- 
ments in  Luciola  is  more  regular^  in  Lampyris  the  tracheal  stems  being 
irregularly  scattered  through  the  parenchym. 

Wielowiejsky  found  in  the  larval  and  female  Lampyris  a  higher 
degree  of  differentiation  than  in  the  male,  and  Luciola  has  a  more  dif- 
ferentiated photogenic  organ  than  Lampyris,  as  seen  in  the  more  regu- 
lar structure  of  the  lobules. 

As  regards  the  light  apparatus  of  Pyrophorus,  or  the  cucujo, 
Heinemann  shows  and  that  as  in  the  Lampyrid^e,  it  consists  of  distinct  cells 
may  be  regarded  as  a  glandular  structure.  It  is  rich  in  tracheae  and 
the  other  parts  already  described.  In  still  later  researches  on  a  Bra- 
zilian Pyrophorus  Wielowiejsky  shows  that  the  phosphorescent  plate 
consists  of  two  layers,  the  upper  usually  being  filled  with  crystalline 
urate  concretions,  and  entirely  like  those  of  the  Lampyridse,  consisting 
of  distinct  polygonal  cells,  among  which  are  numerous  tracheal  stems, 
with  taenidia,  and  coursing  in  different  directions,  when  freshly  filled 
w'ith  air,  and  sending  capillaries  into  the  underlying  photogenic  layer. 
The  latter  shows  in  its  structure  a  striking  difference  in  the  cellular  ar- 
rangement from  that  of  Lampyrids.  In  the  upper  or  non-photogenic 
layer  are  tracheal  capillaries  which  pass  down  into  the  underlying  cellu- 
lar plate  and  which  are  in  the  closest  possible  relations  with  the  single 
cells,  a  point  overlooked  by  Heinemann. 

Physiology  of  the  Phosphorescence. 

As  is  well  known,  the  phosphorescence  of  animals  is  a  scintillating 
or  glowing  light  emitted  by  various  forms,  the  greenish  light  or  lumi- 
nous appearance  thus  produced  being  photogenic,  /.  <?.,  without  sensi- 
ble heat. 

Langley  rates  the  light  of  the  firefly  at  an  efficiency  of  100  per 
cent.,  all  its  radiations  lying  within  the  limits  of  the  visible  spectrum. 
"  Langley  has  shown  that  while  only  2.4  per  cent,  of  luminous  waves 
are  contained  in  the  radiation  of  a  gas-flame,  only  10  per  cent,  in  that 
of  the  electric  arc,  and  only  35  per  cent,  in  that  ot  the  sun,  the  radia- 
tion of  the  fire-fly  {Pyrophorus  noctilucus^  consists  wholly  of  visible 
wave-frequencies."     (Barker's  Physics,  p.  385.) 


64  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

The  spectrum  of  the  light  of  the  cucujo  was  found  by  Pasteur  to  be 
continuous.  (C.  R.  French  Acad.  Sc.  1864,  ii,  p.  509.)  A  later  ex- 
amination by  Aubert  and  Dubois,  showed  that  the  spectrum  of  the  light, 
examined  by  the  spectroscope  is  very  beautiful,  but  destitute  of  dark 
bands.  When,  however,  the  intensity  diminishes,  the  red  and  orange 
disappear,  and  the  green  and  yellow  only  remain. 

Heinemann  studied  the  cucujo  at  Vera  Cruz,  Mexico.  At  night 
in  a  dark  room  it  radiates  a  pale  green  light  which  shows  a  blue  tone  to 
the  exclusion  of  any  other  light.  The  more  gas  or  lamp  light  there  is 
present,  the  more  apparent  becomes  the  yellowish  green  hue,  which  in 
clear  daylight  changes  to  an  almost  pure  very  light  yellow  Avith  a  very 
slight  mixture  of  green.  "  In  the  morning  and  evening  twilight,  more 
constantly  and  clearly  in  the  former,  the  cucujo  light,  at  least  to  my 
eyes,  is  an  intensely  brilliant  yellow  with  a  slight  mixture  of  red.  In  a 
dark  room  lighted  with  a  sodium  light  the  yellow  tone  entirely  disap- 
pears;  on  the  other  hand  the  blue  strikingly  increases."  As  regards 
the  spectrum  he  found  that  almost  exactly  half  of  the  blue  end  is  want- 
ing and  that  the  red  part  is  also  a  little  narrower  than  in  the  spectrum 
of  the  petroleum  flame. 

Prof.  C.  A.  Young  states  that  the  spectrum  given  by  our  common 
firefly  (^Photinus  ?  )  is  perfectly  continuous,  without  trace  of  lines  either 
bright  or  dark.  "  It  extends  from  a  little  above  Fraunhofer's  line  C,  in 
the  scarlet,  to  about  F  in  the  blue,  gradually  fading  out  at  the  extremi- 
ties. It  is  noticeable  that  precisely  this  portion  of  the  spectrum  is  com- 
posed of  rays,  which  while  they  more  powerfully  than  any  others  affect 
the  organs  of  vision,  produce  hardly  any  thermal  or  actinic  effect.  In 
other  words,  very  little  of  the  energy  expended  in  the  flash  of  the  fire  is 
wasted.  It  is  quite  different  with  our  artificial  methods  of  illumination. 
In  the  case  of  an  ordinary  gas  light  the  best  experiments  show  that  not 
more  than  one  or  two  per  cent,  of  the  radiant  energy  consists  of  visible 
rays;  the  rest  is  either  invisible  heat  or  actinism  ;  that  is  to  say,  over 
98  per  cent,  of  the  gas  is  wasted  in  producing  rays  that  do  not  help  in 
making  objects  visible."     (Amer.  Nat.  iii,  1870,  p.  615). 

Panceri  also  remarks  that  while  in  the  spectroscope  the  light  of 
some  Ch?etopteri,  Beroeand  Pyrosoma,  exhibit  one  broad  band  like  that 
given  by  monochromatic  light,  that  of  Lawpyi-is  and  Luciola  is  poly- 
chromatic (Amer.  Nat.  vii,  1873,  p.  314-) 

The  physiology  of  insect-phosphorescence  is  thus  briefly  stated  by 
Lang  :  "  The  cells  of  this  luminous  organ  secrete,  under  the  control  of 
the  nervous  system,  a  substance  which  is  burnt  during  the  appearance 
of  the  light ;  this  combustion  takes  place  by  means  of  the  oxygen  con- 


June,  1896.]     Packari*  :  Phosphorescent  Organs  of  Insects.  65 

veyed  to  the  cells  of  the  luminous  body  by  the  tracheae,  which  branch 
profusely  in  it  and  break  up  into  capillaries." 

Emery  states  that  the  males  of  Lucioia  display  their  light  in  two 
ways.  When  at  night  time  they  are  active  or  flying  the  light  is  given 
out  at  short  and  regular  intervals,  causing  the  well-known  sparkling  or 
scintillating  light.  If  we  catch  a  flying  Lucioia  or  pull  apart  one  rest- 
ing in  the  day  time,  or  cut  off  its  hind  body,  it  gives  out  a  tolerably 
strong  light,  though  not  nearly  reaching  the  intensity  of  the  light-waves 
of  the  sparkling  light.  In  this  case  the  light  is  constant,  yet  we  notice, 
especially  in  the  wounded  insect,  that  the  phosphorescent  plate  in  its 
whole  extent  is  not  luminous,  but  glows  at  different  places  as  if  phos- 
phorescent clouds  passed  over  it. 

It  is  self-evident  that  a  microscopic  observation  of  the  light  of  the 
glow-worm  or  fire-fly  is  not  possible,  but  an  animal  while  giving  out  its 
light,  or  a  separated  abdomen,  may  readily  be  placed  under  the  micro- 
scope and  observed  under  tolerably  high  powers.  By  making  the  ex- 
periment in  a  rather  dark  room  Emery  saw  clear  shining  rings  on  a  dark 
background.  "  All  the  rings  are  not  equally  lighted.  Comparing  this 
with  the  results  of  anatomical  investigation,  and  it  is  seen  that  the  rings 
of  light  correspond  with  the  previously  described  circular  tracheal  capil- 
laries, /.  e.,  the  limits  between  the  tracheal-cell  cylinder  and  the  paren- 
chym-cells.  The  parenchym-cells  are  never  stained  of  a  deep  brown ; 
this  proves  that  its  plasma  may  be  the  seat  of  the  light-producing  oxy- 
dation.  Hence  this  process  of  oxydation  takes  place  in  the  upper  surface 
of  the  parenchym-cells,  but  outside  of  their  own  substance.  The 
parenchym-cells  in  reality  secrete  the  luminous  matter;  this  is  taken  up 
by  the  tracheal  end-cells  and  burnt  or  oxydized  by  means  of  the  oxygen 
present  in  the  tracheal  capillaries.  Such  a  combustion  can  only  take 
place  when  the  chitinous  membrane  of  the  tracheae  is  extraordinarily 
fine  and  easily  penetrable,  as  is  the  case  in  the  capillaries  of  the  photo- 
genic plate ;  therefore  the  plasma  of  the  tracheal  cells  only  oxydizes  at 
the  forking  of  the  terminal  tracheal  twigs  and  in  the  capillaries."  (Emery.) 

The  color  of  the  light  of  Lucioia  is  identical  in  the  two  sexes,  and 
the  intensity  is  much  the  same,  though  that  of  the  female  is  more  re- 
stricted. The  rhythm  of  the  flashes  of  light  given  out  by  the  male  is 
more  rapid,  and  the  flashes  briefer,  while  those  of  the  female  are  longer, 
more  tremulous  and  appear  at  longer  intervals. 

Emery  then  asks  :  What  is  the  use  of  this  luminosity  ?  Is  it  only  to 
allure  the  females  of  Lucioia,  which  are  so  much  rarer  than  the  males  ? 
Contrary  to  the  general  view  that  it  is  an  alluring  act,  he  thinks  that 
phosphorescence  is  a  means  of  defense,  or  a  warning  or  danger-signal 


66  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

against  insectivorous  nocturnal  animals.  If  we  dissect  or  crush  a  Liiciola 
it  gives  out  a  disagreeable  cabbage-like  smell,  and  perhaps  this  is  suffi- 
cient to  render  it  inedible  to  bats  or  other  nocturnal  animals.  An  acrid 
taste  they  certainly  do  not  possess. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  the  eggs  of  fire-flies,  both  Lampyridae 
and  Pyrophoriis,  are  luminous.  Both  Newport  and  more  recently  Wie- 
lowiejsky  attributes  the  luminosity  not  to  the  contents  of  the  egg,  but  to 
the  portions  of  the  fat-body  cells  or  fluid  covering  on  the  outside  of  the 
eggs,  due  to  ruptures  of  the  parts  within  the  body  of  the  female  during 
oviposition.     The  larvae  at  different  ages  are  also  luminous. 

The  position  of  the  luminous  organs  changes  with  age.  In  the 
larvae  of  Pyrophoriis  before  moulting,  according  to  Dubois,  the  luminous 
organs  are  situated  only  on  the  ventral  side  of  the  head  and  prothoracic 
segment.  In  larvae  of  the  second  stage  there  are  added  three  shining 
spots  on  each  of  the  first  eight  abdominal  segments,  and  a  single  lumin- 
ous spot  on  the  last  segment.  These  spots  are  arranged  in  a  linear 
series  and  thus  form  three  luminous  cords.  In  the  adult  beetles  there 
is  a  luminous  spot  in  the  middle  of  the  first  abdominal  sternite,  but  the 
greatest  amount  of  light  is  produced  by  the  two  vesicles  on  the  hinder  part 
of  the  prothorax,  the  position  of  which  varies  according  to  the  species. 

Literature. 

Peters,  W. — Ueber  das  Leuchten  tier  Lampyris  italica.  (Miiller's  Archiv 
f.  Anatomie,  1841,  p.  229-233.) 

Kolliker,  A. — Die  Leuchtorgane  von  Lampyris,  eine  vorlaufige  mittheilung. 
(Verhandl.  d.  phys.  medizin.  Gesellsch.  Wiirzburg,  1857,  viii,  p.  217-224.) 

Schultze,  Max. — Ueber  den  Bau  der  Leuchtorgane  der  Mannchen  von 
Lampyris  spleitdidtila.  (Sitzber.  d.  niederrhein.  Gesellsch.  f.  Natur.  u.  Heilkunde  zu 
Bonn,  1864,  Sep.  p.  7.) 

Zur  Kenntniss  der  Leuchtorgane  von  Lampyris  splendidnla.    (Archiv 

f.  mikroskop.  Anat.  1865,  i,  p.  124-137,  2  pi.) 

Wielowiejsky,  H.  Ritter  von. — Studien  iiber  die  Lampyriden.  (Zeits.  f. 
wissens.  Zool.  1882,  xxxvii,  pp.  354-428,  2  pi.) 

Emery,  Carlo. — Untersuchungen  iiber  Liiciola  italica  L.  (Zeits.  f.  wis- 
sens. Zool.  1884,  xl,  pp.  338-355,  I  pi.) 

La  luce  della  Liiciola  italica  osservata  col  microscopic.     (Bull.  Soc. 

Ent.  Ital.  Anno  17,  1885,  pp.  351-355,  i  pi.) 

Heinemann,  C. — Zur  Anatomic  und  Physiologic  der  Leuchtorgane  Mexikan- 
ischer  Cucujos,  Pyrophorus.     (Archiv  f.  mikroskop.  Anat.  1886,  xxvii,  pp.  296-383.) 

Dubois,  R. — Contribution  a  I'etude  de  la  production  de  la  lumiere  par  les 
etres  vivants.  Les  Elaterides  lumineux.  (Bull.  Soc.  Zool.  France,  1886,  Annee 
ii,  pp.  1-275,  9  pl-) 

Wielowiejsky,  H.  Ritter  von. — Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  Leuchtorgane 
der  Insekten.     (Zool.  Anzeiger,  1889,  Jahrg.  xii,  pp.  594-600.) 


June,  iSgo.]      WeBSTER :    NORTH  AMERICAN  SpECIES  OF  DiABROTICA.  67 

THE      PROBABLE      ORIGIN     AND     DIFFUSION      OF 

NORTH    AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF    THE 

GENUS  DIABROTICA.— II. 

By   F.  M.  Webster. 
/ 

Since  the  publication  of  my  paper  in  No.  4,  Vol.  Ill,  of  the  Jour- 
nal, a  considerable  amount  of  information  relative  to  the  subject  has 
since  either  been  communicated  to  me,  or  placed  at  my  disposal  where  I 
did  not  before  feel  at  liberty  to  use  in  print.  I  have,  therefore,  thought 
best  to  add  this  supplementary  note,  including  in  it  a  few  correc- 
tions. 

Professor  Cockerell  has  very  kindly  prepared  the  following  table 
illustrating  the  position  of  his  D.  vittata  var.  incerta,  Ckll.  found 
by  him  from  Mesilla  Valley  southward  to  Juarez,  Mexico,  opposite  El 
Paso,  Texas,  on  the  Rio  Grande : 

A.  Antennce  with  the  three  basal  joint  pale. 

a.  "  Legs  yellow,  the  knees,  anterior  tihic^  and  tarsi,  and  the  tips  of  the  middle 
and  posterior  tibi^  and  their  tarsi,  piceous."     (Horn).  vittata  Fab. 

b.  Legs  more  or  less  darkened,  but  basal  third  of  anterior  femora,  and  basal 
two-thirds  of  middle  and  posterior  femora,  and  hind  tibia;  more  or  less  in  mid- 
dle, yellow.  vittata  var.  incerta  Ckll. 

B.  Antennre  all  black.     Legs  all  black  except   bases  of  femora,  trivittata  Mann. 

In  regard  to  the  distribution  of  these  in  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  Prof.  Cockerell  gives  me  the  following  table  : 

[Santa  Fe,  D.  iz-punctata,  (i  specimen  not  taken  by  himself). 

i  Gallinas  Canon,  D.  atripeiniis,  (reported  by  the  Snow  party). 

*5,0OO    "    Albuquerque,     -i D.  longicornis. 

*5,ooo   "    Socorro,  I  D.  12-punctata,  .    .  D.  leiimiscata.    Collected  by  Prof. 

3,000   "    Mesilla  Valley,  J  Wickham,  at  Alberquerque. 

,,     .       )  Z>.  tricincta. 

*3, "   Juarez,  Mexico,  -  „      . 

\  D.  vittata  var.  incerta. 

The  occurrence  at  Gallinas  Cafion  should  have  been  credited  to 
Prof.  Snow  and  not  to  Prof.  Cockerell.  Prof.  Wickham  calls  my  at- 
tention to  the  fact  of  Dr.  Horn's  having  observed  a  close  resemblance 
between  Andrector  d-pimctataYioxw,  and  Dlabrotica  12-pitnctata  Oliv., 
while  he  had  himself  confused  a  second  species  of  Andrector  with 
Dlabrotica  tricincta  Say,  and  placed  them  in  his  collection  as  all  be- 

*  These  records  of  elevations  are  supplied  by  myself  and  taken  from  surveys 
made  by  the  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  and  published  in  1S90.  The  elevation  of 
Juarez,  Mex.,  opposite  El  Paso,  Tex.,  is  but  little  less  than  3,800  ft. 


68  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

longing  to  the  latter  species.  Andrector  is  placed  in  the  same  sub-tribe 
as  Cerotoma  and  Diabrotica,  which  would  rather  oppose  the  idea  of  a 
protective  mimicry,  though  by  no  means  disproving  it.  We  simply  need 
more  information  in  regard  to  the  matter  as  all  may  be  alike  inedil)le. 
Since  my  paper  was  published,  I  have  found  the  larvae  of  Dia- 
h'otica  vittata  so  excessively  abundant  in  some  greenhouses  near  Cincin- 
nati, as  to  entirely  ruin  the  cucumber  vines  being  grown  therein.  The 
date  of  my  observations  was  December  28,  and  at  that  time  I  found 
adults,  and  larvce  from  one-half  to  two-thirds  grown,  but  mostly  the 
former. 


ON  THE  PROBABLE  ORIGIN  OF  THE  PERICOP- 
IDiE:  COMPOSIA  FIDELISSIMA  H.-S. 

By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  A.  M.,  Ph.D. 

The  Pericopidas  are  a  tropical  American  family  of  moths  with  the 
venation  of  Noctuidoe,  most  allied  in  their  colors,  perhaps,  to  the  Diop- 
tidse.  Three  genera  occur  in  our  fauna,  Gnophcela,  Composia  and 
Daritis. 

In  placing  the  North  American  families  in  systematic  position  on 
their  larval  characters,  I  was  able  to  show  from  the  writings  of  Bruce 
and  Cockerell  that  the  abdominal  tubercles  of  Gnophcela  were  the  same 
as  in  the  Arctiidte ;  but  was  unable  to  get  further  in  the  absence  of  ma- 
terial and  the  unfortunate  brevity  of  the  published  descriptions.  Now, 
however,  I  have  obtained  many  larv^  of  Composia,  and  have  been 
able  to  rear  them  by  the  kind  assistance  of  Mr.  F.  Kinzel.  They  were 
found  on  the  vines  of  Echites  iimbellata  (  determined  by  Mr.  Kinzel ) 
at  Palm  Beach,  Florida,  during  the  Christmas  holidays.  Composia  is 
a  moderately  specialized  Pericopid  type,  and  its  larvae  may  be  supposed 
to  be  characteristic  of  the  family.  The  following  are  the  larval  char- 
acters : 

Warts  many  haired,  simple,  not  tufted,  the  arrangement  as  in  the 
Arctiidae,  but  with  a  distinct  tendency  to  the  coalescence  of  the  two 
upper  warts  on  the  meso-  and  post-thoracic  segments.  Primitive  first 
stage  present,  wart  formation  not  highly  specialized,  head  setae  very 
simple,  no  secondary  hair  formation.  Body  long,  cylindrical,  Noctui- 
dous  rather  than  Arctiiform,  joint  12  slightly  enlarged. 


June,  iS/n]  DyaR  :      On    THE    OrIGIN    OF    PeRICOPID/E.  69 

As  to  the  origin  of  this  family,  three  alternatives  seem  possible  : 
(i)  from  the  Arctiidas  (2)  from  the  NoctuidK  (3)  from  the  Dioptidai. 

(I).  This  alternative  seemed  to  me  at  first  sight  most  plausible. 
However,  the  subcostal  vein  of  secondaries  in  the  Pericopidai  is  free 
from  the  radius  and  the  wart  formation  of  the  larva  is  of  a  simple  type. 
Therefore,  if  of  Arctiid  origin,  they  are  a  branch  representing  a  more 
generalized  type  than  the  present  Arctiidte.  But  no  confirmatory  evi- 
dence for  this  possible  origin  occurs  to  me. 

(2).  By  pushing  the  origin  a  little  further  back,  we  reach  a  deriva- 
tion from  the  Noctuida^.  This  involves  an  independent  wart  formation 
from  that  in  the  Arctiidse ;  that  is  that  we  may  suppose  that  the  Arcti- 
idae  and  Pericopidse  arose  simultaneously,  or  nearly  so,  from  Nociuid 
ancestors,  but  independently  and  with  separate  larval  wart  formation, 
the  Pericopidse  remaining  the  more  generalized.  I  do  not  think  of 
any  confirmatory  evidence  for  this  view. 

(3).  The  Pericopidae  and  Dioptidge  differ  in  that  in  the  former 
cubitus  is  four-branched  while  three-branched  in  the  latter.  This  dis- 
tinction is  not  sharp,  since  in  Gonora  heliconiata  (  a  Pericopid  )  vein  5 
arises  only  a  short  distance  below  the  fold  representing  media.  In  Di- 
optis  pheloides,  Fhryganidia  calif ornica  and  Tithraiistes  haemoti  (Diop- 
tidae  ),  vein  5  is  a  distinct  continuation  of  medial  fold.  The  families 
almost  intergrade,  as  the  confusion  in  the  genera  in  Kirby's  catalogue 
bears  witness. 

The  larvae  of  the  Dioptidce  (  only  known  to  me  in  Phryganidia  ) 
have  single  Noctuidous  setce.  To  derive  the  Pericopidce  from  them, 
we  must  suppose  an  independent  wart  formation  analogous  to  that  of  the 
Apatelidse  from  the  Noctuidse  or  the  Eupterotidte  from  the  Notodonti- 
d£e,  but  simpler  than  either. 

Now  as  confirmatory  evidence,  we  have  in  the  moths  the  marked 
similarity  in  build  and  pattern  of  coloration ;  also  a  tendency  in  both 
families  to  the  coalescence  of  veins  3  and  4,  not  seen  in  the  Noctuid^ 
and  Arctiidae.  The  Noctuid  habitus  of  the  larva  is  also  equally  con- 
sonant with  an  origin  from  the  generalized  Noctuiform  Dioptid  larva  as 
from  any  existing  type  of  the  Noctuidae. 

I  think  that  we  may  conclude,  therefore,  that  the  Pericopidse  are 
a  family  representing  a  specialized  form  of  Dioptidae,  with  independent 
moving  of  vein  5  toward  4  and  wart  formation  in  the  larvae.  Their 
geographical  distribution  is  also  in  favor  of  this  conclusion,  since,  being 
confined  to  x^merica,  their  origin  from  the  strictly  American  Dioptids 
is  more  reasonable  than  from  either  of  the  world  wide  Noctuidce  or 
Arctiidae. 


10  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [voi.  iv. 

Finally  a  word  concerning  the  origin  of  the  Dioptidce  to  trace  the 
ancestry  a  step  further.  In  this  Journal  (Vol.  iii,  p.  30-32),  Dr. 
Packard  argues  for  the  derivation  from  a  common  ancestor  of  the 
"  Geometrids,  Dioptids,  Hypsids  and  Syntomids  "=  Euchroraiidae. 
It  is  true  he  makes  this  ancestor  to  be  the  Lithosiidas,  why  I  am  unable 
to  imagine.  We  have  no  evidence  of  the  extensive  degeneration  which 
is  implied  in  deriving  the  simple  Geometrids  and  Hypsids  (a  low 
Noctuidous  type)  from  the  highly  specialized  Lithosiida;,  with  their 
four-branched  cubitus  and  modified  wart  formation  in  the  larvae.  To 
my  mind,  the  present  group  nearest  to  the  ancestral  form  of  the  Noc- 
tuina  (which  includes  the  four  families  mentioned  by  Dr.  Packard)  is 
the  Notodontidce.^^  We  see  in  them  a  combination  of  the  generalized 
position  of  vien  5  with  the  single  haired  tubercle  of  the  larva.  The  two 
families  next  nearest  this  stem  are  the  Dioptidce  on  one  side  and  the 
Geometridce  on  the  other.  Therefore  I  agree  with  Dr.  Packard's  main 
proposition,  and  we  may  derive  the  Dioptid?e  from  low  on  the  main 
stem  of  the  Noctuina,  near  the  ancestors  of  the  Geometrids,  as  illustrated 
in  the  genealogical  tree  shown  on  the  accompanying  plate  (Plate  III, 

fig-  9)- 

COMPOSIA  FIDELISSIMA:     ITS  LIFE  HISTORY. 

1S66— Herrich-Schafter,  Cor.  Blatt.  Reg.  XX,  131. 

1867 — Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Thil.  VI,  303. 

1890— Dyar,  Ent.  News,  I,  105. 

1891— Dyar,  Ent.  News,  II,  50. 

1892— Kiiby,  Cat.  Lep.  Het.  I,  190. 

1894— Neumoegen  &  Dyar,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  II,  26. 

Coniposia  olympia  BuTLER. 

1871— Butler,  Ann.  Nat.  Hist.  (4)  VIII,  290. 

1884 — Druce,  Biol.  Cent.  Am.  pi.  11,  fig.  i. 

1890 — French,  Ent.  News,  I,  153,  fig. 

Eggs. — Large,  spherical,  except  for  the  flattened  base;  deep 
ocher  yellow,  slightly  shining.  Diameter  1.3  mm.;  height  .9  mm. 
The  reticulations  are  small,  rounded  hexagonal,  visible  under  a  half 
inch  objective.  (Plate  III,  fig.  i).  Twenty-four  eggs  were  found  on 
the  back  of  a  single  leaf,  irregularly  distributed  and  rather  remote  from 
each  other. 

Stage  I. — Head  rounded,  shining,  concolorous  with  the  body; 
width  .5  mm.     Body  dull  orange,  segments  5-6,  9-1 1  reddish  purple; 

*  In  some  characters  the  Dioptids  themselves  are  more  generalized  than  the 
Notodontidce,  e.  g.,  the  presence  of  traces  of  a  third  anal  vein  in  hind  wings  as  shown  by 
Prof.  Comstock ;  but  on  the  whole  they  must  rank  a  little  higher. 


June,  1896.]  DVAR  :      On    THE    OrIGIN    OF    PeRICOPID/E.  71 

warts  dusky,  those  on  the  purple  segments  blue-black ;  thoracic  feet  and 
leg  plates  black ;  hair  black,  strong  and  stiff,  singly  from  the  warts, 
spinulated  and  pointed.  The  arrangement  of  the  tubercles  is  normal 
for  the  primitive  first  stage  of  the  Noctuina,     (Plate  III,  fig.  2). 

S/age  II. — Head  .8  mm.  Warts  many  haired,  the  hairs  black  ex- 
cept a  pair  of  long  white  ones  which  overhang  the  head,  arising  from 
the  upper  wart  on  joint  3.  The  warts  have  a  central  hair  and  radiating 
crown  of  secondary  hairs  except  iv,  which  is  single  haired.  Wart  vi 
present,  large.  On  the  thorax  there  are  two  warts  above  the  stigmatal 
wart  closely  approximated.     The  coloration  is  as  before. 

Stage  III. — Head  i.i  mm.  The  dark  segments  of  the  body  are 
mottled  by  the  general  orange  tint ;  otherwise  as  before.  This  differs 
from  the  next  stage  in  being  more  decidedly  orange,  the  blackish  shad- 
ings more  livid. 

Stage  IV. — Head  1.6  mm.     Like  the  mature  larva. 

Stage  V. — Head  2.2  mm.     No  change  except  in  size. 

Stage  VI. — Head  2.8  mm.  From  the  width  of  the  head  this  is  an 
interpolated  stage,  but  it  was  persistently  passed  through  by  all  the 
larvge  observed  at  first.  Later  some  examples  of  a  brood  omitted  it  and 
in  these  the  width  of  head  in  Stage  V  was  about  2.5  mm 

Stage  VII. — General  appearance  beautiful  bright  crimson  and  shin- 
ing violet  blue,  sparsely  hairy.  Head  and  body  crimson  red,  not  shin- 
ing ;  warts  shining  red,  certain  of  them  shining  violet-blue,  the  areas 
around  these  warts  discolored,  blackish.  Spiracles  pale  orange.  On 
joints  2  to  4,  only  the  two  lowest  warts  bluish  ;  on  5,  6,  9,  10  and  11  all 
the  warts  blue,  the  blackish  shades  predominating  subdorsally ;  on  joints 
7,  8  and  12  warts  iv  to  vi  bluish.  This  distribution  of  color  is  subject 
to  some  variation.  Hairs  sparse,  only  8-10  to  a  wart,  stiff,  barbuled, 
rather  short,  black;  from  wart  i  on  joint  3  and  from  i  on  joint  13  a 
single  stiff  white  hair,  four  times  as  long  as  any  other,  projects  forward 
and  back,  probably  serving  as  a  tactile  organ.  In  many  instances  one 
or  both  of  the  posterior  hairs  are  missing.  Warts  i  to  vi  and  leg-plate 
normal,  iv  rather  small ;  on  joint  3,  i  and  iia  nearly  fused  but  separable, 
more  remote  on  4;  Wh  rudimentary,  a  single  hair;  iii  a  single  hair; 
iv  +  v  and  vi  normal  warts ;  on  joint  2,  hairs  from  the  anterior  and 
posterior  edges  of  cervical  shield,  a  wart  before  the  spiracle  and  a  sub- 
ventral  wart.  Head  set?e  simple  (Plate  III,  fig.  4);  width  3.2 — 3.4  mm. 
The  mature  larva  is  figured  on  the  plate  (fig.  3). 

Cocoon. — This  can  scarcely  be  called  such.  It  consists  of  a  few 
threads  which  serve  to  entangle  the  hooks  on  the  head  and  cremaster. 


72  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

Pupa. — (Plate  III,  fig.  5).  Cases  large,  compacted,  a  large  prom- 
inent knob  at  the  base  of  the  wing  case;  abdomen  small,  conically 
tapering,  but  enlarged  on  the  dorsal  side  toward  the  base ;  three  move- 
able incisures.  The  lines  of  the  wing  veins  and  the  abdominal  segments 
are  marked  by  punctures.  Corresponding  to  the  position  of  the  larval 
warts  and  to  the  legs  are  a  series  of  tufts  of  flattened  straw-colored  scales. 
Two  pairs  of  hooks  on  the  head  (Plate  III,  fig.  8),  and  many  strong  ones 
on  the  cremaster  (Plate  III,  fig.  7).  The  color  is  a  rich  mahogany  red 
with  blue  and  violet  shadings  especially  on  the  wing  cases.  Length  20, 
width  7  mm. 

Food  Plant. — The  leaves  oi  Echiies  umbellata.  Kindly  determined 
by  Mr.  F.  Kinzel,  to  whom  I  am  also  indebted  for  a  supply  of  the  plant. 
In  confinement  the  larvte  will  also  eat  oleander,  but  did  not  occur  on 
this  plant  in  nature.  Mrs.  Slosson  informs  me  that  she  has  found  the 
larvcX  on  Canavalia  obtusa. 

Habitat. — This  species  reaches  us  from  Brazil,  being  found  also  in 
Central  America  and  the  West  Indies.  It  is  abundant  in  Key  West,  as 
I  learn  from  Mr.  Brownell,  and  its  northernmost  record  is  on  the  strip 
of  land  between  Indian  River  and  the  sea.  Eggs,  larvae  in  all  stages 
and  moths  were  found  at  the  same  time,  and  the  species  doubtless 
breeds  continuously. 


THE  LARVA  OF  SYNTOMEIDA  EPILAIS    Walk. 
By  Harrison  G.  Dyar. 

This  larva  was  met  with  on  the  oleander  at  Palm  Beach,  Florida, 
in  January,  1S90,  and  again  in  the  same  place  in  1896.  Its  life  history 
will  be  found  described  in  the  second  volume  of  "Insect  Life,"  page 
360,  and  the  object  of  the  present  note  is  to  call  attention  to  the  figure 
on  the  plate  (Plate  III,  fig.  10). 

The  hair  tufting  of  this  larva  is  decidedly  unusual.  All  the  hair 
tufts  are  gathered  into  slender  pencils,  not  spreading  tufts  as  usual,  so 
that  here  the  body  is  entirely  exposed  to  view.  Some  of  these  hair 
pencils  are  long,  others  very  short  and  warts  iv  and  v  are  much  re- 
duced, nearly  obsolete. 


June,  1896]   Beutenmuller:    Food-Habits  of  CeRAMBYCID/E.  73 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE   II L 

Egg  of  Coinposia  fidelissima  enlarged  X  20. 

Larva,  stage  I  X  18. 

Mature  larva,  natural  size. 

Front  view  of  the  head  X  ^O)  showing  the  setre. 

Pupa,  slightly  enlarged. 

A  group  of  scales  from  the  body  of  the  pupa  X  40- 

Some  of  the  hooks  of  the  cremaster  X  IP- 

One  of  the  head  hooks  X  40- 

Genealogical  tree  of  the  Lepidopterous  superfamily  Noctuina,  showing  the 
probable  origin  of  the  North  American  families  from  a  Tineid  stock. 
The  European  Lemoniid?e  are  included  as  a  connecting  link.  The 
narrow  cross  bars  indicate  points  at  which  cubitus  became  4-branched 
on  the  fore  wings ;  the  broad  shaded  bars,  points  at  which  the  larva- 
tubercles  became  warts. 

Mature  larva  of  Syntoi/ieida  epilais,  natural  size. 


^•g-  I 

"          2 

"       3 

"       4 

"       5 
6 

"       7 
"       S 

FOOD-HABITS    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN 
CERAMBYCIDiE. 

By  William  Beutenmuller. 

In  the  American  Entomologist,  Vol.  Ill,  1880,  pp.  237  and  270, 
the  late  Dr.  C.  V.  Riley  published  a  paper  on  the  food-habits  of  the 
long-horn  beetles  or  wood-borers.  Since  then  considerable  has  been 
added  to  our  knowledge  on  the  food-habits  of  this  family  of  beetles.  It 
has  therefore  been  deemed  advisable  to  republish  Dr.  Riley's  paper  with 
such  additions  which  have  been  made.  For  personal  credit  the  reader 
is  referred  to  Dr.  Riley's  paper  and  Packard's  Fifth  Report  U.  S.  Ento- 
mological Commission.  We  are  also  indebted  to  Mr.  L.  H.  Joutel  for 
many  notes  incorporated  in  the  present  paper  and  which  have  not  been 
published  elsewhere. 

Ergates  spiculatus  Lee. — This  western  species  is  recorded  as 
living  in  the  roots  of  coniferous  trees,  especially  pine. 

Mallodon  dasystomus  Say. — Bores  in  the  wood  of  oak,  hack- 
berry  {Celtis)  and  pecan  hickory,  and  undoubtedly  other  species  of 
hickory. 

Mallodon  melanopus  Lin/i. — Lives  in  box  elder  (^Negiuido 
aceroides),  oak  and  hackberry  (^Celtis'). 


74  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Mallodon  serrulatus  Lee. — Breeds  in  hackberry  {Ce/tis),  and 
probably  also  oak. 

Orthosoma  brunneum  Foist. — Bores  in  decaying  pine,  hem- 
lock and  probably  other  coniferous  trees,  also  in  hickory,  walnut,  oak 
and  chestnut. 

Prionus  laticollis  Drury. — Lives  in  the  trunks  and  roots  of  lin- 
den poplar,  oak,  chestnut,  apple,  pine  and  grapevine. 

Prionus  californicus  Mots. — Breeds  in  decaying  stumps  and 
roots  of  live-oak. 

Prionus  pocularis  Dalm. — Infests  the  roots  and  stumps  of  pine. 

Prionus  imbricornis  Linn. — Lives  in  roots  of  grapevine,  pear 
trees  and  herbaceous  plants. 

Homoassthesis  emarginatus  Say. — Is  supposed  to  live  in  trunk 
and  roots  of  pine. 

Tragosoma  harrisii  Lee. — Breeds  in  stumps  of  decaying  pine 
trees. 

Asemum  moestum  LLald. — Lives  under  and  in  the  bark  of  oak, 
pine,  spruce  and  other  conifers  and  also  in  roots  of  grapevine. 

Asemum  atrum  Eseh. — Bores  in  the  trunk  of  pine  trees. 

Criocephalus  nubilus  Lee. — Lives  in  the  roots  of  pine,  as  does 
C.  agrestis  Kby.,  and  probably  also  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Smodicum  cucujiforme  Say. — Breeds  under  bark  of  oak,  hack- 
berry  and  beech. 

Physocnemum  brevilineum  Say. — Lives  in  dry  wood  of  elm 
trees. 

Hylotrupes  bajulus  Linn. — Inhabits  fir,  spruce,  pine,  hemlock 
and  other  coniferous  trees. 

Hylotrupes  li  gntusFab. — Bores  under  the  bark  of  cedar  {^Jnni- 
perus"). 

Phymatodes  variabilis  Fabr. — Lives  under  bark  and  in  the 
l)ranches  of  oak  and  hickory. 

Phymatodes  varius  Fabr. — This  species  like  P.  variabilis,  also 
lives  in  oak  and  hickory. 

Phymatodes  amoenus  Say. — Bores  in  dead  wood  of  grapevine. 
Phymatodes  obscurus  Lee. — Has  been  bred  from  branches  of 
live-oak  in  California. 


June,  1896.J   Beutenmuller  :  Food-Habits  of  Cerambycid.'e.  75 

Callidium  antennatum  N'eium. — Breeds  under  the  bark  of 
pine  and  cedar  (^Jiiniperus)^  making  tortuous  galleries. 

Callidium  janthinum  Lee. — Lives  under  bark  of  pine. 

Callidium  a^reum  N'e^um. — Has  been  bred  from  chestnut  logs. 

Oeme  gracilis  Lee. — Lives  in  dead  wood  of  oak  {Qiierciis  agri- 
/olia)  in  California. 

Dryobius  sexfasciatus  Say. — Lives  in  oak  and  beech,  under 
the  bark. 

Gracilia  minuta  Fabr. — Breeds  in  the  wood  of  the  sweet  birch 
{Beiiila  leiita).     Raised  from  oak  twigs  by  Mr.  Joutel. 

Chion  cinctus  Dniry. — Bores  in  the  trunk  of  hickory. 

Eburia  4=geminata  Say. — Lives  in  the  trunk  of  honey-locust, 
hickory  and  probably  also  in  ash. 

Romaleum  atomarium  Dr. — Bores  in  the  twigs  of  oak,  hack- 
berry  (^Celiis),  and  in  the  dry  leaf  stems  of  palmetto. 

Elaphidion  inerme  Newm. — Bores  in  the  twigs  of  oak  and 
orange. 

Elaphidion  mucronatum  Fabr. — Bores  in  twigs  of  oak,  hack- 
berry,  palmetto  and  grapevine. 

Elaphidion  parallelum  Nezvm. — Breeds  in  twigs  of  oak,  hickory 
plum,  apple  and  grape. 

Elaphidion  villosum  Fabr. — Lives  in  the  twigs  of  oak,  hickory, 
beech,  chestnut,  birch,  sumac,  plum,  apple  and  grapevine. 

Elaphidion  irroratum  Fabr. — Bores  in  the  trunk  of  black  man- 
grove in  Florida. 

Tylonotus  bimaculatus  Ha/d. — Found  under  bark  of  tulip  tree, 
also  lives  in  ash  and  dead  hickory. 

Heterachthes  4-maculatus  Newm.  —  Breeds  in  branches  of 
hickory. 

Phyton  pallidium  ^'^n'.— Lives  in  branches  of  hickory. 

Megobrium  edvvardsii  Lee. — Lives  in  wood  of  live-oak  in 
■California. 

Molorchus  bimaculatus  Fabr. — Has  been  bred  from  hickory 
branches,  also  bores  in  maple  twigs. 

Callichroma  splendidum  Lee. — Breeds  in  wood  of  gum-elastic 
tree  in  Texas. 


76  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Megaderus  bifasciatus  Dup. — Has  been  taken  from  cedar 
timber  in  Texas. 

Tragidion  coquus  Linn. — Bores  in  oak. 

Tragidion  armatum  Lee. — Breeds  in  the  flower  stalks  of  Yucca 
angustifoUa  (Townsend ) . 

Purpuricenus  humeralis  Fabr. — Lives  in  oak  stumps. 

Schizax  senax  Lee. — Lives  in  dead  wood  of  apricot. 

Stenophenus  notatus  Oliv. — Breeds  in  dead  hickory  limbs. 

Cyllene  antennatus  White. — Lives  in  the  wood  of  mesquite  in 
Arizona. 

Cyllene  picta  Drury. — Bores  in  the  solid  wood  under  the  bark  of 
hickory.,  walnut,  butternut  and  occasionally  in  the  honey-locust 
{^Gleditschid). 

Cyllene  robinie  Forst. — Very  destructive  to  the  trunks  of  locust. 

Cyllene  crinicornis  Chev. — Has  been  taken  in  Texas  on  syca- 
more {Flatanus),  in  the  wood  of  which  the  species  probably  breeds, 

Plagionotus  speciosus  Say. — Lives  in  the  solid  wood  of  sugar 
maple. 

Calioides  nobilis  Say. — Breeds  in  chestnut  and  oak  trees;  also 
beaten  from  hickory  by  Mr.  Joutel. 

Arhopalus  fulminans  Fabr. — Bores  in  the  sap  wood  of  chestnut 
and  oak. 

Xylotrechus  annosus  Say. — Breed  in  the  wood  of  willow. 

Xylotrechus  convergens  Lee. — Has  been  bred  from  a  branch 
of  a  species  of  thorn  (Cralcegus). 

Xylotrechus  colonus  Fabr. — Bores  under  bark  of  maple,  oak 
and  hickory. 

Xylotrechus  nauticus  Mann.  —  Has  been  bred  from  dead 
branches  of  live-oak  in  California,  also  from  Eucalyptus. 

Xylotrechus  undulatus  Say. — Beaten  from  spruce  (.4/; /W)  in  the 
wood  of  which  the  species  probably  breeds. 

Neoclytus  ery throcephalus  Fabr. — Breeds  in  trunkand  branches 
of  hickory,  ash,  elm,  oak,  chestnut  and  pine,  also  beaten  from  locust. 

Neoclytus  muricatulus  Kby. — Breeds  in  the  trunk  and  branches- 
of  pine. 


June,  iSg'^.]     BeUTENMULLER  :     FoOD-HaBITS    of    CERAMr.YCID^E.  77 

Neoclytus  luscus  Lee. — Breeds  in  hickory  limbs  and  probably 
also  in  the  trunk  of  the  tree. 

Neoclytus  capraea  Say. — Bores  in  ash,  elm  and  hickory,  limbs 
and  trunks. 

Clytanthus  albofasciatus  Lap. — Lives  in  the  limbs  of  hickory 
and  in  the  wood  of  the  grapevine.      C.  ruricola  also  breeds  in  hickory. 
Microclytus  gazellula  Hald. — Bores  in  the  branches  of  oak. 
Cyrtophorus  verrucosus  Oliv. — Lives  in  the  wood  of  wild  red 
cherry  and  quince ;  has  also  been  beaten  from  hickory. 

Tillomorpha  geminata  Hald. — Has  been  bred  from  branches  of 
hickory. 

Euderces  pini  Oliv. — Occurs  on  pine  trees. 

Euderces  picipes    Fabr. — Has   been   raised    from  hickory  and 
chestnut  branches. 

Zagymnus  clerinus  Lee Bores  in  the  dry  leaf  stems  of  pal- 
metto in  Florida. 

Atimia  confusa  Say. — Occurs  on  pine  tree. 
Distenia  undata  Oliv. — Bores  in  the  wood  of  chestnut  and  horn- 
beam (  Carpinus'). 

Desmocerus  palliatus  Forst. — Lives  in  the  lower  parts  of  the 
stems  of  elder.     D.  anripennis,  also  lives  in  the  same  plant. 

Rhagium  lineatum  Oliv. — Lives  under  the  bark  of  pine  and 
spruce. 

Anthophilax  mirificus  Bland. — Has  been  found  under  the  bark 
of  spruce  (^Abies  inenziesii'). 

Qaurotes  cyanipennis  Say. — Has  been  found  ovipositing  on 
butternut  and  oak. 

Bellamira  scalaris  Say. — The  beede  and  pupa  of  this  species 
have  been  taken  under  bark  of  the  yellow  birch  {Betula  luiea),  also 
found  ovipositing  on  maple. 

Typocerus  zebratus  Fabr. — This  species  mines  the  oak. 
Leptura  zebra  C/Zz/. —Inhabits  the  oak,  chestnut  and  pine. 
Leptura  vagans  Oliv. — Lives  in  wood  of  yellow  birch  {Betula 
lutea'). 

Leptura  emarginata  Fabr. — Has  been  found  ovipositing  in 
limbs  of  white  oak  by  Mr.  Joutel. 


78  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Leptura  abdominalis  Hixld. — Lives  in  the  wood  of  red  cedar 
{^Juniperus). 

Leptura  canadensis  Fahr. — Breeds  in  the  trunk  of  hemlock 
( Tstii^a  Canadensis). 

Ipochus  fasciatus  Lee. — Lives  in  the  wood  of  sumac  {Rhus 
integrifolia  and  iaurina).     I.  piibeseens  Casey,  has  similar  habits. 

Monilema. — The  species  of  this  genus  are  said  to  feed  on  various 
species  of  prickly  pear,  and  the  larvK  probably  live  in  the  wood  and 
roots  of  these  plants. 

Cyrtinus  pygmseus  Hald. — Has  been  bred  from  locust  (^Ro- 
binia  pseudacaeia'),  also  beaten  from  hickory. 

Psenocerus  supernotatus  Say. — Lives  in  the  wood  of  dog-, 
wood  {Camus'),  apple,  and  in  the  stems  of  the  currant. 

Monohammus. — The  larvce  of  this  genus  bore  in  the  solid  wood  and 
in  large  branches  of  pine,  fir  {Abies),  and  probably  other  coniferous  trees. 

Dorcaschema  nigrum  Say. — Breeds  in  dead  limbs  of  hickory. 

Dorcaschema  alternatum  Say. — Found  in  mulberry  and 
osage  orange.  D.  wildii  is  also  found  on  these  trees,  and  their  larvje 
probably  live  in  the  roots  or  trunks. 

Hetoemis  cinerea  Oliv. — Has  been  taken  on  mulberry  {Morus 
rubra),  and  probably  lives  in  the  wood  of  this  tree. 

Cacoplia  pullata  Hald. — Beaten  from  oak  by  Mr.  Joutel. 

Goes  tigrina  De  G. — Bores  in  the  solid  wood  of  hickory,  oak 
and  walnut,  but  seems  to  prefer  white  oak. 

Goes  pulchra  Hald. — Bores  in  various  species  of  hickory. 

Goes  pulverulenta  Hald. — Breeds  in  the  branches  of  beech 
{Fagus  ferrugineus)  and  hornbeam  {Carpinus). 

Goes  oculata  Lee. — Found  on  hickory  also  G.  debilis,  which 
also  breeds  in  oak  branches. 

,   Goes  tessellata  Hald. — Breeds  in  oak. 

Plectodera  scalator  Fabr. — Bores  in  the  roots  of  cottonwood 
{Populus)  and  willow. 

Acanthoderes  4=gibbus  Say. — Breeds  in  the  twigs  of  hickory, 
oak,  beech  and  hackberry  {Celtis). 

Acanthoderes  decipiens  Hald. — Bores  in  twigs  of  hickory. 

Acanthoderes  morrisii  Uhler. — Lives  in  tv/igs  of  the  tulip-tree. 


June,  1S96.]    BeuteNiMUller  :   Food-Habits  of  CeRAMBYCID/E.  T^ 

Leptostylus  aculiferus  Say. — Breeds  under  bark  of  sweet-gum 
(^Liquidambai-^,  oak  and  apple ;  also  reported  as  boring  in  osage  orange. 

Leptostylus  biustus  Lee. — Lives  in  dead  branches  of  orange  in 
Florida.     Breeds  in  hickory  twigs  (Joutel). 

Leptostylus  commixtus  HaU, — Breeds  in  the  wood  of  locust. 

Leptostylus  macula  Say. — Lives  in  the  twigs  and  under  bark 
of  chestnut,  oak,  hickory,  walnut,  apple  and  butternut. 

Liopus  variegatus  Hald. — Has  been  bred  from  dead  chestnut 
branches. 

Liopus  fascicularis  Harr. — Bores  in  dead  wood  of  prickly-ash 
{Xanthoxylus^  and  locust. 

Liopus  cinereus  Lee. — Has  been  bred  from  twigs  of  locust 
and  hickory, 

Liopus  crassulus  Lee. — Bores  in  dead  twigs  of  hackberry  {^Cel- 
tis)  in  Texas. 

Liopus  alpha  Say. — Breeds  in  the  twigs  of  sumac  (^Rhns  glabra') 
and  apple. 

Dectes  spinosus  Say. — Has  been  bred  from  the  stems  of  the 
great  ragweed  {Ambrosia  trifida'). 

Lepturges  querci  Fiteh. — Breeds  in  the  twigs  of  hickory,  also 
beaten  from  oak. 

Lepturgus  fascetus  Say. — Bred  from  apple  branches  by  Mr. 
Joutel. 

Lepturges  symmetricus  LLald. — Bred  from  chestnut  branches 
by  Mr.  Joutel. 

liyperplatys  aspersus  Say.  —Lives  in  dry  twigs  of  poplar  (cot- 
tonwood),  hickory  and  has  also  been  beaten  from  chestnut. 

Hyperplatys  maculatus  LLald. — Lives  in  dead  parts  of  the 
orange  in  Florida ;  also  breeds  in  dry  twigs  of  apple,  hickory  and  poplar. 

Urographis  fasciatus  De  G. — Lives  under  the  bark  of  oak, 
maple  and  hickory ;  bred  from  apple  and  pear  by  Mr.  Joutel ;  also 
beaten  from  limbs  of  chestnut. 

Urographis  triangularis  LLald. — Bores  under  the  bark  of  hack- 
berry  {Celtis). 

Acanthocinus  nodosus  Fabr.  and  A.  obsoletus  Oliv. — The 
larvje  of  both  these  species  live  under  the  bark  of  pine.  The  latter 
species  also  breeds  in  hickory. 


80  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Hoplosia  nubila  Lee'. — Larva  bores  in  dry  beech  and  basswood 
twigs. 

Pogonocherus  mixtus  Hald. — Bores  in  the  branches  of  willow. 

Ecyrus  dasycerus  Say. — Larva  bores  in  the  twigs  of  hickory 
and  locust. 

Eupogonius  vestitus  Say. — Bred  from  hickory  and  beaten  from 
chestnut. 

Eupogonius  tomentosus  Hald. — Larva  mines  the  branches  of 
the  pine. 

Oncideres  cingulata  Say. — Lives  in  the  twigs  of  hickory,  per- 
simmon, oak,  cherry,  apple,  pear,  orange,  and  said  to  also  affect  other 
trees. 

Oncideres  putator  Thorn. — Larva  lives  in  the  twigs  of  the  mes- 
quite  in  Arizona. 

Ataxia  crypta  Say. — Bores  in  dry  cotton  stalks,  and  in  dry 
twigs  of  hackberry  {Ceiiis^,  box  elder  (^Negundo  aceroides),  and  oak. 

Hippopsis  lemniscata  Fabr. — The  full  grown  insect  and  larva 
has  been  found  in  the  stalk  oi  Ambrosia. 

Saperda  obliqua  Say. — Bores  in  the  trunk  of  the  common  alder. 

Saperda  calcarata  Say. — Bores  in  the  solid  wood  in  the  trunk 
of  poplar  and  also  said  to  live  in  linden. 

Saperda  Candida  Fabr. — Lives  in  the  trunks  of  apple,  pear, 
plum,  quince,  cherry,  thorn,  mountain-ash,  and  june-berry  (^Amelan- 
chier). 

Saperda  fayi  Bland. — Breeds  in  the  branches  of  thorn  {Cra- 
tcegus. ) 

Saperda  vestita  Ollv. — Lives  in  the  large  branches  and  under 
bark  of  linden. 

Saperda  discoidea  Fabr. — Breeds  under  the  bark  of  hickory. 

Saperda  tridentata  Oliv. — Larva  lives  under  the  bark  of  elm. 

Saperda  lateralis  Fabr. — Lives  under  the  bark  of  hickory. 

Saperda  moesta  Lee. — Lives  in  the  smaller  branches  of  poplar 
and  willow. 

Saperda  concolor  Lee. — Bores  in  young  shoots  of  poplar  and 
willow. 


June,  1896.]     GROTE  :     Ox    DISTRIBUTION    AND    MlMICRV    OF    ApATELA.      81 

Saperda  puncticollis  Say. — Breeds  in  poison-ivy  {Rhus  toxi- 
codendron). 

Mecas  inornata  Say. — Bores  in  the  roots  and  lower  part  of  the 
stems  of  HeleniiiDi  tenuifolium,  also  recorded  as  living  in  the  shoots  of 
willow  and  poplar. 

Oberea  bimaculata  6>//^^— Burrows  in  the  stems  of  blackberry 
and  raspberry. 

Oberea  schaumii  Lee. — Larva  bores  in  the  twigs  of  cottonwood 
(poplar). 

Oberea  mandarina  Fahr.—^oxt%  in  the  twigs  of  poplar. 

Oberea  quadricallosa  Z^^.— Lives  in  the  stems  of  willow. 

Tetraopes  tetraophthalmus  Forst.—i:\\&  larva  bores  in  the 
roots  and  lower  parts  of  the  stem  of  milkweed  (^Asclepias).  The  larvae 
of  the  other  species  of  the  genus  probably  also  live  in  a  similar  manner. 

Dysphaga  tenuipes  ZTa/./. —Breeds  in  dead  limbs  of  hickory. 


NOTE    ON    GEOGRAPHICAL     DISTRIBUTION     AND 
MIMICRY    OF   APATELA. 

By  A.  Radcliffe  Grote,  A.  ]M. 

The  majority  of  the  species  of  Apatela  occur  in  North  America, 
where  their  range  is  extraordinarily  extended,  since  they  are  found  from 
Hudson's  Bay  territory  in  the  north  to  the  tropical  regions  in  Mexico; 
they  appear  to  be  absent  from  the  West  Indies.  From  North  America, 
north  of  Mexico,  sixty  species  are  described,  the  European  fauna  has  a 
total  of  fifteen  (consult  Grote,  Die  Verwandtschaft  zwischen  der  Noc- 
tinden-Fauna  von  Nordamerika  und  Europa,  Gerhandl.  Gesell.  Deutsch. 
Naturf.  und  Aerzte,  Bremen,  1890).  A  surprising  number  of  species 
have  been  collected  in  Bastrop  Co. ,  Texas,  by  Belfrage  \  from  this  State 
twelve  species  are  recorded.  From  California  only  four  species  are  cer- 
tainly known,  perdita,  spinea,  iipini,  felina  ;  the  last  is,  according  to 
Dr.  Dyar,  an  Acronycta,  the  second  and  third  I  have  referred  to  a  dis- 
tinct subgenus,  Merolonche,  but,  after  seeing  the  European  menyonthidis , 
it  appears  possible  to  me  that  spinea  is  congeneric  or,  at  least,  related. 
The  bulk  of  the  species  are  found  over  the  temperate  regions  of  the 
South  American  Continent,  from  Lower  Canada  to  the  Gulf;   from  New 


82  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [voi.  iv. 

England  to  Colorado.  According  to  the  classification  of  the  larvae,  five 
subgroups  are  common  to  Europe  and  North  America.  Strictly  "  re- 
presentative ''  species,  true  species  of  replacement,  seem  to  be  only  alni 
and  funeralis,  eiiphorhicE  and  sperata,  auriconia  and  impressa,  leporina 
and  vulpina,  while,  although  the  moths  are  very  near,  the  larvae  of  psi 
(or  tridens)  differ  rather  decidedly  from  occidentalis,  so  that  psi 
tridens  and  occidentalis  appear  rather  as  parallel  species.  The  species 
referred  to  Hybona  and  Tricena  are  very  numerous  in  North  America, 
the  larvje  being  more  or  less  easily  distinguishable,  while  the  moths 
differ  chiefly  in  their  relative  proportions,  the  psi  pattern  being  re- 
peated in  morula,  occidentalis,  iiasia,  fiircifera,  betiihx,  grisea,  tritona, 
qnadrata,  lobelice,  radcliffei.  Peculiarly  European  groups  are  offered 
by  those  named  by  me  Apatela,  Cuspidia,  peculiarly  xAmerican  are 
Megacronycta,  Pliilorgyia,  Tricholonche  and  Lepitoreiima.  Taking  all 
the  groups  in  the  synopsis  as  distinct,  we  have  eight  American,  three 
European  and  five  common  to  both  faunae,  from  larval  characters  alone. 
Although  in  North  America  the  genus  Apatela  offers  peculiar  out- 
growths, so  to  speak,  its  affinity  with  the  European  is  decided.  We 
may  therefore  regard  it  as  one  of  the  survivors  of  a  former  holoarctic  or 
circumpolar  fauna,  which  would  have  been  forced  southwards,  both  in 
America  and  Asia,  by  the  advent  of  the  Glacial  epoch.  Traces  of  this 
European  affinity  are  found  in  the  moths  of  Japan,  and  has  then  the 
same  origin.  To  the  same  shifting  of  the  faunal  extension,  the  sunder- 
ing of  species  once  occupying  an  extended  territory,  through  climato- 
logical  changes,  we  must  ascribe  the  fact  that  the  genus  Oreta  is  found 
in  Japan  and  North  America.  If  my  suspicion  that  the  California 
spinea  and  the  European  meiiyauthidis  are  related  is  verified,  it  would 
be  another  link  in  the  chain  of  facts  which  go  to  show  that  the  Rocky 
Mountains  have  proven  a  barrier  to  the  extension  of  certain  types  to 
the  eastward.  Conversely  the  Citheroniidte  occur  only  in  the  East. 
We  find  in  California  a  true  Sati/rnia  and  true  or  typical  Hypena,  to- 
gether with  Arctian  and  other  types  having  a  strong  European  facies. 
It  seems  natural  to  suppose  that  these  have  taken  a  west  coast  direction 
in  the  glacial  movement  to  the  south,  and  there  now  maintain  them- 
selves. The  occurrence  in  Maine  and  Canada,  north  of  the  Great 
Lakes,  of  species  of  Pyrausta  and  Agrotis,  which  we  know  from  British 
Columbia  or  northern  parts  of  California,  may  be  explained  not  only 
on  the  general  principle  of  a  southward  migration  over  the  whole  terri- 
tory, but  possibly  by  the  fact  that  inter-communication  between  the 
West  and  East  meets  to  the  northward  in  certain  places  less  difficult 


June,  1S96.]     GrOTE  :    On    DISTRIBUTION    AND    MlMICRY    OF    APATELA.      S3 

barriers.  There  is  also  the  dependency  upon  food  plants  and  geog- 
nostical  conditions  to  be  considered.  At  any  rate,  the  central  Cali- 
fornia fauna  must  be  studied  from  the  point  of  view  that  it  is  isolated 
upon  a  comparatively  narrow  strip  of  land  as  compared  with  the  fauna 
east  of  the  main  range.  And  this  view  must  be  taken  of  the  fauna  of 
the  West  Coast,  boili  in  North  and  South  America,  wedged  in  as  it  is 
between  the  sea  and  the  mountainous  backbone  of  the  New  World. 

The  very  near  relation  between  the  moths  of  psi,  frtdens  and  ocd- 
deiitalis,  while  the  larvae  are  so  strikingly  different,  recalls  the  case  of 
Datana  and  Phalera,  though  here  the  larval  characters  are  decidedly 
stronger  and  even  structural.  We  may  assume  that  here  the  tendency 
to  split  into  distinct  larval  forms  was  early  developed,  and  that  it  ex- 
emplifies the  fact  that  specific  characters  in  Apaiela  are  best,  perhaps 
first,  expressed  in  the  younger  stages.  The  two  European  species  seem 
altogether  nearer,  and  lead  to  the  impression  that  they  have  a  more  im- 
mediate connection,  while  the  American  probably  left  the  common  an- 
cestor at  the  close  of  the  Tertiary. 

In  1894,  Dr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar  discussed  the  appearance  of  the 
larvre  of  Apatela,  and  his  remarks  are  in  part  applicable  to  the  Euro- 
pean forms.  The  diversity  is  mainly  ascribed  to  a  "mimicry  of  all 
sorts  of  objects,  from  that  of  resemblance  to  the  foliage  {grisea,  tritona), 
to  warning  colors  {ohliniid)  and  mimicry  of  special  objects,  such  as 
spider's  nest  {yulpina)  or  of  some  other  specially  defended  larva  ( r ad- 
cliff  ei  w\\m\c%  Datana,  or  liiteicovm,  which  probably  mimics  Orgyia)y 
Previously,  in  1S93,  Dr.  Chapman  had  discussed  the  mimicry  of  the 
larvffi  as  follows:  "The  protection  which  the  full  grown  larvae  have 
from  their  enemies,  owing  to  their  special  form  and  coloring,  is  a  mat- 
ter that  in  its  details,  has  very  largely  eluded  me  ;  I  have,  in  fact,  seen 
very  few  Ciispidia  in  the  wild  state.  Psi  and  tridens  are  usually  con- 
spicuous ;  strigosa  no  doubt  closely  assimilates  to  a  hawthorn  leaf  with 
a  bit  of  brown  dead  leaf  or  twig.  My  observations  on  kporina  were 
made  and  repeated  a  good  many  times  on  the  green  white-haired  form 
occurring  on  alder  ;  this  larva  sits  somewhat  curled  round,  near  the 
middle  of  the  underside  of  a  leaf.  Looking  down  from  above  it  is  ab- 
solutely hidden,  looking  up  from  beneath  it  ought  to  be  very  evident, 
but  this  is  far  from  being  the  case.  I  have  several  times  missed  a  larva 
till  I  have  looked  three  or  four  times,  and  have  also  fancied  I  saw  a 
larva  when  none  was  there.  In  looking  up  from  below  through  the 
foliage  of  an  alder  tree,  most  of  the  lower  leaves  are  in  the  shade  of  the 
upper  ones,  but  here  and  there  a  gleam  of  light  falls  through  on  to  a 


84  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv 

portion  of  a  leaf,  and  gives  it  quite  a  different  tone  and  appearance,  as 
seen  from  beneath.  A  larva  of  leporina  seated  beneath  an  unillumi- 
nated  leaf,  precisely  resembles  one  of  these  patches."  It  is  the  Ameri- 
can representative  of  leporiua,  my  vnlpina,  which  Dyar  fancies  bear?, 
in  its  position  on  the  leaf,  a  resemblance  to  a  spider's  web.  I  have  at 
one  time  fancied  that  the  larva  of  alni  and  finiaralis,  had  deterrent 
colors,  but  conclude  that  it  is  a  case  of  mimicry.  The  black  body  re- 
sembles a  wet  twig,  the  creamy  dorsal  patches  mould,  while  the  spatu- 
late  hairs  are  like  the  filaments  of  club  mosses.  The  somewhat  slow 
and  stealthy  movement  which  I  have  noticed  in  this  to  me  repulsive 
larva,  adds  to  the  deceptive  likeness  to  these  inanimate  objects  so  com- 
mon in  the  woods.  The  young  larva  of  abii,  resting  in  a  curled  posi- 
tion on  the  leaf  above,  seems  to  imitate  in  its  colors  bird  excrement. 
With  regard  to  the  mimicry  of  caterpillars  we  must  remember  that 
larvae  are  exposed  to  the  attacks  both  of  vertebrates  and  invertebrates. 
Birds  prey  upon  them,  and  they  have  every  reason  to  fear  the  attacks  of 
insect  parasites.  The  law  of  vision  may  thus  be  assumed  to  be  the  same 
for  the  vertebrate  as  for  the  insect  eye.  Both  the  bird  and  the  wasp 
must  be  deceived  by  the  appearance  of  ^//«' and  oi  funeralis,  and  pass 
them  over,  if  the  mimicry  is  to  be  effective.  It  may  be  argued,  from 
the  unity  in  the  manifestation  of  mimicry,  no  general  indications  being 
apparently  offered,  of  mimicry  working  in  two  directions  to  meet  different 
visual  conditions  in  its  enemies,  that  it  succeeds  both  with  the  bird  and 
the  wasp  in  a  percentage  of  instances.  The  original  percentage,  like  the 
original  variation  was  small,  but  sufficient  to  establish  the  original  di- 
rection, and,  once  established,  it  is  evidently  worked  out  by  heredity  to 
the  condition  in  which  we  now  find  it.  To  be  effective  with  the  wasp, 
as  with  the  bird,  the  mimicry  of  alni  must  nroduce  a  similar  effect  upon 
the  retina  of  both ;  in  this  case  not  only  the  form,  but  the  color,  must 
be  seen,  both  together  suggesting  to  the  brain  of  bird  and  insect  not  the 
real,  but  a  different,  and,  to  them,  indifferent  object.  The  immunity  is 
probably  only  the  result  of  cursory  examination,  but  even  this  is  suffi- 
cient to  justify  the  variation.  So  far  as  the  larval  groups  in  Apatela  are 
established,  they  partly  show  a  special  direction  in  the  means  to  secure 
immunity  from  their  enemies.  Thus  the  more  typical  forms  of  the  sub- 
genus Hyboma  resemble  foliage,  while  several  species  belonging  to  the 
genus  Pharetra  seem  deterrent.  The  general  neutral  gray  tint  of  the 
moths  has  been  commented  upon  by  authors  as  adapted  to  conceal  them 
from  observation  in  their  usual  resting  places,  in  the  crevices  of  the  bark 
and  against  the  trunks  of  trees.     The  moths  which  choose  such  resting 


June,  1S96.]  GrOTE  :     NoTE    ON    AgRONOMA    AND    LaSPEVRIA.  85 

places  in  the  daytime  have  generally  gray  or  blackish,  protectively  col- 
ored primaries,  of  such  neutral  tints  as  to  deceive  the  eye  in  passing  rap- 
idly over  an  extended  surface.  But  in  Apatela  the  direction  of  the 
mimicry,  the  object  copied,  differs  in  the  larva  and  moth  of  the  same 
species.  The  independent  direction  of  the  larval  efforts  in  this  respect 
is  important  evidence  in  sustaining  the  view  that  in  metamorphosis  the 
stages  acquire  characters  useless  to  the  succeeding,  and  that  here  the 
larva  oi  Apatela  has  attained  an  independent  perfection  as  regards  ulti- 
mate peculiarities  of  adaptive  structure  applicable  only  to  the  conditions 
of  its  own  particular  stage. 


CORRECTION  OF  THE  TYPE  OF  AGRONOMA  AND 
NOTE  ON  LASPEYRIA. 

By  A.  Radcliffe  Grote,  A.  M. 

It  has  been  recently  stated  by  Mr.  John  B.  Smith  that  the  type  of 
Agronoma,  given  by  me  in  the  Bremen  List,  May,  1895,  p.  23,  viz: 
vesiigia/is,  does  not  correspond  in  structure  with  jaculifera,  the  type  of 
Feliia,  inasmuch  as  the  front  is  not  roughened  or  tuberculate  and  the 
front  pair  of  tibite  are  not  heavily  armed.  Still  my  reference  of  Feltia 
to  Agronoma  will  hold.  The  material  examined  by  me  in  Bremen  in 
1893-4,  when  writing  the  list,  is  no  longer  accessible  to  me  and  I  am 
not  sure  what  species  I  examined.  But  Hiibner's  genus  Agronoma  con- 
tains, beside  vesfigia/i's,  both  crassa  and  exclamationis.  I  have  ex- 
amined here,  in  the  Roemer  Museum,  specimen  of  crassa.  The  fore 
tibiae  are  heavily  armed,  the  front  is  roughened  or  tuberculate,  the  male 
antennje  are  pectinate.  It  is  therefore  a  Feltia.  Inasmuch  as  vestigi- 
alis  is  referred  as  belonging  to  Agrotis  in  a  restricted  sense,  and  as 
congeneric  with  the  type  segetum,  as  established  by  me  and  adopted 
by  me  in  the  "Revision,"  it  follows  that  the  type  of  Agronoma 
must  be  changed  and  crassa,  the  first  species  cited,  is  then  the  type. 
Hiibner  establishes  Agronoma  for  species  having  the  general  aspect  o^ 
Jaculifera  ;  the  claviform  is  usually  suffused  with  a  darker  color.  Proba- 
bly the  European  species  exclamationis,  corticea,  obesa,  graslini  and 
fatidica  belong  to  Agronoma  and  share  the  structure  of  crassa.  The 
name  of  our  common  North  American  species  will  then  remain,  as 
claimed  by  me  in  the  list :  Agrotis  (^Agronoma')  jaculifera  Gn.  Those 
using  my  Bremen  List  will  please  make  the  correction  and  I  am  much 


86  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Vol  iv. 

obliged  to  Mr.  Smith  for  this  opportunity  of  showing  its  necessity.  As 
soon  as  possible  I  hope  to  bring  the  European  and  American  species  into 
more  complete  accord.  Up  to  the  present  I  have  had  insufficient  ma- 
terial and  opportunity. 

I  have  lately  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  the  Sectio  I  of  Ger- 
mar's  Prodromus,  i8i  i.  In  this  the  author  establishes  the  genus  Las- 
peyria  for  flexjila.  Duponchel's  genus  Aventia,  1841,  has  been  in 
general  use  for  this  species,  but  it  must  apparently  now  yield  to  Germar's 
earlier  term.  We  would  now  have  the  species  of  Schrank's  genus 
Drepana  finally  properly  referred.  To  me,  at  least,  this  is  a  matter  of 
satisfaction,  as  I  have  occupied  myself  with  the  group  at  various  in- 
tervals since  1862.  Of  these  genera  Cilix,  Flatypteryx  ^.nd  Laspcyria 
are  confined  to  Europe,  Drepana  and  Fakaria  are  common  to  Europe 
and  North  America,  Oreta  to  Eastern  Asia  and  North  America.  Las- 
peyria  must  be  removed  from  the  family  Platypterygidae  and  referred  to 
the  Agrotidse,  subfamily  Hypeninas. 


NOTE    ON     ENyEMIA    CRASSINERVELLA    Zcll 
(MIEZA   IGNINIX    Walk.'). 

By  Annie  Trumbull  Slosson. 

Walking  one  day  in  February  along  the  shore  at  Punta  Gorda, 
Florida,  I  saw  a  small  larva  upon  my  sleeve.  It  seemed  to  have  spun 
•down  by  a  thread,  and,  looking  up,  I  saw  many  similar  larvse  suspended 
from  leaves  and  branches  of  a  shrub.  This  shrub  was  one  quite  com- 
mon along  the  west  coast.  It  has  sharp  and  stout  thorns  and  small, 
rather  coriaceous  leaves  of  dark  green.  I  have  never  seen  it  in  flower 
or  fruit,  and  do  not  know  its  name. 

I  carried  home  some  of  the  larvae  with  the  food  plant.  From  their 
general  appearance  I  thought  them  Limacodids.  They  fed  well  in  con- 
finement, throve  and  grew.  At  the  end  of  a  week  or  two,  as  I  was  leav- 
ing Punta  Gorda,  and  feared  I  might  not  be  able  to  procure  proper  food 
on  the  east  coast,  I  liberated  many  of  my  captives,  and,  believing  in  the 
survival  of  the  fittest,  retained  only  the  largest  and  healthiest.  The  lim- 
ited supply  of  food  proved  sufficient,  and  I  brought  several  larvae  to 
maturity.  Soon  after  I  reached  Palm  Beach  these  spun  curious  little 
cocoons,  very  Limacodid-like  in  appearance,  and  of  the  same  tough 


June,  iSgo.]  DvAR  :   Larva  OF  AN.t:MiA  Crassinervella.  87 

parchment  texture.  In  the  meantime  I  had  sent  to  Dr.  H.  G.  Dyar 
some  of  the  larvee  for  examination  and  identification.  He  wrote  me 
that  they  were  evidently  highly  specialized  Tineids  and  of  much  inter- 
est, and  expressed  his  hope  that  I  would  raise  the  moth.  In  a  little  less 
than  four  weeks  from  the  time  the  cocoons  were  made  the  moths  ap- 
peared. I  at  once  recognized  them  as  Mieza  ignbiix  Walk.,  the  Eim- 
viia  crassinervella  of  Smith's  check-list.  This  dainty  little  creature, 
with  primaries  of  silvery  white,  striped  and  dotted  with  black  and  sec- 
ondaries of  vivid  rose  color,  is  not  uncommon  at  Punta  Gorda,  and  I 
had  taken  it  several  times  this  season  resting  on  leaves  near  the  spot 
where  I  found  the  larvae.  Dr.  Dyar  will  publish  a  full  description  of 
the  larva,  with  notes. 


A  DESCRIPTION  OF   THE  -LARVA  FOUND    BY  MRS.  SLOSSON. 
By  H.A.RRISON  G.   Dyar,  Ph.  D. 

Considerable  interest  attaches  to  Mrs.  Slosson's  discovery  of  the 
larva  of  Encemia  crassinervella,  since  in  it  we  find  an  exposed  feeding 
Tineid.  These  are  always  of  interest,  for  as  soon  as  the  Tineids  aban- 
don their  concealed  mode  of  life  numerous  specializations  occur,  and 
usually  in  the  direction  of  some  higher  family  of  the  group — the  super- 
family  Tineides.  I  was  able  recently  to  describe  a  Tineid  (^Butalis 
basilar  is  Zell),  which  had  assumed  many  characters  of  the  Pterophoridae, 
and  now  I  shall  describe  the  present  species  with  strong  tendencies 
toward  the  Eucleidce,  yet  without  losing  its  essential  Tineid  characters. 

Larva. — Flattened,  thick,  head  partially  retractile,  but  large, 
joint  12  slightly  enlarged  dorsally  ;  shape  of  Harrisina,  but  more  flex- 
ible, suggesting  the  Eucleidce  by  the  soft,  subventral  region  ;  feet  very 
soft,  short,  of  the  normal  number.  Setae  single,  except  a  few  irregularly 
distributed  secondary  setce,  or  rather  reduplications  cf  the  primary  ones, 
short,  stiff,  glandular  tipped.  Setee  i  and  ii  approximate,  in  line  trans- 
versely, a  secondary  seta  adjacent  to  i  or  ii  or  both,  irregular  in  posi- 
tion. Seta  iii  single ;  iv  and  v  approximate,  yet  by  no  means  consoli- 
dated ;  iv  a  little  above  v,  with  or  without  a  secondary  seta  below  and 
behind  it ;  vi  double  ;  two  setae  on  the  leg.  Joints  3  and  4  with  both 
primary  and  sub-primary  setce,  a  secondary  seta  near  ia  and  ib  and 
near  iia  and  iib  on  joint  4,  but  variable.  Seta  iii  seems  absent  on 
joint  4,  though  present  on  3.     Cervical  shield  large,   black,  with  six 


88  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

setae,  normal.  Spiracles  large,  circular,  Eucleid-like,  a  soft,  eversible, 
colorless  space  above  tubercle  vi  on  the  segments  with  feet. 

Head  black,  the  sutures  pale ;  labrum  white.  Body  with  the  dor- 
sum broadly  black,  containing  a  narrow  white  dorsal  line,  a  broader 
pale  orange  addorsal  line,  darker  orange  at  the  slightly  elevated 
tubercles  i  and  ii,  especially  on  joints  3,  12  and  13;  a  narrow  white 
subdorsal  line.  Lateral  region  colorless  ;  a  broad  white  lateral  line  above 
tubercle  iii,  edging  the  black  dorsum ;  a  narrow  white  stigmatal  and  a 
subventral  line.  Spiracles  yellowish ;  setce  pale.  Anal  plate  whitish, 
slightly  marked  with  black.  Skin  finely  transparent  granular,  the 
markings  appearing  as  if  below  the  surface,  as  is  so  common  in  the  Eu- 
cleidfe.  Hooks  of  the  abdominal  feet  in  a  half  circle  on  the  inner  side 
of  the  planta.  Length  of  the  larva  8  to  9  mm.  Width  of  head  about 
1.3  mm. 

Cocoon. — Rounded,  flattened  on  two  sides  by  the  leaves  between 
which  it  was  spun,  of  a  firm  hard  texture  like  the  cocoon  of  the  Eu- 
cleidce  and  of  the  same  dark  brown  color.  There  is,  however,  no 
lid  for  the  emergence  of  the  moth,  but  the  pupa  forced  a  crack  along 
one  side  where  the  cocoon  was  angulated  by  the  leaf  and  emerged  en- 
tirely on  the  escape  of  the  moth.  The  pupa  is  simply  a  soft  transparent 
yellowish  skin  without  cremaster,  possessing  the  usual  Tineid  char- 
acters. 


NEW  CALIFORNIAN   SPIDERS. 

Bv  Nathan  Banks. 

Most  of  the  following  new  species  of  spiders  were  contained  in  a 
collection  sent  me  for  determination  by  Prof.  .V.  L.  Kellogg,  of  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University. 

Theraphosid/E. 

Atypoides  californica,  sp.  nov. 

Length  ceph.  5.5  mm.,  breadth,  4  mm  ;  abdomen  long  6  mm.  The  cephalo- 
thorax  is  pale,  head  fusco-olivaceous,  mandibles  still  darker,  legs  and  sternum  pale, 
abdomen  brownish,  venter  lighter.  Eyes  similar  to  A.  riversi,  but  the  cephalolhorax 
plainly  broader  than  in  that  species ;  the  groove  simply  a  round  impression,  not 
elongate  ;  legs  shorter  and  more  spiny  than  in  A.  riversi,  there  being  a  fe*  spines  on 
anterior  tarsi,  smooth  spaces  above  on  the  patellce  ;  second  joint  of  palpi  almost  as 
long  as  the  anterior  femora;  six  spinnerets,  the  small  pair  thicker  than  in  A.  riversi, 
superior  pair  shorter  than  in  that  species,  the  last  joint  not  longer  than  the  penulti- 
mate, and  conical  in  shape. 


June,  1896.]  Banks  :  New  California  Spiders.  89 

Black  Mt.,  Calif.,  Oct.  23,  trap-door  alongside  of  creek.  Mr.  R. 
W.  Doane,  collector. 

Drassid^. 

Poecilochroa  pacifica,  sp.  nov. 

Length  7  mm.  Cephalothorax  and  legs  reddish,  latter  darker  toward  tips ;  man- 
dibles red  brown ;  sternum  reddish ;  abdomen  black,  with  a  broad  white  stripe  on 
each  side  above,  reaching  from  base  to  beyond  middle,  connected  at  middle  ;  some 
indistinct  pale  chevrons  above  the  black  spinnerets ;  venter  black,  with  a  large  basal 
area  pale.  Much  resembling,  at  first  sight,  P.  variegata,  but  different  pattern  on 
abdomen,  and  pale  anterior  legs  and  mandibles;  the  dorsal  groove  longer  and  more 
distinct ;  the  posterior  row  of  eyes  straight,  or  barely  recurved,  the  P.  M.  E.  more 
than  once  their  diameter  apart ;  the  sternum  broader.  The  epigynum  shows  a  nearly 
circular  dark  area,  with  a  narrow  transverse  cavity  in  its  posterior  part. 

Univ.  Campus;  Nov.  [R.  W.  Doane]. 

ACALENIDit. 

Agalena  pacifica,  sp.  nov. 

l^ength  8-12  mm.  Cephalothorax  pale  yellowish,  seam  black,  a  straight  black 
stripe  eaoh  side  ;  mandibles  rather  reddish  ;  sternum  reddish  or  yellowish  ;  legs  yel. 
lowish,  often  with  rather  indistinct  dark  bands ;  abdomen  pale,  with  a  black  stripe 
each  side  above,  a  curved  line  partly  around  the  spinnerets,  and  a  line  on  each  side 
of  venter,  black  ;  epigynum  reddish.  P.  M.  E.  about  their  diameter  apart,  farther 
from  the  P.  S.  E. ;  A.  M.  E.  hardly  one-half  their  diameter  apart,  and  as  close  to  the 
A.  S.  E. ;  last  joint  of  the  superior  spinnerets  no  longer  than  the  penultimate.  The 
epigynum  consists  of  a  large  rounded  cavity,  broader  than  long,  opening  behind  into 
a  cavity  that  extends  to  the  transverse  groove.  The  male  palpi  are  black,  the  tibia 
much  longer  than  broad,  rather  curved  on  the  outer  side,  and  has  at  base  a  double 
projection,  each  branch  with  a  rounded  tip,  and  at  its  tip,  on  the  under  side,  a  short 
straight  projection ;  the  tarsus  is  not  prolonged  much  beyond  the  bulb,  there  is  a 
short  curved  tube  at  tip  of  bulb,  a  curved  plate  on  inner  side  toward  base,  and  some 
short  pieces  near  the  center. 

Palo  Alto  and  Black  Mt.  ;  Oct.  and  Nov.  [R.  W.  Doane.]. 

Agalena  californica,  sp,  nov. 

Length  7- 10  mm.  Cephalothorax  pale  yellow,  with  a  black  seam,  and  a  straight 
black  stripe  each  side;  mandibles  more  reddish;  sternum  pale  in  middle,  always 
dark  on  sides ;  legs  pale,  darker  toward  tip,  and  with  many  olack  bands  ;  abdomen 
thickly  spotted  with  black,  forming  a  stripe  each  side,  two  curved  pale  marks  at  base, 
followed  by  pale  spots ;  venter  with  a  black  line  each  side,  and  black  spots  on  middle. 
Eyes  similar  to  A.  pacifica  ;  apical  joint  of  superior  spinnerets  nearly  twice  as  long 
as  penultimate ;  epigynum  shows  a  cavity  much  broader  than  long,  and  the  anterior 
margin  at  middle  projecting  backward.  The  tibia  of  the  male  palpus  is  about  as 
long  as  broad,  with  a  cor  cave  hard  piece  on  the  outer  side,  the  basal  ridge  of  which 


90  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

is  rather  prominent ;  at  the  tip  on  the  under  side  is  a  curved  projection ;  on  the  inner 
side  of  bulb  is  a  long  pointed  piece,  and  near  the  tip  is  a  short,  stout  tube. 

Palo  Alto  and  Black  Mt.,  Oct.  and  Nov.  [R.  W.  Doane]. 
Tegenaria  californica,  sp.  nov. 

Length  3.5  to  4  mm.  Cephalothorax  pale,  with  a  black  margin,  dark  spots  on 
the  radial  furrows,  a  larger  one  over  the  dorsal  groove,  which  gives  off  branches,  the 
narrower  pair  curve  to  the  P.  S.  E.,  the  broader  pair  extend  to  the  P.  M.  E.;  eyes  on 
black  spots ;  mandibles  testaceous,  sternum  blackish  ;  abdomen  black,  with  white 
spots,  mostly  near  base,  and  some  narrow  chevrons  near  tip;  venter  spotted,  the 
spinnerets  black  ;  legs  pale,  four  marks  on  underside  of  femora,  one  on  patellse,  three 
on  tibire,  two  or  three  on  metatarsi.  Cephalothorax  low,  moderately  broad ;  anterior 
row  of  eyes  straight,  A.  M.  E.  smaller  than  others,  hardly  one-half  their  diameter 
apart,  piosterior  row  procurved,  the  P.  M.  E.  fully  their  diameter  apart,  and  as  far  from 
the  equal  P.  S.  E.;  sternum  broad,  pointed  between  hind  coxse,  sides  rounded ;  legs 
long,  with  scattered  slender  spines  and  hairs;  abdomen  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
broad,  pointed  behind.  The  epigynum  shows  two  oblong  dark  marks,  reddish  and 
separated  at  base,  black  and  united  at  tip.  The  tibia  of  the  male  palpus  has  a  furrow 
at  base,  with  a  ridge  each  side,  and  a  small  projection  at  tip ;  tarsus  very  large,  al- 
most globose,  with  a  slender  tip,  half  as  long  as  the  main  part,  the  bulb  is  circular, 
not  much  convex,  with  a  stout,  short,  curved  tube  from  centre,  and  a  hyaline  sheath. 

Black  Mt.  and  Univ.  Campus;  under  boards,  etc.,  Nov.  [R.  W. 
Doanc]. 

Epeirid.«. 
Epeira  excelsa,  sp.  nov. 

Length  J  7  mm.;  abdomen  5  mm.  wide  at  base.  Cephalothorax  and  legs  pale 
yellow  or  brownish-yellow,  usually  without  markings  except  bands  at  tips  of  metatarsi 
and  hind  tibire  ;  sternum  brown ;  abdomen  brown  or  yellowish,  a  pale  yellow  band 
connecting  the  two  basal  humps,  beyond  sometimes  with  two  blackish  spots;  venter 
dark  in  middle,  with  an  indistinct  yellowish  mark  each  side.  A.  M.  E.  twice  their 
diameter  apart,  P.  M.  E.,  fully  once  their  diameter  apart,  scarcely  larger  than  the 
A.  M.  E.;  cephalothorax  clothed  with  whitish  hair ;  legs  with  many  spines ;  sternum 
triangular,  broader  than  long,  abdomen  broader  than  long,  with  a  large  conical  hump 
each  side  aoove,  rounded  at  tip.  The  epigynum  has  a  short  stout  finger  lying  across 
a  transverse  area,  the  finger  reaching  but  little  beyond  the  furrow. 

Palo  Alto,  Calif.,  May.    [R.  W.  Doane]. 

Zilla  californica,  sp.  nov. 

Length  J  7  mm.,  ceph.  3.3  mm.  long,  2.5  mm.  broad,  tibia  I  3.5  mm  The 
cephalothorax  is  whitish,  marginal  seam  black,  a  large  triangular  black  spot  over  the 
pars  cephalica,  somewhat  ragged  around  dorsal  groove,  extending  down  on  clypeus 
and  on  red-brown  mandibles,  sometimes  showing  darker  middle  and  side-lines ;  ster- 
num pale,  broadly  margined  on  the  sides  with  black;  legs  pale,  with  black  bands  at 
middle  and  tip  of  femora,  tip  of  patellse,  middle  and  tip  of  tibice,  and  less  distinct  be- 
yond ;  abdomen  grayish,  with  a  broad  folium,  rather  silvery  near  the  middle,  black 


June,  iSge.]  BaNKS  :     NeW    CALIFORNIA    SpIDERS.  91 

on  edge  and  margined  with  silvery ;  sides  finely  striped  with  black ;  venter  with  a 
broad  black  stripe,  narrowed  toward  tip,  then  widened  to  surround  the  dark  spinner- 
ets. A.  M.  E.  more  than  their  diameter  apart,  P.  M.  E.  about  their  diameter  apart, 
much  farther  from  the  S.  E. ;  first  pair  of  legs  much  the  longest,  three  spines  above 
on  femur  IV ;  abdomen  elliptical ;  the  epigynum  shows  a  dark  transverse  area,  three 
times  as  wide  as  long,  and  behind  with  a  small  projection  from  the  middle. 

Palo  Alto,  Calif.  ;  Oct.  and  Nov.  [R.  W.  Doane]  ;  also  Olympia, 
Wash. 

Misumenacalifornica,  sp.  nov. 

Length  7  mm.  Cephalothorax  brownish,  with  a  broad  white  middle  stripe  ; 
mandibles  white,  brownish  at  base  ;  sternum  and  legs  pale  yellowish  ;  abdomen 
rather  dirty  whitish,  with  indistinct  veinings  and  some  black  dots  near  center ;  venter 
pale,  sometimes  with  a  few  black  spots  in  middle.  Cephalothorax  as  broad  as  long, 
equal  to  tibia  I ;  P.  M.  E.  a  trifle  further  apart,  but  no  larger  than  A.  M.  E. ;  legs 
thickly  clothed  with  stiff  bristles,  four  or  five  pairs  of  spines  under  tibia  I,  six  or  seven 
under  metatarsus  I;  sternum  not  broad;  abdomen  broadest  behind  middle,  quite 
high,  pointed  at  tip  ;  the  epigynum  shows  a  semi-circular  cavity,  divided  by  a  narrow 
septum,  and  two  holes  behind. 

Los  Angeles,  California,  [A.  Davidson]. 

Misumena  pictilis,  sp.  nov. 

Length  5  mm.  Cephalothorax  greenish  yellow,  black  on  anterior  side  margin, 
three  black  dots  on  each  side  in  a  straight  row  behind  the  P.  S.  E.,  eyes  on  white 
spots ;  mandibles  greenish,  each  with  a  black  point ;  legs  greenish  yellow,  with  some 
scattered  black  dots  on  the  anterior  pairs ;  sternum  yellowish  ;  abdomen  greenish 
white,  with  a  large  reddish  brown  spot  above,  narrower  in  front,  pointed  behind, 
outlined  by  black  dots  and  some  others  scattered  in  it,  two  large  white  spots  near 
base  and  a  series  of  double  white  spots  behind  ;  venter  pale.  Cephalothorax  as 
broad  as  long,  shorter  than  tibia  I ;  P.  >L  E.  barely  further  apart,  and  hardly  larger 
than  A.  M.  E.  ;  legs  slender,  spines  long,  lour  pairs  under  tibia  I,  five  or  six  under 
metatarsus  I ;  sternum  shield  shaped ;  abdomen  broadest  behind  the  middle ;  the 
epigynum  shows  a  rounded  cavity,  broader  than  long,  divided  by  a  rather  broad  sep- 
tum, which  is  widened  near  the  middle. 

Palo  Alto,  California.   [Stanford  University  Coll.]. 


"92  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 


NOTE  ON  THE    HEAD   SET^  OF  LEPIDOPTEROUS 

LARVAE,    WITH  SPECIAL    REFERENCE    TO 

THE    APPENDAGES     OF    PERO- 

PHORA  MELSHEIMERII. 

By    Harrison    G.    Dyar,    Ph.    D. 

The  peculiar  flattened  antenna-like  organs  on  the  head  of  Cicinnus 
mehheimerii  have  long  been  known.  Harris  says  :  "  On  each  side,  just 
behind  the  five  ocelli,  are  two  flexible,  slender,  spathulate  antennje  (  ?  ) 
which,  however,  seem  to  be  without  joints  and  incapable  of  motion." 
Again  he  says:  "On  each  side  of  the  middle  of  the  head  there  is  a 
black  flexible  kind  of  antenna,  very  slender  where  it  joins  the  head  and 
broader  toward  the  end  like  the  handle  of  a  spoon."  Dr.  Packard  re- 
marks :  ' '  This  larva  is  especially  remarkable  for  new  structures  not  known 
to  exist  in  any  other  caterpillars,  viz.,  a  pair  of  long  appendages,  the 
use  of  which  is  quite  unknown.  They  arise  by  a  slender  stalk  behind 
and  a  litde  above  the  eyes,  on  each  side  of  the  head  ;  the  base  is  cylin- 
drical, but  the  appendage  soon  becomes  flattened  or  compressed  and 
flattened  bulbous  at  the  end.  The  structures  are  brittle,  not  flexible, 
and  they  easily  break  off."  From  the  foregoing  it  would  appear  that 
the  homology  of  these  structures  has  not  been  recognized,  although  it 
is  a  very  simple  one.  The  structure  is  an  enlarged  and  flattened  seta, 
exactly  analogous  to  those  on  the  body  of  Apatela  funeralis  and  a  {q\n 
other  larvae.  That  one  of  the  head  setse  should  assume  this  form  is  per- 
haps unique,  but  no  more  surprising  than  that  some  of  the  body  setse 
should  do  so.  As  to  its  function  we  are  ignorant,  as  is  also  the  case  in 
regard  to  the  Apatela,  though  we  may  surmise  that  in  both  cases  it  is  to 
present  a  terrifying  appearance  toward  small  enemies.  In  A.  funeralis 
these  grotesque  sette  certainly  heighten  the  effect  produced  by  the  con- 
spicuous larval  coloration,  and  it  may  be  that  in  C.  melsheiinerii,  when 
the  head  is  protruded  from  the  case,  these  seta^  on  it  have  a  similar 
deterrent  eff"ect. 

Figure  i  represents  the  front  view  of  the  head  of  a  larva  belonging 
to  the  Noctuina  (Agrotides).  I  have  numbered  the  set^e  on  the  epi- 
cranium  from  abo\e  downward.  Setae  i  and  ii  are  near  the  median 
suture,  iii  in  the  central  part  of  the  lobe,  iv  above  and  before  the  fourth 
ocellus  (numbered  from  below  upward),  v  behind  the  fifth  ocellus,  vi 
behind  the  eyes  as  a  whole  on  a  level  with  the  third  ocellus,  vii  is 


June,  1896.]      DyAR  :     HeaD    SeT^    OF    LePIDOPTEROUS    LARV.t. 


93 


within  the  circle  of  the  eyes  above  and  behind  the  second  ocellus,  viii 
is  before  the  second  ocellus,  and  ix  is  above  the  base  of  the  antenna. 
The  clypeal  setje  are  shown,  but  not  numbered.  Figure  2  represents 
C.  vielshehnerii.  It  is  evident  at  a  glance  that  the  spathulate  seta  or 
antenna-like  appendage  is  the  fourth  epicranial  seta.  The  head  of  C. 
i/ielsheimerii  is  coarsely  roughened  with  broad  rounded  pits.  All  the 
upper  setae  (namely  i  and  ii  on  epicranium  and  the  three  upper  clypeal 
setse)  are  greatly  reduced,  only  tiny  rudiments  remaining.  Seta  iii  is 
small  but  distinct,  iv  is  enormously  enlarged  and  flattened,  situated 
above  and  behind  the  fourth  ocellus.  All  the  lower  setae  are  normally 
developed. 

Cicinniis  belongs  to  the  Microlepidoptcra  (Tineides),  and  the  exact 
position  of  its  head  setfe  is  in  many  respects  more  directly  comparable 
with  other  Tineides.  For  example  in  Plutella  porrectella,  seta  viii  is 
situated  before  the  fourth  ocellus  as  in  Cicinnus  and  not  low  down  near 
seta  ix  as  in  the  Noctuidous  larva  shown.  However,  I  have  preferred 
to  figure  the  Noctuidous  larva,  as  the  comparison  is  thus  given  a  wider 
scope. 


DESIDERATA    OF    NORTH     AMERICAN    NOTODON- 

TIDiE. 

Bv  A.  S.  Packard. 

The  following  gaps  or  desiderata  occur  in  our  knowledge  of  the 
larvae  or  the  life-history  of  the  North  American  Notodontidae,  and  at- 
tention is  drawn  to  them  here  in  order  that  collectors  and  students  may 
aid  us  in  filling  them  up.     It  is  particularly  requested  that  the  desired 


94 


Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 


eggs  and  larvae  may  be  sent  to  the  author  in  order  that  colored  draw- 
ings may  be  made  of  them  for  future  publication  in  Part  II.  of  the  au- 
thor's monograph  of  the  Bombycine  Moths  of  North  America. 

Three  genera  are  still  unknown,  either  in  the  egg,  larval  or  pupal 
stage  ;  these  are  Ellida,  Eiihyparpax  and  Nystalea. 


and  lai'va  of  the  two  forms  of 

Symmerista  albifrons. 
and  larva  of 

Symmerista  packardii. 
of  Hyparpax  aurora. 
and  all  the  larval  stages  of 

Hyparpax  perophoroides. 

Hyparpax  venus. 

Euhyparpax  rosea. 
and  larva  in  all  stages  of 

Schizura  apicalis. 

Schizura  perangulata. 
and  stages  I,  II,  III,  of 

Seirodonta  bilineata. 

Heterocampa  manteo. 

Heterocampa  astarte. 
and  all  the  larval  stages  of 

Heterocampa  chapmani. 

Heterocampa  plumosa. 

Heterocampa  hydromeli. 

Heterocampa  belfragei. 

Heterocampa  subrotata. 

Cerura  occidentalis. 

Cerura  occidentalis. 

Cerura  scolopendrina. 

Nystalea  indiana. 


Eggs  and  larva  in  all  stages  of 

Eggs 

Qlupliisia  wrightii. 

rupta. 

Eggs 

albofascia. 

formosa 

Eggs 

lintneri. 

Eggs 

Apatelodes  angelica. 

Datana  californica. 

floridana. 

modesta. 

Eggs 

Eggs  and  early  larval  stages  of 

Ichthyura  apicalis. 

inornata. 

Eggs 

strigosa. 

brucei. 

Lophodonta  basitriens. 

Eggs  and  larva  m  all  stages  of 

Drymonia  georgica. 

Lophopteryx  elegans. 
camelina. 
Eggs  and  stages  I  and  II  of 

Notodonta  stragula. 
Eggs  and  all  the  larval  stages  of 

Notodonta  simplaria. 

Ellida  caniplaga. 

Dasylophia  thyatiroides. 


Eggs 


The  pupa  of  each  or  any  of  these  is  desired,  either  alive,  or  in  alco- 
hol, or  the  cast  shells.  Eggs  and  larvae  of  the  following  are  also  de- 
sired :  Platysamia  ceanothi,  gioveri,  Columbia  ;  Hemileuca  maia  ;  juno, 
(jrotei,  and  yavapai,  (^Euleiicophceus)  tricolor,  patnina  ;  Coloradia  pan- 
dora ;  Liinacodes  bigiittata,  rectilinea,  y-inversa.  Semyra  beuteniniilleri, 
Adoneta  leiicosigma  and  py^^incea,  Heterogenea  ccesonia,  Tortricidia 
fiaviila,  ininiita  and  fasciola.  Gloveria  arizonensis  Tolype  vclleda  and 
laricis,  Artace  puiictistriga.  A.  S.  Packard,  Providence,  R.  I.  Ad- 
dress during  July  and  August,  Merepoint,  Cumberland  Co.,  Maine. 


June,  1896.]  Proceedings  of  the  Society.  95 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Meeting  of  October  i,  1S95. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

In  absence  of  the  President,  Mr.  Dietz  was  chosen  chairman  pro. 
tern.     Eight  members  present. 

An  invitation  from  the  Brooklyn  Entomological  Society  to  attend 
their  meeting  and  view  the  Neumoegen  collection  of  Lepidoptera, 
was  received  and  accepted  with  thanks.  It  was  moved  that  a  stand- 
ing invitation  be  extended  to  the  members  of  the  Brooklyn  Society  to 
attend  any  of  our  meetings. 

Mr.  Shoemaker  exhibited  some  Lepidoptera,  among  which  was  a 
specimen  of  Limemtis,  evidently  a  cross  between  tirsuta  and  disippus. 

Mr.  Joutel  showed  specimens  of  Taxotes  cy/indricollis,  Belamira 
scalaris,  Leptura  canadensis  var.  erythropus,  Goes  piilchra,  G.  pulveni- 
lentiis,  Saperda  obliqua  and  also  Leptura  emarginata  which  he  found 
ovipositing  in  the  branch  of  a  white-oak  tree. 

Adjournment. 

Meeting  of  November  5,   1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleven  members  present. 

The  Treasurer's  report  was  read  and  approved. 

A  communication  from  the  Scientific  Alliance  stating  that  the  ex- 
penses of  the  Alliance  were  estimated  at  $600,  and  that  the  share  of  the 
Society -would  be  $30  (5%). 

It  was  moved  and  seconded  that  the  Treasurer  be  authorized  to 
pay  this  sum. 

The  Committee  on  By-laws  reported  progress. 

Mr.  F.  Kiichler  was  proposed  for  active  membership  by  Mr.  Beu- 
tenmiiller. 

A  paper  entitled  "On  the  Probable  Origin,  Development,  and 
Diffusion  of  North  American  Species  of  Diabrotica  by  F.  M.  Webster," 
was  read.  (See  Vol.  Ill,  page  158).  Mr,  Zabriskie  exhibited  Micto- 
centrum  laurifoliitm  which  he  caught  by  imitating  the  call,  with  a  quill, 
which  was  so  perfect  as  to  deceive  the  insect. 


96  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Meeting  of  November  19,   1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleven  members  present. 

Mr.  F.  Kiichler  was  elected  an  active  member. 

Mr.  Joutel  gave  some  notes  on  the  life  history  of  the  species  of 
Sapcrda  and  Goes,  illustrated  by  specimens  of  beetles  and  their  work. 
Also  some  young  larvae  of  S.  obliqiia  at  work  in  alder.  He  mentioned 
that  nine  of  the  13  species  were  found  in  New  York  City. 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  and  Schaeffer  exhibited  S.  cretata  and  S.  inoesta 
from  the  west. 

Rev.  Zabriskie  mentioned  digging  a  S.  vestita  from  apple,  and 
read  an  article  on  the  English  way  of  setting  butterflies. 

Rev.  Zabriskie  also  read  a  paper  on  the  egg  cones  of  Clwysochus 
aiiratus  illustrated  by  beetles  and  cones. 

Adjourment. 

Meeting  of  December  3,  1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museuni  of  Natural  History. 

President  Rev.  J.  L.  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Ten  members  present. 

Mr.  Ditmars  read  a  paper  entitled  "  Collecting  at  Delaware  Water 
Gap." 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  showed  Papilio  homenis  from  Jamaica  and  a 
pair  of  Ei/d(V)nonia  argiis  from  Africa  which  he  said  were  worth  £15. 

Dr.  Prime  spoke  on  the  book  worm  and  mentioned  that  the  head 
was  so  hard  it  was  impossible  to  crush  it  with  a  knife  blade.  They  seem 
to  prefer  old  books. 

Rev.  Zabriskie  showed  the  leaves  of  Hazel  rolled  into  a  ball  by  the 
weevil,  Attelabiis  rhois.  He  said  it  was  always  the  fourth  leaf  from  the 
tip  that  the  insect  used  to  make  its  packet.     It  is  found  in  early  July. 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  showed  root  of  cherry  tree  perforated  by  larva  of 
Paranda  brunnca,  also  an  elm  branch  attacked  by  Hyle sinus  opaciilits. 

Adjournment. 

Meeting  of  December  17,  1895. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Rev.  J.  L.  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.  Eleven  members 
present. 

Mr.  Chas.  Upson  Clark  was  proposed  as  corresponding  member. 

The  President  appointed  Messrs.  Dietz,  Groth,  Beutenmiiller  and 
Dyar  as  a  Committee  on  Nominations. 


June,  1S96.]  Proceedings  of  the  Society.  97 

Mr.  Dyar  showed  a  rather  rare  series  of  plates  colored  by  hand  on 
the  Bombycidfe.  Mr.  Joutel  had  examples  of  Hexarthnim  i/ikei  and 
its  ravages  in  a  pine  board.     Also  larvae. 

Meeting  of  January  7,   1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Dr.  R.  Ottolengui  was  elected 
temporary  chairman.     Eight  members  present. 

Treasurer  report  was  read  and  accepted. 

The  following  members  were  dropped  from  the  roll  :  Mohns, 
Rix  and  Rosevelt.  Mr.  Charles  Upson  Clark  was  elected  as  corre- 
sponding member. 

Mr.  Herman  Hug  was  proposed  as  active  member  by  Dr.  Kudlich. 

The  nominations  for  the  year  were : 

President,  Rev.  J.  L.  Zabriskie  ;  Vice-President,  Charles  Palm  ; 
Recording  Secretary,  Louis  H.  Joutel;  Corresponding  Secretary,  R. 
L.  Ditmars ;   Treasurer,  C.  F.  Groth. 

Executive  Committee:  Messrs.  J.  L.  Zabriskie,  E.  G.  Love, 
Dietz,  H.  G.  Dyar,  C.  F.  Groth. 

Publication  Committee :  E,  Daecke,  C.  Schaeffer,  L.  H.  Joutel, 
Wm.  Beutenmiiller. 

Field  Committee :   L.  T.  Munch,  Julius  ^Meitzen. 

On  motion  the  Recording  Secretary  was  directed  to  cast  an 
affirmative  ballot  for  these  candidates,  after  which  the  officers  were  de- 
clared elected. 

Meeting  of  January  21,   1S96. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Rev.  J.  L.  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.  Fourteen  members 
present,  also  Profs.  Putnam  and  Sirrine. 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  read  a  paper  entitled  "The  Sesiidse  inhabiting 
America,  North  of  Mexico.* 

Prof.  Putnam  gave  a  short  account  of  the  life  history  of  the  bum- 
ble bees. 

Dr.  Ottolengui  exhibited  25  rare  Lepidoptera,  a  number  of  which 
had  not  been  named. 

Adjournment. 

*  Will  be  published  in  Bull.  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  Vol.  VIII,  1896. 


98  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Meeting  of  Fedruary  4,   1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Ten  members  present. 

Mr.  Beutenmtiller  gave  some  notes  on  Catocala.  He  stated  that 
C.  californica  had  been  made  a  variety  of  ^Valker's  C.  electilis,  but 
that  californica  was  a  good  species  and  electilis  a  Mexican  species  al- 
lied to  Ji/ncti/ra.  He  further  stated  that  C.  cassandra  was  the  same 
as  electilis,  a  figure  of  which  was  published  by  Mr.  Druce  in  Biologia 
Centrali-Americana  Het.  Vol.  I,  pi.  xxxi,  Pg.  8. 

After  discussion,  adjournment. 

Meeting  of  February  18,   1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleven  members  present. 

A  paper  by  Mr.  A.  P.  Morse  *'  On  the  stridulating  Organs  of  Or- 
thoptera  "  was  read  (see  ante  p.  16). 

Mr.  Dyar  gave  some  notes  on  Head  Setas  of  Lepidopterous  Larvae. 
He  stated  that  the  setae  did  not  show  much  variation  in  position  in  the 
different  larvae  he  had  examined.  In  regard  to  the  flattened  append- 
ages of  Perophora  melshcifiieri  he  said  that  they  were  called  antennae 
by  Harris,  who  afterwards  modified  his  statement.  Mr.  Dyar,  by  aid 
of  diagrams  showed  that  they  were  flattened  hairs  and  originated  from 
the  setae  and  corresponded  to  the  hairs  of  other  larvae  in  position.  He 
also  showed  a  larvae  of  Apatela  fiineralis  which,  in  the  last  stage  has  all 
its  hairs  flattened. 

Dr.  Seifert  exhibited  a  work  on  the  European  hybrid  Lepidoptera, 
illustrated  by  many  colored  plates. 

Adjournment. 

]\Ieeting  of  March  3,   1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Twelve  members  present. 

A  communication  from  the  New  York  Microscopical  Society  ex- 
tending an  invitation  to  participate  in  their  annual  exhibition  was  re- 
ceived and  accepted  with  thanks. 

Mr.  Schaeffer  read  a  paper  on  the  Coleopterous  genus  Nodonota,  in 
which  he  gave  the  characters  by  means  of  which  the  species  could  be 
separated  from  other  allied  genera.  He  also  spoke  about  the  species  oc- 
curring in  the  vicinity  of  New  York,  illustrated  by  a  series  of  specimens. 

Mr.  Joutel  exhibited  specimens  of  Hickory,  showing  the  borings 
made  by  the  hickory  borer  (^Cylloie pictiis). 

After  discussion,  adjournment. 


JOURNAL 


J}t\a  JBork  Qntomologiral  HoriFtg* 


Vol.  IV.  SEPTEMBER,  1896.  No.  3. 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN    SPECIES    OF   NEMOBIUS. 

By  Samuel  H.  Scudder. 

The  North  American  species  of  the  Orthopteran  genus  Netnobius 
Serville  are  more  numerous  than  has  been  supposed,  notwithstanding 
that  several  species  have  been  more  than  once  described  as  distinct. 
Prof.  L.  Bruner,  of  Lincoln,  Neb.,  has  kindly  sent  me  a  considerable 
series  from  his  collection;  Mr.  A.  P.  Morse,  of  Wellesley,  Mass.,  has 
placed  ^his  collection,  mainly  from  New  England,  in  my  hands  ;  the 
collections  of  the  Museum  of  Comparative  Zoology  and  of  Mr.  S.  Hen- 
shaw  have  been  at  hand ;  and  these,  with  a  {^w  specimens  from  the  Na- 
tional Museum,  added  to  my  own,  form  the  basis  of  the  following  ta- 
ble and  descriptions.  Although  Trinidad  belongs  zoologically  to  South 
America,  I  have  added  one  species  found  there.  The  number  of 
known  species  is  hereby  doubled,  and  doubtless  more  await  discovery. 

I  should  add  that  '^  Nemobiits  circufncinctus  "  Scudd.  (Proc.  Bost. 
Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  XII,  143)  from  Mexico  is  a  Prothacustes  and  iden- 
tical with  the  later  described  P.  mexicatia  Sauss.;  the  species  given  by 
Provancher  (Faune  Ent.  Can.,  II,  24)  as  ^' Nemobius  {Anaxipha) 
septefitrionalis  Scudd."  was  named  for  him  by  me  as  Anaxipha  septen- 
trionalis,  but  it  is  identical  with  Anaxipha  exigim  (Say);  it  was  for- 
merly (Nat.  Canad.,  VIII,  61)  called  by  him  Nemobius  exiguus,  as 
Say's  species;  an  insect  referred  to  as  '■^  Nemobms  marginata'"  by 
Miss  Murtfeldt  (Ins.  Life,  V,  155)  is  probably  an  accidental  error,  as 
no  such  name  has  been  given  ;  "  JVemobius  ?  pulicarius^^  Walk.  (Cat. 
Derm.  Salt.  Brit.  Mus.,  I,  in),  is  an  Anaxipha.  This  covers  all  the 
North  American  species  referred  to  Nemobius,  except  those  given  be- 
low in  the  synonymy. 

I  have  followed  Saussure  in  employing  the  female  alone  (or  almost 
alone)  in  constructing  the  following  table,  since  the  males  of  several  of 


100  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

the  species  are  unknown  to  me.     Only  the  more  important  synonymy 
is  given. 

Table  to  determine  the  N.  A.  species  of  Netnobius, 
Ai.  Ovipositor  as  long  as  or  barely  shorter  than  the  hind  femora,  generally  rigidly 
straight. 

b'.  Tip  of  ovipositor  unarmed;  last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  very  obliquely  ex- 
cised at  apex. 

c^  Tegmina  short;  wings  wanting ;  last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  bicolored, 
the  oblique  apical  excision  of  lower  margin  beginning  before  the  mid- 
dle     distinguendus. 

c^.  Tegmina  long;  wings  very  long ;  last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  unicolored, 
the  obli€|ue  apical  excision  of  lower  margin  beginning  beyond  the  middle 

, ensif  er. 

\fl.  Tip  of  ovipositor  serrate  or  dentate ;  last  joint  of  maxillary  palpi  almost 
transversely  excised  at  apex. 

ci.  Ovipositor  distinctly  (at  least  a  tenth)  longer  than  hind  femora. 

di.   Blackish;  dark  and  light  colors  of  tegmina  of   9  feebly  contrasted 

longitudinally  above  (Northern) fasciatus. 

d2.  Grayish ;  dark  and  light  colors  of  tegmina  of  9  strongly  contrasted 

longitudinally  above  as  on  sides  (Southern) canus. 

c^.  Ovipositor  barely  as  long  as,  or  slightly  shorter  than,  hind  femora. 

di.  Teeth  of  ovipositor  blunt,  little  elevated  ;  wings  generally  .very  long 

socius. 

d^.  Teeth  of  ovipositor  sharp,  well  elevated,  well  separated;  wings 
wanting. 

el.  Tegmina  of  9  nearly  or  quite  twice  as  long  as  pronotum  ;  of 
(J  strongly  rounded  apically,  feebly  margined  with  pallid  at  sides 

of  dorsal  field  only,  if  at  all Utahensis. 

e^.  Tegmina  of  9  scarcely  longer  than  pronotum  ;  of  ^  broadly 
rounded  apically,  with  the  dorsal  field  distinctly  margined  with 

pallid  throughout  except  at  base ambitiosus. 

A'^.  Ovipositor  distinctly  shorter  than  the  hind  femora,  usually  a  little  arcuate. 

bi.  Tegmina  of  9  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  abdomen ;  wings  generally 
twice  as  long  as  tegmina. 

ci.  Ovipositor  no  longer,  or  scarcely  longer,  than  head  and  pronotum  to- 
gether. 

d'.  Face  without  vertical  pale  stripes ;  lateral  field  of  9  tegmina 
tapering  only  on  the  apical  third,  subequal  before  it..neomexicanus. 
d^.  Face  with  a  pair  of  narrow,  vertical,  percurrent,  pale  stripes  next 
the  inner  margin  of  the  eyes;   lateral   field  of    9    tegmina  regularly 

tapering  almost  from  the  base tritlitatis. 

c^.  Ovipositor  distinctly  longer  than  head  and  pronotum  together. 

di.  Tegmina  of  9  apically  truncate,  a  little  shorter  than  the  abdo- 
men ;  wings  wanting aterrimus. 

d^.  Tegmina  of  9  apically  rounded,  as  long  as  the  abdomen  ;  wings 
generally  present  and  then  very  long cubensis. 


Sept.  1896.]  SCUDDER  :    NoRTH    AMERICAN    NeMOBIUS.  101 

b^.  Tegmina  of  9  much  shorter  than  the  abdomen ;  wings  wanting. 
C.  Ovipositor  barely  arcuate. 

d'.     Tegmina  of  9  no  longer  than  head  and  pronotum  combined. 

mormonius. 
d^.  Tegmina  of  9  distinctly  longer  than  head  and  pronotum  com- 
bined. 

el.  Longitudinal  markings  of  head  continuous  to  extreme  back  of 
same ;  ovipositor  with  distinct  and  well  separated  teeth  at  apex. 

toltecus. 
e^.  Longitudmal  markings  of  head  interrupted  at  the  crown,  the 
whole  back  portion  immaculate,  sharply  defined  from  the  portions 
in  front  at  the  summit,  which  is  feebly  subcarinate  transversely  ; 

ovipositor  with  fine,  close,  minute  denticulations mexicanus. 

c^.  Ovipositor  distinctly  though  but  feebly  arcuate carolinus. 

Nemobius  distinguendus,  sp.  nov. 

Head  not  very  full,  castaneous  black,  with  a  straight,  oblique,  bright  luteous 
stripe  above  the  eyes,  passing  from  the  antennal  scrobes  to  the  back  of  the  head  on 
either  side ;  eyes  not  prominent ;  antenna  blackish  fuscous  ;  maxillary  palpi  pale, 
the  last  joint  infuscated  except  at  base,  very  obliquely  excised  apically,  beneath,  over 
more  than  the  apical  half.  Pronotum  black,  feebly  tinged  with  testaceous  laterally, 
rather  closely  hirsute  with  rather  short  fulvous  bristles,  equal,  nearly  twice  as  broad 
as  long.  Tegmina  covering  two-thirds  of  the  abdomen,  apically  well  rounded,  uni- 
form testaceous,  but  with  the  lateral  field  feebly  infuscated  ;  wings  aborted.  Legs 
blackish  above,  dull  flavous  beneath  like  the  under  surface  of  the  body.  Cerci  very 
regularly  tapering  to  a  fine  point,  about  as  long  as  the  pronotum  and  tegmina  com- 
bined. Ovipositor  fully  as  long  as  the  hind  femora,  straight,  slender,  the  apical  blades 
scarcely  enlarged  at  the  base,  regularly  tapering,  scarcely  more  than  twice  as  long 
as  their  basal  breadth,  wholly  unarmed,  the  tip  acute.  Length  of  body,  10  mm.;  of 
hind  femora,  6.9  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  7  mm. 

I  9.     Orizaba,  Mexico  (L.  Bruner). 
Nemobius  ensifer,  sp.  nov. 

Head  rather  full,  blackish  castaneous,  faintly  striate  with  testaceous  posteriorly, 
lutescent  down  the  face ;  eyes  not  very  large,  rather  full  and  prominent ;  antennae 
testaceous,  somewhat  infuscated  beyond  the  basal  portions  ;  maxillary  palpi  luteo-tes- 
taceous,  the  last  joint  very  obliquely  excised  apically  beneath  for  a  little  less  than 
half  its  length.  Pronotum  fusco-castaneous,  sparsely  hirsute  with  black  bristles  of  no 
great  length,  equal,  about  half  as  broad  again  as  long.  Tegmina  three-fourths  as 
long  as  the  abdomen,  the  tip  very  strongly  rounded,  subacuminate,  the  veins  blackish 
or  fuscous,  the  ground  fusco-castaneous,  more  or  less  clouded ;  wings  very  long.  Legs 
dirty  luteous  marked  above  with  fuscous.  Ovipositor  considerably  longer  than  the 
hind  femora,  very  slender,  a  little  arcuate,  the  apical  blades  rather  long,  scarcely  en- 
larged basally,  subequal  in  basal  half,  tapering  beyond,  wholly  unarmed,  the  tip  blunt. 
Length  of  body,  10  mm.;  of  hind  femora,  7.75  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  8.25  mm. 

I  9.     Central  America,  Rev.  Th.  Heyde  (L.  Bruner). 


102  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

This  species  and  the  preceding  can  be  confounded  with  none  of 
the  others  from  the  unarmed  blades  of  the  ovipositor.  The  males  are 
unknown. 

Nemobius  fasciatus. 

Gryllus  fasciatus  De  Geer  !  Mem.  Ill,  1522,  pi.  43,  fig.  5   (1773). 

A^einobius  fasciatus  ScUDDER !  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  VII,  430  (1862); 
Glover,  111.  N.  A.  Ent.  Orth.  pi.  6,  fig.  13  (1872);  Saussure,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex. 
Rech.  Zool.  VI,  389  (1874);  Stal!  Rec.  Orth.  Ill,  I  (1875);  Saussure,  Mel. 
Orth.  II,  242  (1877);  Beutenmui.ler,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  VI,  266,  pi. 
5,  fig.  9  (1894). 

Acheta  hospes  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.  281  (1775). 

Acheta  servilis  [Say,  Mss. ]  Harris!  Catal.  Ins.  Mass.  56  (1835). 

Acheta  (^N'einobius')  vittata  Harris!  Treat.  123  (1841). 

Acheta  vittata  Rathvon,  Rep.  U.  S.  Dep.  Agric.  1862,  380,  pi.  fig.  1 6 
(1862). 

Nemobius  vittatus  ScuDDERl  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  VII,  430  ( 1862);  Glover, 
111.  N.  A.  Ent.  Orth.  pi.  3,  figs.  9,  10  (1872);  Saussure,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.  Rech. 
Zool.  VI,  389  ( 1874);  ScuDDER  !  Rep.  Geol.  N.  H.  I,  364,  fig.  48  ( 1874). 

Nemobius  fasciatus  vittatus  Beuten'MULLEH,  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist. 
VI,  267,  pi.  5,  fig.  10  (1894). 

Aemobius  exiguus  ScuDDER  !  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  VII,  429  (1862). 

?  A'emobius  7narginata  Murtfeldt,  Ins.  Life,  V,  155    (1893). 

This  species  is  dimorphic:  long-winged,  with  tegmina  reaching 
commonly  to  the  end  of  the  abdomen  (^fasciatus);  and  apterous,  with 
short  tegmina  (vittatus).  To  the  former  belongs  A.  hospes  Fabr.,  and 
to  the  latter  A.  servilis  Say  and  N.  exiguus  Scudd.,  this  last  not  being 
Acheta  exigiia  Say,  which  is  an  Anaxipha. 

Both  forms  occur  throughout  the  range  of  the  insect,  which  is  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  North  Carolina  in  the  east,  westward  to  the  plains.  1 
have  seen  specimens  from  as  far  north  as  northern  New  England,  Mon- 
treal, Michigan,  Minnesota  and  Manitoba,  and  as  far  west  as  South  Da- 
kota, Big  Horn  Mts.  and  Pine  Cliffs,  Wyo.;  South  Bend,  West  Point, 
Sydney  and  Lincoln,  Neb.;  Topeka, Shawnee  and  Barbour  Cos.,  Kans. 
(all  these  western  localities  in  Bruner's  collection),  as  well  as  the  Platte 
River,  Nebr.,  and  Iowa;  and  as  far  south  as  Decatur,  Ala.  (L.  Bruner), 
and  Virginia.  It  has  been  reported  from  other  southern  localities, 
which  are  probably  correct,  as  Kentucky  (Garman)  and  Mississippi 
(Ashmead);  but  of  others  I  have  some  doubt,  such  as  South  Carolina, 
Louisiana  and  Texas  (Scudder),  East  Florida  (Walker)  and  Peru  ! 
(Bolivar),  where  probably  other  species  are  in  question.  In  New  Eng- 
land Mr.   A.  P.  Morse  has   taken  it  on  the  top  of  Graylock,  Mass., 


Sept.  1896]  SCUDDER  :     NORTH    AMERICAN    NeMOBIUS.  103 

(3500'),  but  in  the  White  Mountains,  N.  H.,  it  occurs  only  in  the  val- 
leys, so  far  as  yet  known. 

Nemobius  canus,  sp.  nov. 

Head  rather  large  and  pretty  full,  beset  with  black  bristles,  gray  from  a  mingl- 
ing of  dull  fuscous  and  testaceous,  above  and  posteriorly  often  separated  into  longi- 
tudinal stripes,  the  lower  part  of  the  face  lutescent ;  eyes  moderately  prominent, 
subglobose ;  antennae  luteous,  more  or  less,  but  nearly  always  slightly,  infuscated ; 
maxillary  palpi  luteous,  the  last  joint  infuscated,  apically  excised  with  a  transverse 
obliquity.  Pronotum  subequal  with  slightly  convex  sides,  generally  less  than  half 
as  broad  again  as  long,  sparsely  beset  with  moderately  long  black  bristles,  luteo- 
testaceous,  flecked  more  or  less  feebly,  or  suftused  more  or  less  generally  with  fuscous, 
especially  mesially  above  and  inferiorly  on  the  sides,  on  the  latter  deepening  to  a 
fuscous  stripe.  Tegmina  of  $  hardly  covering  the  abdomen,  light  testaceous  often 
infumated  toward  base,  laterally  with  an  equal  fuscous  stripe  next  the  dorsal  area ;  of 
9  with  an  added  fuscous  longitudinal  stripe  on  the  dorsal  face,  outwardly,  and  either 
but  little  longer  than  half  the  abdomen  and  truncate  {brevis),  or  nearly  as  long  as 
the  abdomen  and  well  rounded  {amplits);  wings  either  wanting  {brevis)  or  twice 
as  long  as  the  tegmina  {amplus).  Legs  luteo-testaceous,  the  hind  femora  a  little 
infuscated.  Cerci  fuscous,  slender,  scarcely  longer  than  head  and  pronotum  together. 
Ovipositor  much  longer  than  the  hind  femora,  straight,  the  apical  blades  n  )t  enlarged 
at  the  base,  regularly  narrowing  by  the  slope  of  the  inferior  margin,  the  tip  acute, 
the  upper  edges  serrate,  the  teeth  not  crowded.  Length  of  body,  $,  8.5  mm.,  9, 
12  mm.;  of  hind  femora,  ^ ,  7.5  mm.,  f,  8.6  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  9.5  mm. 

6   $ ,  10   Q.     Dallas,  Te.xas,  (Boll);  Te.xas,  (Belfrage,  Lincecum). 

This  species  is  closely  allied  to  JV.  fascia/us,  like  which  it  appears 
in  two  forms,  brachypterous  and  macropterous.  It  is  possibly  only  a 
geographical  race  of  that  species,  remarkable  for  its  cinereous  aspect 
and  the  striped  appearance  of  the  9  tegmina. 

Nemobius  socius. 

Xemobius  socius  ScUDDER  !   Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  XIX,  37  (1877). 

This  species  was  described  from  a  single  female  from  Georgia,  in 
which  the  tegmina  are  almost  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  and  the  wings,  if 
present,  wholly  concealed.  It  is  the  only  such  specimen  I  have  seen. 
All  the  others,  of  whichever  sex,  have  the  wings  very  long.  Addi- 
tional specimens  come  from  Sand  ford  (Frazer)  and  Charlotte  Harbor, 
Fla.  (Mrs.  A.  T.  Slosson),  from  New  Orleans,  La.  (Akhurst,  Schaum), 
and  from  Texas  (Lincecum,  "under  stones"  Belfrage,  Bell,  Aaron) 
the  last  from  the  Gulf  Coast. 

Nemobius  utahensis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  not  very  full,  dark  fuscous  mottled  more  or  less  with  tawny,  sometimes 
forming  longitudinal  streaks ;  eyes  not  very  prominent ;  antennae  testaceous  or  cin- 
ereous; maxillary  palpi  dull  testaceous,  the  apical  joint,  excepting  the  basal  third. 


104  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi  iv. 

blackish  fuscous.  Pronotum  equal,  much  less  than  half  as  broad  again  as  long, 
sparsely  beset  with  black  bristles  of  no  great  length,  fuscous,  with  a  more  or  'ess  dis- 
tinct, sometimes  very  distinct,  testaceous,  humeral  stripe.  Tegmina  of  $  shorter 
than  the  abdomen,  very  pale  testaceous,  strongly  infumated  at  base,  the  lateral 
field  with  a  piceous  stripe ;  of  J  covering  a  little  more  than  half  of  the  abdomen, 
very  broadly  rounded  or  subtruncate  apically,  testaceous  with  the  lateral  piceous 
stripe  of  the  $  and  a  basal  dorsal  piceous  spot.  Legs  fusco-testaceous.  Ovipositor 
scarcely  as  long  as  the  hind  femora,  straight  or  very  faintly  arcuate,  the  apical  blades 
scarcely  enlarged  at  the  base,  slender  and  tapering  regularly  to  a  fine  point,  with 
open  serration.  Length  of  body,  $  ,  7.5  mm.,  J  ,  8  mm. ;  of  hind  femora,  $  ,  6.6 
mm.,   9,6.25  mm.;  of  ovipositor  6  mm. 

I  S  ,  2  $.  Spring  Lake,  Utah,  July  (U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.)  ;  Salt  Lake 
Valley,  Utah,  Aug.  1-4;  an  immature   $  was  also  taken  at  same  date. 

This  is  a  smaller  species  than  N'.  fasciatus,  with  relatively  shorter 
ovipositor. 

Nemobius  ambitiosus. 

Nemobius  ainbitiosus  ScuDDER  !  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  XIX,  81  ( 1871). 

This  species  is  only  known  in  brachypterous  form  and  is  probably 
never  macropterous.  It  has  been  found  only  in  Florida,  at  Ft.  Reed 
(Comstock),  Charlotte  Harbor  (Mrs.  Slosson),  Sandford  (Frazer), 
Indian  River  (Priddy),  and  Jacksonville  (Ashmead).  The  last  two 
localities  are  derived  from  Bruner's  collection. 

Nemobius  neomexicanus,  sp.  nov. 

Head  rather  tumid,  fusco.:s  or  fusco-castaneous,  paler  below;  eyes  rather 
small,  not  very  prominent ;  antennae  dull  luteous,  maxillary  palpi  luteous,  the  last 
joint  infuscated  only  at  extreme  tip.  Pronotum  tapering  slightly  forwards,  less  than 
half  as  broad  again  as  long,  sparingly  beset  with  long  black  bristles,  testaceous  or 
fusco-testaceous.  Tegmina  of  both  sexes  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  infuaiiated  except 
along  the  sides  of  the  dorsal  surface  and  the  costal  margin,  which  are  pallid,  apically 
strongly  rounded,  the  lateral  field  in  the  9  subequal  basally,  tapering  only  on  the 
apical  third  ;  wings  twice  as  long.  Legs  luteo-testaceous,  the  hind  femora  a  little 
infuscated.  Cerci  slender,  hardly  so  long  as  the  pronotum  and  tegmina  together. 
Ovipositor  about  as  long  as  head  and  pronotum  together,  straight,  the  apical  blades 
not  basally  enlarged,  tapering  regularly  to  a  point,  above  sharply,  rather  strongly, 
and  rather  distantly  denticulate.  Length  of  body,  $  ,  7  mm.,  9  ,  7.25  mm.;  of  hind 
femora,  $,  4.5  mm.,  9>  5  nim.;  of  ovipositor,  3  mm. 

2$,  39.  Las  Cruces,  N.  Mex. ;  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  ;  Sierra  el 
Taste,  Lower  Cal. ;   Comondu,  Lower  Cal. ;  all  through  L.  Bruner. 

Nemobius  trinitatis,  sp.  nov 

Head  rather  tumid,  fuscous ;  eyes  hardly  at  all  tumid;  antenna  testaceous; 
maxillary  palpi  pallid,  the  last  joint  more  or  less  infuscated  apically,  not  more  than 
half  as  long  again  as  the  penultimate  joint.     Pronotum  scarcely  tapering,  about  half 


Sept.  1896.]  Scudder:  North  American  Nemobius.  105 

as  broad  again  as  long,  more  or  less  mottled  with  testaceous  at  the  humeral  angle. 
Tegmina  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  well  rounded  apically,  fusco-fuliginous,  more  pallid 
along  the  union  of  the  lateral  and  dorsal  fields,  the  lormer  in  the  J  tapering  through- 
out ;  wings  twice  as  long.  Legs  fusco  testaceous  or  fuscous.  Ovipositor  about  as 
long  as  the  head  and  pronotum  together,  straight,  not  very  slender,  the  apical  blades 
a  little  enlarged  basally,  tapering  regularly  to  a  point,  almost  as  long  as  the  stem, 
bluntly, feebly  and  minutely  serrulate.  Length  of  body,  <?,7.5  mm.,  9i7  nim.;  of 
hind  femora,  $  ,  6  mm.,  9  ,  5.5  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  2.6  mm. 

I  (?,2  9.  Trinidad  (Uhler).  This  species  must  be  nearly  allied 
to  N.  longipennis  Sauss.,  which  I  know  only  from  description,  but  has 
a  shorter  and  straighter  ovipositor. 

Nemobius  aterrimus,  sp.  nov. 

Head  not  very  large,  moderately  full,  black,  more  or  less  striped  with  castaneous 
above,  posteriorly  ;  eyes  not  very  prominent ;  antennae  fusco-luteous ;  maxillary  palpi 
fusco-luteous,  the  last  joint  infuscated  except  at  base.  Pronotum  faintly  tapering  an- 
teriorly, less  than  half  as  broad  again  as  long,  black,  provided  scantily  with  long, 
curved,  black  bistles.  Tegmina  black  or  blackish  fuliginous,  a  little  shorter  than 
the  abdomen,  in  the  9  truncate  ajncally;  wings  wanting.  Legs  dark  fusco-testaceous. 
Ovipositor  distinctly  longer  than  head  and  pronotum  together,  but  very  much  shorter 
than  the  hind  femora,  distinctly  arcuate,  the  apical  blades  broadened  basally,  regu- 
larly tapering  to  a  fine  point,  very  minutely  and  closely  serratulate.  Length  of  body, 
$  ,  9  mm.,  9  ,  6.5  mm.;  of  hind  femora,  $  ,  6.25  mm.,  9  ,  5.5  mm.;  of  ovipositor  3  mm. 

i^,  I  9  Jacksonville,  Fla.;  Priddey,  Ashmead  (L.  Bruner). 

Nemobius  cubensis. 

Xeinobius  cubensis  Saussure,  Miss.  Scient.  Mex.  Rech.  Zool.  VI,  384  pi.  7, 
fig.  5  {1874);  GUNDLACH,  Ent.  Cub.  II,  367  (1891). 

Nemobius  volaticus  Scudder  !  Proc.  Bost.  See.  Nat.  Hist.  XIX,  36  (1S77). 

The  doubtful  reference  by  Bruner  (Publ.  Nebr.  Acad.  Sci.,  Ill, 
32)  to  this  species  as  coming  from  Nebraska  is  perhaps  incorrect,  but 
I  do  not  know  to  what  species  the  reference  belongs. 

There  is  some  variation  (at  least  in  the  United  States)  in  the  fine- 
ness of  the  serration  of  the  blades  of  the  ovipositor  in  this  species.  It 
is  almost  invariably  long  winged,  but  I  have  three  females  which  are  ap- 
parently apterous,  though  with  long  tegmina,  one  from  Ogle  Co.,  111. 
(Allen),  the  second  from  Chicago,  111.,  the  last  from  Florida.  These 
first  two  localities  are  far  north  of  any  other  known  to  me,  excepting  a 
single  $  from  Norway,  Me.  (Smith)  in  the  Museum  of  Comparative 
Zoology  (^possibly  wrongly  labelled  as  to  locality).  Other  specimens  I 
have  seen  come  from  Georgia  (Morrison),  different  places  in  Florida, 
such  as  Lake  Worth  and  Charlotte  Harbor  (Mrs.  Slosson),  Sandford 
(Frazer),  Capron  (Comstock),  and  Indian  River  (Priddey-L.  Bruner), 
Texas  (Belfrage),  Carrizo  Springs,  Tex.  (Wadgymar-L.  Bruner),  Cuba 


106  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

(Gundlach),  San  Jose  del  Cabo,  Mex.  (Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  through  L. 
Bruner)  and  Nicaragua  (Shimek-L.  Bruner).  Saussure  says  it  occurs 
in  Cuba,  Mexico  and  Brazil. 

Nemobius  mormonius,  sp.  nov. 

Head  flavo-testaceous,  marked  slightly  with  fuscous,  not  very  full ;  antennse 
flavous,  inclining  to  testaceous,  sometimes  a  little  infuscated ;  maxillary  palpi  flavoUs, 
the  last  joint  only  about  half  as  long  again  as  the  penultimate,  its  apical  third  infus- 
cated. Pronotum  flavous,  much  marked  and  blotched  with  fuscous,  especially  in  the 
central  portion  of  the  disk  and  at  the  lower  margin,  equal,  less  than  half  as  broad 
again  as  long,  clothed  sparsely  with  moderately  long  black  hairs.  Tegmina  no  longer 
than  head  and  prouotum  together,  covering  only  half  of  the  abdomen,  apically  trun- 
cate, black,  with  the  veins,  a  humeral  stripe,  and  both  inner  and  costal  margins  pallid. 
Legs  testaceous,  more  or  less  infuscated.  Ovipositor  much  longer  than  head  and 
pronotum  together,  much  shorter  than  the  hind  femora,  very  feebly  arcuate,  slender, 
the  apical  blades  distinctly  enlarged  at  the  brse,  long,  tapering  regularly  and  gently 
to  a  very  fine  point,  delicately  but  not  very  closely  serratulate.  Length  of  body,  7 
mm.;  of  hind  femora,  4.75  mm.;  of  ovipositor,  3.5  mm. 

2?,  and  one  nymph.     St.  George,  Utah,  April  (E.  Palmer). 
Nemobius  toltecus. 

Nemobius  toltectts  Saussure,  Rev.  Mag.  Zool.  1859,316;  Id.  Miss.  Scient. 
Mex.  Rech.  Zool.  VI,  386  (1874). 

See  the  remarks  under  the  next  species. 

The  tegmina  cover  the  abdomen  in  the  $ ,  but  only  about  one-half 
of  it  in  the  9 ,  and  in  both  wings  are  wanting.  Originally  described 
from  Mexico  (Oaxacais  specified  by  Saussure  in  1874),  I  have  seen  spe- 
cimens only  from  the  same  country — Orizaba,  Jalapa  and  Tepic,  all 
through  Prof.  L.  Bruner,  the  last  from  the  collections  of  the  California 
Academy  of  Sciences. 

Nemobius   mexicanus. 

A'cniobius  mexicanus  Walker,  Cat.  Derm.  Salt.  Brit.  Mus.  I,  57  (1869). 
Nemobius  sp.  Bruner  !     N.  A.  Fauna,  VII,  266  (1893). 

It  would  seem  impossible  to  determine  Walker's  species  with  any 
certainty  without  reference  to  his  type.  His  description  is  about  equally 
applicable  to  the  present  species,  and  to  N.  toltecus,  but  I  have  regarded 
this  as  more  probably  Walker's  species  from  his  description  of  the  head, 
which  cannot  apply  to  N.  toltecus,  while  Saussure's  description  seems 
to  exclude  the  present  species.  The  essential  distinctions  between  the 
two  are  given  in  my  table. 

The  $  tegmina  cover  the  abdomen,  but  those  of  the  9  are  shorter 
and  wings  are  wanting  in  both.  It  was  originally  described  from 
Oaxaca,  Mex.;  Bruner's  specimen,  as  quoted  above,  comes  from  Pana- 


Sept.  1896.]     Skinner:  Study  of  N.American  Butterflies.  107 

mint  Valley,  Cal.     I    have   also   seen  specimens   from  Mexico  (Sumi- 
chrast),  near  Mescico,  Me'x.  (Palmer),  and  from  Jalapa,    Orizaba  and 
Menanitlan,  Mex.  (L.  Bruner). 
Nemobius  carolinus. 

Netjiobius  carolinus  Scudder  !     Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  XIX,  36  ( 1877). 

Cyrlo^ip/ms  variegatus  Bruner  !     Publ.  Nebr.  Acad.  Sc.  Ill,  32  (1893). 

Neviobius  affinis  Beutenmuller  !  Bull.  Amer.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  VI,  249. 
267,  PI.  5,  fig.  II  (1894). 

No  macropterous  form  is  known.  There  is  considerable  variation, 
apparently  independent  of  locality,  in  the  fineness  of  the  denticulation 
of  the  blades  of  the  ovipositor. 

Specimens  before  me  come  from  Jackman,  Me.  (Harvey — A.  P. 
Morse),  Norway,  Me.  (Smith— Mus.  Comp.  Zool.),  Blue  Hill,  Milton, 
Mass.  Sept.  (S.  Henshaw),  Adams,  Mass.  (Morse),  South  Kent  and 
Canaan,  Conn.,  (Morse),  New  York  (Beutenmuller),  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
(Morse),  Orange,  N.  J.,  (Beutenmuller),  Maryland  (Uhler),  Vigo  Co., 
Ind.  (Blatchley),  District  of  Columbia  and  Virginia  (Bruner),  North 
Carolina  (Morrison,  Henshaw),  Lake  Worth,  Fla.  (Mrs.  Slosson), 
Lake  Okeechobee,  Fla.  Palmer),  New  Orleans,  La  ,  (Shufeldt— U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.),  Texas  (Boll),  Texas  ''Flying  to  light"  (Belfrage),  Lin- 
coln, West  Point  and  South  Bend,  Nebr.  (Bruner). 


IMPRESSIONS  RECEIVED  FROM  A  STUDY  OF  OUR 
NORTH  AMERICAN  RHOPALOCERA. 

By  Henry  Skinner,  M.  D. 

I  wish  to  speak  of  specific  values— a  subject  which  has  always  agi- 
tated the  scientific  mind,  and  perhaps  always  will  in  the  future.  My 
excuse  for  writing  on  such  a  subject  is  the  fact  that  I  believe  the  proper 
kind  of  studies  will  enable  us  to  approximate  an  absolute  specific  value, 
or  at  least  get  much  nearer  the  truth  than  is  now  shown  by  a  study  of 
our  catalogues  and  lists  of  species.  I  do  not  care  to  go  into  the  trite 
subject  as  to  what  is  a  species,  but  think  it  only  fair  to  give  my  own 
view,  or  that  which  I  should  follow  in  the  rearrangement  of  our  species. 
I  look  upon  the  species  as  the  unit  of  classification,  and  therefore  it  is 
all  important  to  have  the  basis  of  classification  as  scientifically  accurate 
as  possible.     I  would  divide  the  definition  of  species  into  two  heads: 


108  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi  iv. 

First,  the  morphological,  or  groups  of  individuals  more  or  less  alike  in 
appearance,  form,  structure  or  color;  second,  the  physiological,  or 
those  forms  of  life  capable  of  producing  fertile  offspring  among  them- 
selves. A  species  based  on  the  morphological  part  of  our  definition  I 
hold  to  be  purely  tentative  (as  we  must  apply  the  physiological  part  of 
the  definition  before  we  can  be  absolutely  sure  we  have  a  valid  species, 
but  unfortunately  it  is  only  seldom,  or  after  the  lapse  of  much  time, 
that  specific  value  is  capable  of  such  proof).  Now,  my  idea  is  that  in- 
stead of  relying  to  too  great  an  extent  on  morphological  differences  we 
could  fix  the  value  of  those  modifications  by  analogy  or  comparative 
value.  That  is,  if  I  should  say  that  certain  species  (and  giving  a  list, 
say  of  25)  represent  my  idea  of  specific  value,  I  think  students  would 
get  a  better  idea  of  what  I  meant  than  if  I  should  spill  any  amount  of 
ink  in  definitions  and  controversies.  On  the  other  hand,  I  could  give 
a  list  of  so-called  species  that  did  not  represent  my  idea  of  true  specific 
value.  I  can  give  a  better  idea  of  my  meaning  on  this  subject  when  I 
come  to  compare  the  value  of  our  species  and  when  I  refer  to  them  as  now 
listed.  Our  species  were  described  by  a  number  of  authors,  and  therefore 
represent  to  a  large  extent  many  individual  ideas.  However,  our  last 
Catalogue  (that  of  1884,  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Edwards)  gives  the  list  of 
species  according  to  the  best  knowledge  and  belief  of  our  foremost  stu- 
dent of  the  diurnals. 

I  shall  speak  of  the  great  variation  in  insects  and  say  something  of 
its  causes,  especially  in  the  Lepidoptera.  Some  of  our  writers  seem  to 
have  ignored  absolutely  the  lessons  these  variations  teach,  especially 
when  describing  species.  We  have  been  so  busy  describing  species  and 
doing  systematic  work  in  this  country  that  we  have  not  had  time  to 
look  into  those  interesting  biological  problems  that  have  received  so 
much  attention  abroad.  There  are  many  things  which  influence  varia- 
tion in  the  Lepidoptera  which  are  more  or  less  well  known,  but  this 
knowledge  has  not  been  sufficiently  applied  in  describing  species,  or 
perhaps  in  some  cases  has  been  ignored.  The  principal  causes  which 
bring  about  variation  are  different  geological  formations  and  soils ;  dif- 
ferent foods ;  season  ;  climatic  conditions ;  horizontal  and  vertical  dis- 
distribution  or  what  might  be  called  longitude  and  latitude ;  altitude 
which  produces  apparently  the  same  effect  as  vertical  distribution. 
These  causes  may  all  be  covered  in  a  general  way  by  calling  them  the 
effects  produced  by  geographical  distribution.  Heat  and  cold  may  act 
locally  at  different  times  or  is  in  other  cases  a  factor  in  vertical  distribu- 
tion.    "  Succulent  overgrown  herbage  produces  large  pale  colored  im- 


Sept.  1896]     Skinner:  Study  of  N.  American  Butterflies.  109 

agos,  while  dry  semi-withered  food  produces  dark  imagos  of  small  size. 
Heat  accelerates  the  pupal  stage  and  cold  retards  it  and  the  effect  is 
shown  in  the  imagos.  The  character  of  the  season  influences  the  re- 
sulting imagos  and  also  the  number  of  broods.  Sometimes  species 
which  are  usually  single  brooded  may  in  special  season  become  double 
brooded,  and  those  which  are  normally  double  brooded  may  produce 
an  additional  brood.  The  individuals  of  these  different  broods  differ 
and  in  some  cases  to  such  an  extent  as  to  have  been  described  as  differ- 
ent species.  Nearly,  if  not  all,  butterflies  produced  from  wintering 
chrysalids  are  different  in  appearance  from  the  subsequent  summer 
brood  or  broods.  Pieris  napi  and  rapes,  are  whiter  with  the  blackish 
markings  nearly  obsolete.  Papilio  tiirjuis  from  wintering  chrysalids  in 
this  locality  look  like  the  Arctic  form.  Species  of  Lycczna  in  their 
spring  dress  are  very  different  from  those  produced  later.  Even  what 
might  be  called  anatomical  differences  are  produced  by  season ;  thus  in 
some  of  the  Lycsenida;  the  spring  brood  is  tailless,  whilst  the  summer 
generation  of  the  same  insect  is  provided  with  these  appendages. 

In  passing  from  the  sub-tropical  heat  of  the  Rhone  Valley  through 
successive  zones  which  are  to  be  met  with  before  reaching  the  perennial 
snows  of  the  Corner  Grat  and  the  peaks  overhanging  the  Riff  el,  a  col- 
lection of  insects  may  be  made  which  represents  in  temperature  a  dif- 
ference of  latitude  as  great  as  from  Italy  to  Scandinavia.  I  am  quite 
positive  that  if  studies  were  made  from  large  amounts  of  material  from 
different  localities  the  observing  student  would  soon  learn  to  tell  from 
whence  a  given  specimen  of  a  species  came,  from  its  appearance  alone. 
This  is  specially  true  of  forms  having  a  wide  geographical  range. 

In  Anthocharis  belia  by  prolongation  of  the  pupal  stage  we  get  var. 
aiisojiia  which  has  the  underwings  (underside)  white  with  yellowish 
green  blotches,  instead  of  being  green  with  silvery  spots.  The  spring 
brood  of  Vanessa  atitiopa  has  whitish  wing  borders  instead  of  buff.  In 
Holland  a  pale  yellow  border,  and  in  Sweden,  Norway  and  Lapland 
have  white  borders  throughout  the  year.  The  same  species  from  Penn- 
sylvania can  be  distinguished  from  California  examples,  the  latter  being 
more  nearly  related  to  the  European  form.  Lyccena  agestis,  a  well 
known  little  brown  butterfly,  with  a  marginal  row  of  rich  orange  spots, 
common  in  the  south  of  England  during  May  and  August,  when  pro- 
ducing but  a  single  annual  brood,  appears  in  July  as  a  variety  {artaxer- 
xes^  that  presents  the  black  spots  on  the  wings  replaced  by  white  ones, 
and  which  was  for  a  long  time  on  that  account  regarded  as  a  distinct 
species. 


110  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

It  has  become  an  established  fact  that  those  color-bands  with  charm- 
ing ocellated  spots  that  so  enhance  butterfly  kind,  should  everywhere 
vary,  and  in  certain  localities  vanish  ;  and  many  drab  and  brown  wings 
fluttering  among  grass  and  shade,  and  from  time  to  time  have  exhibited 
hillsman's  spots  that  have  caused  a  cry  of  new  species,  or  prompted  ex- 
perts to  enter  on  description  where  others  see  but  variety.  The  large 
Heath  Butterfly  may  be  reckoned  among  these.  This  kind  in  the 
north  of  England  at  an  elevation  of  two  thousand  feet,  according 
to  Mr.  T.  Marshall,  and  in  some  parts  of  Ireland,  according  to  Mr. 
Birchall,  has  the  eyes  painted  on  its  sandy  wings  greatly  decreased  in 
number ;  and  on  the  Perthshire  Mountains,  conjointly  with  the  English 
type,  an  aberration  is  sometimes  seen  even  less  ocellated,  and  this 
anomaly  we  find  has  established  itself  in  Lapland  as  the  local  form  isis 
of  the  species,  the  most  boreal  variation.  Our  species  are  said  to  be 
darker  than  the  same  or  allied  forms  in  Europe. 

It  has  frequently  been  noticed  that  in  the  mountains  of  Europe,  as 
well  as  in  this  country,  that  as  we  ascend  the  butterfly  becomes 
smaller  and  darker  and  their  sexes  often  lose  the  color  differentiation. 
Woody  coverts  and  proximity  to  the  sea,  as  also  the  smoke  of  towns 
and  manufacturing  districts,  are  associated  with  variety  and  melanism. 
The  system  of  variation  in  such  localities  is  the  same  and  the  cause 
is  constant,  while  external  conditions  of  environment  are  multifarious. 
Thus  the  shades  of  New  Forest  afford  a  constant  variety,  valesina  of 
Argy finis  paphia,  which  instead  of  being  fulvous  is  brown  and  spotted 
instead  of  streaked  along  the  nervures;  it  will  thus  be  noted  that  altitude 
produces  much  the  same  effect  as  shade."  Erebia  blandina,  from 
Morecombe  Bay,  has  the  brown  bands  on  the  fore-wings  replaced  by 
yellow. 

The  Lepidoptera  at  Hastings  and  on  the  coast  of  Wales  have  been 
noticed  as  being  often  deviations  from  the  types.  On  small  islands 
butterflies  have  been  considered  to  have  enlarged  wings,  but  it  should 
then  be  noticed  these  islands  lay  far  south  in  latitude,  a  consideration 
that  might  cause  us  to  hesitate  in  accepting  the  premises  on  Darwin's 
explanatory  theory  that  the  larger  wings  are  acquired  from  battling  with 
the  winds.  "Species  found  in  Japan  have  a  much  greater  expanse 
than  the  individuals  of  the  same  species  from  Europe.  Albinism  is 
thought  sometimes  to  be  produced  from  light  colored  soils.  Thus  it  is 
active  on  the  English  Chalk  Downs,  where  it  produces  varieties  in  un- 
stable genera  of  moths."  The  large  Heath  Butterfly  is  a  very  large 
insect  (var.  typhori)  in  Cumberland  and  Scotland  on  high  hills ;   whilst 


Sept.  1S96  ]      Skinner:  Study  of  N.  American  Butterflies.  Ill 

on  low  moss  lands,  on  which  water  is  charged  with  iodine,  in  Cumber- 
land, Westmoreland  and  Lancashire,  it  is  a  rich  fulvous  brown  insect, 
larger  and  stronger  built ;  and  when  these  are  acted  upon  by  hydro- 
chloric acid  gas  they  assume  the  exact  color  of  the  hill  specimens.  The 
dark  Annulet  moth  (^Gnophos  obsciiraria)  on  chalk  lands  is  a  light 
colored  grey  or  drab  insect.  In  carboniferous  limestone  districts  it  is 
a  lead-colored  insect,  whilst  on  the  New  Red  Sandstone  formation  it 
varies  from  a  rich  ochreous  color  where  oxide  of  iron  is  present  in  the 
soil  to  a  dark,  almost  black  insect  on  the  white  sandstone  parts  of  the 
New  Red  formation,  thus  clearly  pointing  to  geologically  caused  changes 
of  color.  Any  of  these  latter  forms  acted  upon  by  chlorine  appear  as 
highly  colored  grays.  The  same  remarks  apply  to  Dianthoecia  car- 
pophaga.  On  chalk  it  is  light  buff;  on  "New  Red"  here,  darker; 
but  all  buff  in  Cambrian  at  Llangollen  ;  and  at  Penmaenbach  darker 
still,  buff  or  ochreous  brown  ;  and  on  quartoise  early  rock,  rich  dark 
cold  grey-brown,  as  in  the  Isle  of  Man,  and  at  the  Howth,  in  Ireland, 
ochrey  shades  being  rarely  observable  upon  them  ;  but,  acted  upon  by 
hydrochloric  acid  gas  they  all  turn  to  a  beautiful  bright  light  fawn  buff, 
veritable  carpophaga  of  the  chalk. 

It  is  to  be  observed,  however,  that  some  varieties  we  might  be  in- 
clined to  attribute  to  certain  formations  may  be  the  result  of  a  food 
proper  to  the  soil.  Thus  in  the  cases  of  the  Welsh  Wave  Moth 
{^Acidalia  contiguaria),  bred  continuously  on  heather  from  moss  lands, 
all  specimens  become  varieties,  fumose  specimens,  whilst  fed  on  succu- 
lent plants  they  are  large  light  colored  specimens,  rarely  darkish,  but 
never  so  dark  as  when  fed  on  heather  from  the  moss.  "We  find  sea- 
sonal varieties  not  alone  alternating  in  ordinary  years,  but  witness  their 
production  by  fluctuations  in  annual  temperatures.  Thus  while  many 
butterflies  produce  one  or  two  annual  broods,  in  certain  years,  those  or- 
dinarily single  brooded  become  double  brooded ;  or  those  which  are 
double  brooded  produce  three  annual  generations."* 

I  now  wish  to  apply  some  of  these  facts  to  our  own  Lepidoptera  and 
wish  to  say  in  the  beginning  that  want  of  exact  localities  and  exact  data 
on  our  specimens  has  been  most  pernicious  and  detrimental  to  all  such 
studies.  In  many  cases  specimens  are  without  localities  or  dates  of  cap- 
ture or  only  have  a  State  locality.  Studies  of  variation  produced  by 
geographical  variation  in  the  broad  sense  indicated,  or  the  effect  pro- 
duced by  seasonal  broods,  are  impossible  without  such  data.     I  also  wish 

*  I  am  indebted  to  Insect  Variety,  by  A.  H.  Swinton,  for  these  facts  in  relation 
to  European  Diurnals. 


112  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

to  condemn,  in  the  most  emphatic  way,  colored  squares,  silver  or  beau- 
tiful golden  ones  in  the  same  way,  and  also  numbers  unless  the  absolute 
data  and  locality  are  also  given.  After  many  years  lists  which  refer  to 
numbers  are  lost,  or  the  makers  have  not  indicated  on  the  lists  what 
they  mean,  and  many  a  time  I  have  been  driven  frantic  in  looking  over 
old  collections.  As  a  friend  once  said,  God  alone  knows  what  they 
mean,  and  He  won't  tell.  When  I  commenced  my  collection  I  was  satis- 
fied to  have  a  single  pair  to  represent  the  species,  but  now  I  cannot  get 
enough  individuals  to  represent  all  manner  and  kinds  of  variation 
brought  about  by  natural  causes.  In  the  past  I  therefore  knew  this 
species  or  that,  but  now  in  many  of  our  genera  I  nearly  get  brain  fever 
in  trying  to  determine  where  a  species  begins  or  ends. 

In  looking  over  our  lists  I  would  divide  the  species,  so-called,  into 
two  classes,  species  and  gradational  or  geographical  forms.  It  should 
be  remembered  that  most  of  our  American  entomologists  were  located 
in  the  Eastern  part  of  the  United  States  and  were  familiar  with  our 
Eastern  species.  When  specimens  were  received  from  the  West,  more 
particularly  the  Pacific  coast,  it  was  of  course  seen  that  there  was  a 
difference  between  the  Eastern  and  Western  forms,  especially  where  a 
few  specimens  were  examined.  This  led  to  the  description  of  new  spe- 
cies (so-called),  but  there  was  a  total  ignorance  of  distribution,  or  what 
gradations  or  variations  might  be  found  between  the  extremes  of  locali- 
ties. The  same  thing  in  a  lesser  degree  occurs  now.  We  are  dependant 
upon  specimens  from  localities  where  collectors  accidentally  happen  to 
be,  and  our  specimens  (or  species)  show  marked  variations,  in  many 
cases  due  only  to  difference  of  locality.  Nothing  can  be  more  perni- 
cious than  determining  species  from  locality,  yet  some  naturalists  advo- 
cate this.  The  very  fact  that  you  determine  a  species  by  locality  shows 
the  whole  weakness  of  such  a  procedure.  What  would  be  thought  of  a 
person  who  would  describe  a  new  species  thus  :  Papilio  humbugi  differs 
from  Papilio  sp.  by  being  found  in  Oregon,  the  latter  flying  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Philadelphia.  This  would  be  really  better  and  indicate  more 
than  trying  to  describe  minute  geographical  difterences,  and  then  really 
identifying  the  thing  by  difference  in  locality.  I  am  positive  that  should 
some  one  go  to  work  and  hunt  up  the  original  descriptions  of  some  of  our 
species  and  find  out  the  locality  from'whence  came  the  types,  and  then 
get  specimens  representing  the  furthermost  point  of  distribution  and  de- 
scribe all  these  as  new  species,  they  would  produce  species  of  equal 
value  to  some  of  those  already  described  and  in  our  lists.  It  is  ■  per- 
fectly  legitimate  to  describe  apparent  new  forms,  but  they  should    be 


Sept.  1896 J     Skinner:  Study  of  N.  American  Butterflies.  113 

considered  tentative  only,  and  when  the  intervening  gradational  forms 
are  found  the  true  value  of  the  new  form  should  be  recognized.  The 
trouble  with  which  we  have  to  contend  in  such  cases  is  that  if  we  revise 
the  work  of  others  we  are  very  apt  to  make  them  our  enemies,  and  un- 
pleasant controversies  arise. 

It  has  been  said  that  there  is  no  such  species  as  Papilio  ajax  but  the 
forms  walshii,  abbotii,  telamonides  and  marcellus,  which  together  make 
the  species  aJax.  I  do  not  object  to  this  so  long  as  the  relationship  is 
made  apparent,  but  I  would  consider  it  entirely  wrong  to  list  these  as 
distinct  or  specific  names.  The  fault  I  find  with  our  lists  is  that  there 
is  no  exact  comparative  value  among  our  so-called  species.  In  one  in- 
stance relationship  may  be  thus  indicated,  and  in  other  cases  parallel 
value  or  relationship  has  not  been  so  recognized. 

I  now  propose  to  take  a  glance  at  our  species  and  give  some  opin- 
ions as  to  their  comparative  value.  I  do  not  say  that  my  ideas  always 
represent  exact  facts,  but  I  think  they  will  incline  toward  the  truth  and 
indicate  what  lines  of  study  may  be  taken  up  in  this  contention.  I  do 
not  mean  to  be  hypercritical  toward  the  work  of  our  American  students, 
as  their  work  equals  that  done  in  any  part  of  the  globe.  Moreover  I  do 
not  see  how  any  one  can  suppose  that  the  naming  of  a  new  species  indi- 
cates the  value  for  all  time,  as  names  are  only  tentative  until  proven  ab- 
solute, as  far  as  the  doctrine  of  evolution  will  allow. 

In  our  own  country  we  have  the  wonderful  effect  of  vertical  dis- 
tribution, seasonal  changes,  differences  of  soil,  climate,  food,  geology 
and,  in  fact,  everything  which  suggests  itself  in  this  connection.  In 
the  genus  Papilio  we  have  twenty-six  named  as  entitled  to  specific  rank. 
Of  these  twenty-six  nine  are  of  doubtful  value  in  varying  degrees  and  I 
would  arrange  them  thus,  thoas,  pergamus,  hoiiatidii,  bri/cei,  nezahnal- 
coyotl,  oregonia,  nitra,  rutulus,  brevicauda,  those  of  least  value  being 
mentioned  first  and  the  rest  following  in  order  given.  Thoas  is  a 
synonym  of  cresphontes,  pergamus  of  indra.  Rutulus  is  probably  a 
horizontal  race  of  turnus,  and  was  described  as  such  by  its  author 
Boisduval.  I  have  a  specimen  of  Papilio  taken  here  (Philadelphia)  that 
would  pass  as  rutulus.  I  believe  a  sufficient  number  of  specimens  of 
turnus  and  rutulus  representing  geographical  distribution  would  prove 
their  identity.  I  may  say  right  here  that  I  believe  the  imago  the  cul- 
mination of  nature's  effort,  and  that  while  studies  of  transformation  are 
most  valuable  they  will  not  solve  the  problem  of  specific  difference  or 
identity.  It  would  take  too  much  space  to  go  into  details  in  regard  to 
all  these,  and  I  will  only  give  opinions  in  most  instances.     Brevicauda 


114  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

would  also  have  to  be  studied  from  the  standpoint  of  distribution. 
Nezahualcoyotl  is  the  brevicauda  oi phiienor.  Do  some  of  these  forms  dif- 
fer any  more  from  their  nearest  allies  than  the  extremes  of  the  vertical 
distribution  of  iiiruus  ?  Take,  for  instance,  the  Arctic  form  or  the  form 
from  wintering  chrysalids  in  this  locality  (Philadelphia).  I  have  two 
females  of  turnus,  one  from  Philadelphia  and  the  other  from  Florida. 
One  expands  3  inches  and  the  other  6;  the  Florida  example  thus  having 
a  greater  expanse  of  3  inches.  They  differ  as  markedly  in  other  ways, 
the  Southern  form  being  a  rich  orange  and  the  local  one  almost  white. 

I  have  nothing  to  say  about  our  species  of  Parnassiiis,  except  that 
I  doubt  that  the  true  notnion  has  been  taken  in  North  America. 

In  Pieris  we  have  ten  species,  and  of  these  I  consider  three  of 
doubtful  value — nelsoni,  virginiensis  and  occidentalis.  The  putting 
virghiensis  as  a  var.  of  napi  and  also  as  a  species  was  probably  the  work 
of  the  printer's  devil.  Looking  at  the  list  and  seeing  var.  vernalis  of 
protodice  reminds  me  of  the  fact  that  all  butterflies  to  a  greater  or  less 
extent  differ  in  the  spring  or  generation  from  wintering  chrysalids, 
from  those  produced  from  eggs  of  the  first,  and  if  seen  fit  all  should  be 
called  ver7jalis.  Thus  the  spring  generation  of  the  Himalayan  Papilio 
polyctor  is  called  variety  vernalis,  and  properly  so,  but  the  spring  gen- 
eration of  Pieris  occidentalis  is  called  calyce.  Would  it  not  be  better  to 
call  all  spring  variations  the  variety  vernalis  of  the  different  species 
where  the  spring  generation  is  different  from  subsequent  broods.  Some  of 
the  varietal  names  of  species  of  Pieris  are  also  synonymous  of  forms 
found  in  Europe.  For  instance,  in  Alaska  we  have  var.  bryonice  of 
napi,  of  which  I  believe  hulda  is  a  synonym. 

In  Anthocharis  we  have  fifteen  species.  Of  these  flora,  rosa, 
reakirtii,  thoosa,  stella,  julia,  hyantis  and  tnorrisonii  are  of  doubtful 
value.  Rosa  seems  to  be  the  same,  or  at  best  a  var.  of  olympia.  I 
should  say  it  represented  the  southern  end  of  the  vertical  distribution. 
Reakirtii,  I  believe,  has  been  proven  to  be  the  verfialis  of  sara. 
Thoosa  is  probably  the  female  of  cethura.  Julia  and  Stella  are  slight 
modifications  of  var.  reakirtii.  Flora  \s  a.  distribution  modification  of 
sara.  Hyantis  is  probably  a  brood  variation  of  ausonides.  Sara 
and  reakirtii  both  have  interesting  dimorphic  females,  one  yellow,  the 
other  white. 

In  Callidryas,  semice  will  probably  be  proven  to  be  a  synonym  of 
eubule.  In  Kricogofiia  we  have  four  species  and  a  variety,  and  I  be- 
lieve them  to  be  all  one  thing. 

In  the  genus  Colias  much  good  could  be  done  by  obtaining  col- 
lections from  various  localities,  with  proper  data.     We  have  in  this 


Sept.  1896  ]      Skinner:  Study  of  N.American  Butterflies.  115 

genus  twent}'  species.  Of  these  we  have  harfordii,  moina,  a/exatidra, 
edwardsii,  emilia^oi  doubtful  value.  Now,  in  regard  to  hecla,  meadii 
and  elis,  we  know  them  from  Greenland  and  Iceland,  Laggan  and 
Colorado,  but  do  we  know  that  they  are  not  found  over  the  intervening 
territory,  and  do  we  know  that  if  they  are  thus  found  they  would  not 
show  intergrades  or  evidences  of  the  effect  of  vertical  distribution  ?  The 
Lapland  hecla  is  quite  different  from  the  Greenland  one,  and  shows  as 
much  difference  as  some  of  our  so-called  species.  Danais  strigosa  is 
likely  to  prove  a  variety  of  berenice. 

In  the  genus  Argynnis  we  have  fifty-eight  species,  of  which  about 
eighteen  are  of  doubtful  value.  I  have  a  large  amount  of  specimens 
with  proper  data  and  the  more  I  get  the  less  I  know  in  one  direction 
(in  relation  to  species  as  listed)  and  the  more  in  regard  to  the  real 
value  of  variation.  The  wonderful  and  interminable  variation  in  this 
genus  has  already  been  pointed  out.  The  presence  or  absence  of  silver 
spots  below  is  in  many  species  of  no  value  whatever,  and  my  studies 
Avould  lead  me  to  believe  that  an  unsilvered  form  always  has  a  silvered 
form,  of  regular  or  irregular  appearance,  except  in  a  few  such  species 
as  alberta,  astarte.  We  may  also  have  hybrids  each  year  which  oc- 
cur annually,  yet,  of  course,  do  not  actually  reproduce  their  kind.  The 
difference  produced  by  vertical  and  horizontal  distribution  is  tremen- 
dous. Take,  for  instance,  cybele  from  Maine  and  Florida,  the  difference 
is  fifty- fold  greater  than  between  aphrodite  from  Maine  and  aphrodite 
from  Colorado  {cipris).  Aphrodite  from  Maine  and  from  the  mountains 
of  North  Carolina  are  also  wonderfully  different  in  size  and  maculation 
and  really  differ  to  a  greater  extent  than  some  of  the  gradational  forms 
listed  as  species.  I  am  studying  this  interesting  genus  and  will  now 
point  out  so-called  species  which  show  gradational  forms  or  have  been 
proven  one  and  the  same  thing.  I  have  found  white  females  of  cybele 
like  unto  leto  and  would  refer  reader  to  Ent.  News,  Vol.  V,  p.  318. 

We  want  to  know  more  about  nitocris,  but  can't  do  anything  until 
we  get  more  material.  Cipris  is  the  form  of  aphrodite  found  in  Colo- 
rado. Alcestis  I  have,  showing  every  intergrade  into  aphrodite. 
Electa  is  so  close  to  atlantis  as  to  hardly  warrant  a  varietal  name  and 
differs  no  more  than  other  local  forms  of  atlantis.  The  one  found  at 
Nepigon  is  not  exactly  like  either.  The  forms  clustering  around  mon- 
ticola  and  rhodope  are  legion,  hardly  any  two  being  alike.  Chitone 
has  hardly  any  two  individuals  alike  and  there  are  all  grades  of  silver 
spots  beneath — from  nothing  to  a  silver  mine.  Inornata  is  probably 
an  unsilvered  form  of  some  of  the  other  known  species.  Artonis  (un- 
silvered) has  been  taken  in  coitu  with  {eiirynome)  silvered,  both  ways, 


116  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

female  artonis  and  male  eitrynoinc,  and  male  artonis  and  female  eitry- 
nome.  This  is  also  true  (I  think)  of  the  euryuome  found  in  Alberta, 
N.  W.  T.,  and  the  unsilvered  clio.  There  is  no  doubt  about  these  be- 
ing all  one  species,  and  we  may  possibly  add  to  them  opis  and  bischoffi, 
the  latter  representing  the  upper  end  of  the  vertical  chain,  it  being  the 
dark  arctic  form  which  we  would  naturally  expect.  We  need  more 
information  about  cohiinbia,  hippolyta,  semirauiis,  liliana,  /aura,  ru- 
pestris,  macaria,  egleis,  bellona  and  epithore.  Carpenterii  is  the  Al- 
pine form  of  cybele  and  it  is  of  interest  to  know  that  it  has  been  produced 
in  Colorado  and  Arizona  by  altitude  and  in  British  America  by  latitude. 
A  friend  has  recently  told  me  he  was  sure  he  had  seen  the  form  akestis 
flying  with  aphrodite  in  North  Carolina.  Some  of  our  smaller  species 
are  also  gradational  geographical  forms,  as,  for  instance,  montinus, 
boisdiivalii  and  biitlcrii  may  also  come  in  this  category. 

In  regard  to  the  anicia  group  of  Melitaa  I  have  the  wisdom  of  Soc- 
rates, "I  know  that  I  know  nothing;  others  know  not  even  this."  I 
have  species,  lots  of  them  of  value  equal  to  those  already  described. 
]Vrighfii  is  the  Southern  form  of  leanira,  and  I  have  intergrades.  Most 
of  our  specimens  of  leanira  came  from  San  Francisco  and  of  wrightii 
from  Los  Angeles  Co.  Let  us  have  the  gradations  from  between. 
Sterope,  acastiis,  palla  and  ivhitneyii  are  dangerously  close.  I  should  have 
said  that  alma  is  the  desert  form  of  leanira,  and  fiilvia  is  very  close  to 
alma,  if  not  the  same.  Hoffmanni  I  believe  to  be  an  aberration  of 
ivhitneyii.  Perse  and  chara  are*  probably  seasonal  forms  of  one  species. 
Thekla  I  take  to  be  an  aberration  of  bollii. 

Phyciodes  batesii  needs  investigation.  I  mistrust  its  specific  value. 
Camillus  is  probably  the  central  area  form  of  pratensis.  Mr.  Edwards 
has  established  the  identity  of  Synchloe  adjutrix  and  crocale  from  the 
physiological  standpoint  (breeding).  This  had  already  been  pointed 
out  by  Godman  and  Salvin  from  the  morphological  standpoint. 

In  Grapta  the  doubtful  species  are  hylas,  rnsticiis  and  silvius. 
Silenus  looks  like  an  occasional  aberration.  In  the  species  of  Vanessa 
and  Pyrantels  we  have  my  idea  of  true  species.  Jiinonia  cxnia, 
genoveva  and  nigrita  are  probably  all  one. 

I  have  a  large  amount  of  material  in  Apatura  and  feel  sure  the 
species  as  listed  will  be  reduced  in  number.  I  think  the  species  of 
Ca'iionympha  as  they  now  stand  will  be  reduced  at  least  one-half.  Ocelli, 
spots  and  color  are  all  of  doubtful  value  as  we  now  interpret  them.  My 
quotations  from  the  English  literature  on  the  subject  apply  to  our  species 
also.     I  can  see  but  one  species  in  Hipparchia  ridingsii  and  dionysius. 


Sept.  1896.]      Skinner:  Study  of  N.  American  Butterflies.  117 

Satynts  needs  study  and  revision,  and  I  do  not  care  to  say  much  about 
them  now,  only  that  ariaiie  has  almost  less  than  varietal  value.  Mr. 
Edwards  has  published  a  most  interesting  and  instructive  account  of  the 
species  of  Chionobas  found  in  California,  Oregon  and  Vancouver.  He 
shows  that  these  forms  differ  slightly  and  also  shows  that  in  the  certain 
localities  where  they  have  been  taken  (where  collectors  are  accidently 
found)  the  characters  of  the  localities  are  different.  He  also  says  they 
are  not  found  in  the  intervening  territory.  Now  from  my  point  of  view 
I  would  not  expect  them  to  be  the  same  if  taken  many  miles  apart,  but 
would  expect  to  find  certain  differences  of  less  than  specific  value. 
The  part  of  his  argument  which  does  not  seem  to  me  to  be  conclu- 
sive or  proven  is  the  alleged  fact  that  the  forms  are  not  found  in 
the  intervening  territory.  I  think  they  are  probably  found  in  places 
and  that  they  would  show  the  gradational,  geographical,  vertical,  dis- 
tributional differences  seen  in  all  Lepidoptera.  I  know  this  to  be  ab- 
solutely true  of  other  species  occurring  in  Oregon  and  Vancouver,  and 
that  they  differ  as  much  if  not  more  than  do  Chionobas  californica 
and  gigas.  This  is  true,  for  instance,  of  Parnassiiis  clodiiis.  Are  we, 
therefore,  to  give  one  of  these  forms  a  new  name?  Of  the  semidea 
group  I  have  nothing  to  say  at  present.  Libythea  bacJmiani  and  carin- 
enta  I  believe  to  be  one  species,  larvata  probably  being  a  variety  of  the 
latter  form.  Carinenta  differs  from  its  more  northern  representative  in 
the  same  way  as  many  other  butterflies  found  North  and  South — for  in- 
stance, like  Paniphila  var.  egeremet  and  otho.  Lemonias  m^rmo,  duryi, 
cythera  and  virgulti  need  investigation  both  geographically  and  in  re- 
gard to  seasonal  broods.  Calephelis  species  are  open  to  some  doubt. 
Thecla  and  Lyccena  need  study  badly,  also  from  the  geographical  and 
seasonal  standpoints,  especially  the  latter.  All  Lycfenidse  should  have 
on  pin  exact  date  of  capture  as  well  as  exact  locality.  Melinus  is  a 
species  of  great  variability  and  found  all  over  the  United  States ;  it  is 
the  same  thing  whether  from  Maine,  Vancouver,  Florida  or  Arizona — 
the  same  tune  but  with  variations.  There  are  too  many  to  mention, 
and  I  am  sure  there  will  be  a  certain  amount  of  dropping  in  values. 

In  Chrysopha/ms,  on  a  guess,  I  should  say  arota  and  virginiensis 
were  perhaps  seasonal  diff"erences  and  xanthoides  and  dione  differ  be- 
cause the  one  is  found  in  California  and  the  other  in  Iowa.  Floras  would 
seem  to  be  a  variety  of  hel/oides,  if  it  is  not  the  dorcas  of  Kirby.  The 
Greenland  hypophlceas  differs  wonderfully  from  Pennsylvania  specimens, 
and  is  more  entitled  to  specific  value  than  is  sirius,  the  more  Eastern 
rubidus.     The  one  shows  the  vertical  differences  and  the  other  the  hori- 


118  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [voi.  iv. 

zontal  effects  of  distribution.  I  am  studying  the  genus  Lyccrna  and 
think  many  names  will  eventually  have  the  same  value  as  those  under 
pseiidargioliis,  of  which  we  now  have  nine  names.  They  represent  what 
many  of  the  others  will  in  the  future — gradational  geographical  forms 
and  seasonal  variations.  When  people  put  date  and  locality  on  the 
pins  we  will  be  able  to  find  out  these  things.  I  have  expressed  my 
views  in  regard  to  Painphila.  See  Can.  Ent.,  Vol.  XXVII,  p.  261.  The 
variations  of  comnia  should  not  be  entitled  to  specific  value.  The  spe- 
cies in  N"isotiiades  are  in  bad  shape  and  need  careful  study.  I  believe 
we  have  some  synonyms  among  them.  The  species  of  Aegiale  are  in- 
teresting, and  may  be  modifications  produced  by  season,  condition  of 
food  plant,  etc.  Neumoegeni  is  a  very  distinct  species.  The  others 
are  more  nearly  related. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  LARVAE  OF  SOME  HETERO- 
MEROUS  AND  RHYNCHOPHORUS  BEETLES. 

( Plate  IV,  >  igs.  1-6  ) 
Bv  H.  F.    WiCKHAM. 

The  following  descriptions  have  been  written  for  the  sake  of  mak- 
ing known  to  American  students  the  immature  stages  of  some  of  our 
beetles.  In  view  of  how  little  has  been  done  in  this  country,  it  will  not 
surprise  most  Coleopterists  to  hear  that  they  all  belong  to  genera  in 
which  none  of  the  species  peculiar  to  our  continent  have  yet  been 
studied  in  the  larval  state. 

Nearly  all  of  the  details  are  from  camera-lucida  drawings  of  balsam 
mounts  ;  they  are,  however,  not  all  on  the  same  scale,  being  made  from 
time  to  time  as  leisure  offered  and  with  different  instruments. 

Megeleates  sequoiarum    Casey.     (Fig.  i.) 

Larva  cylindrical,  elongate,  tapering  slightly  to  each  end.  Color 
in  spirits  yellowish,  head  somewhat  darker,  mouth  parts  castaneous. 
Length  16  mm.  Head  barely  perceptibly  narrower  than  the  prothorax, 
sides  rounded,  front  nearly  vertical,  flattened.  A  distinct  ridge  runs 
down  on  each  side  of  the  frontal  declivity  to  the  base  of  the  mandibles. 
The  ocelli  are  situated  on  the  upper  or  posterior  portion  of  this  ridge 
and  are  connected  with  each  other  by  a  transverse,  very  tortuous  raised 
line.     Antenna  situated   exterior  to  the  mandibles,  apparently  four- 


Sept.  1896]  Wickham:  Larv.^  of  Some  Beetles.  119 

jointed,  although  what  appears  as  the  first  joint  may  possibly  be  merely 
a  cephalic  process.  The  second  and  third  joints  are  of  about  equal 
length,  though  the  third  is  of  much  less  diameter  ;  the  fourth  is  small 
and  springs  from  a  termino-lateral  point  instead  of  from  the  center  of 
the  tip  of  the  third.  Mandibles  very  heavy;  in  lateral  outline  they  show 
a  strongly  bidentate  tip,  while  the  inner  edge  near  the  base  is  serrate. 
One  mandible  (in  a  balsam  mount)  shows  also  a  strong  tooth  just  above 
the  serrated  portion.  Maxillae  with  subcylindrical  outer  lobe,  which 
is  somewhat  smaller  toward  apex  ;  inner  lobe  sub-reniform,  face  with 
numerous  shortish  spines;  palpus  3-jointed,  joints  not  greatly  differing 
among  themselves  in  length  but  decreasing  gradually  in  thickness. 
Mentum  slightly  elongate,  truncate  at  tip,  ligula  with  sides  oblique 
from  the  base  to  the  broadest  portion,  which  is  slightly  posterior  to  the 
point  of  insertion  of  the  palpi;  angles  rounded,  apex  with  median  pro- 
longation bearing  at  tip  a  pair  of  rather  short  divergent  bristles ;  palpi 
two-jointed,  the  second  joint  slightly  shorter  and  much  more  slender. 
A  dissection  exposing  the  upper  floor  of  the  labium  shows  a  basi- 
median  parabolic  band  of  pubescence  (see  Fig.  i,  mt.),  surrounding 
a  strong  brown  chitinous  piece,  articulated  to  another  support  at  its  pos- 
terior extremity.  A  similar  structure  is  found  in  the  mouth  of  Hymen- 
orus.  Clypeus  about  twice  as  broad  as  long,  narrower  anteriorly,  angles 
rounded ;  labrum  somewhat  semicircular  in  outline,  surface  bristled  as 
shown  in  figure. 

Prothorax  longer  than  the  meso  or  metathorax,  the  last  two  about 
equal  to  each  other.  Abdomen  of  nine  segments,  the  first  seven  differ- 
ing but  little  in  length  among  themselves,  the  eighth  a  little  shorter,  the 
ninth  much  so  ;  it  is  terminated  by  a  pair  of  short  spines  springing  from 
the  dorso-posterior  margin.  Legs  short,  coxk  conical,  trochanters  tri- 
angular in  lateral  view,  outer  side  much  the  longest,  femora  broader  at 
tip,  tibire  narrowed  to  apex,  claw  curved,  simple,  bearing  two  bristles 
near  the  base  on  the  lower  surface.  Spiracles  nine,  the  largest  situated 
near  antero-lateral  mesothoracic  margin ;  segments  one  to  eight  of  the 
abdomen,  each  with  one  near  the  latero-median  point. 

The  specimens  described  were  given  me  by  Dr.  F.  E.  Blaisdell, 
who  obtained  them  in  woody  fungi  in  Calaveras  Co.,  California. 
Meracantha   contracta  Beauv.     (Fig.  2.) 

Form  elongate  cylindrical,  not  tapering;  color  yellowish  or  brown- 
ish, the  iiead  and  dorso-median  portions  of  all  the  segments  darker, 
ventral  surface  paler  than  the  upper.  Length  of  full  grown  specimen 
19  mm.     Head  slightly  narrower   than  the   prothorax,  shining,  rather 


120  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

finely  and  not  densely  punctured  ;  there  is  an  impressed  line  on  the 
front  extending  in  a  parabolic  course  from  the  base  of  one  mandible 
well  up  on  to  the  vertex,  thence  curving  around  and  running  down  to 
the  other  mandible.  Bristles  few  but  long.  Antennae  four-jointed,  first 
joint  much  broader  and  somewhat  longer  than  the  second,  which  is  in 
turn  slightly  broader  but  much  shorter  than  the  third  ;  fourth  joint  very 
smaii,  tipped  with  one  long  and  two  short  bristles.  Ocelli  are  situated  on 
the'sides  of  the  head  behind  the  bases  of  the  antennae.  Labrum  transverse, 
sides  rounded,  anterior  margin  truncate  and  slightly  sinuate,  angles 
broadly  rounded.  There  are  three  long  bristles  on  each  side  and  a  se- 
ries of  about  fourteen  shorter  ones  around  the  margin.  Mandibles  very 
heavy  and  strongly  toothed  ;  a  side  view  is  figured;  other  aspects  show 
that  the  tip  is  emarginate  or  bidentate.  INIaxilla^  armed  on  the  inner 
face  with  a  regular  series  of  strong  spines;  there  are  also  a  few  smaller 
scattered  spines  on  the  surface.  Palpi  three-jointed,  first  and  second 
joints  about  equal  in  length,  the  latter  narrower,  third  joint  smaller  and 
shorter.  The  second  joint  bears  two  very  long  bristles,  the  others  are 
smooth.  Mentum  subcordiform  in  outline,  ligula  very  small,  tipped 
with  two  short  spines,  palpigers  broad,  palpi  heavy,  the  first  joint  much 
smaller  than  the  second. 

Prothorax  about  twice  as  long  (on  dorsal  surface)  as  the  mesothorax, 
the  anterior  side  margin  oblique,  so  that  the  segment  is  shorter  on  the 
ventral  surface  than  on  the  dorsal.  The  scute  is  slightly  roughened, 
but  shining,  the  whole  anterior  margin  marked  with  very  fine  longitu- 
dinal rugosities.  The  mesothorax  is  short,  the  metathorax  about  one- 
half  longer,  surface  sculptured  like  that  of  the  prothorax  except  that 
there  are  none  of  the  fine  longitudinal  rugosities.  Abdomen  ot  nine 
segments,  the  first  eight  of  which  are  almost  alike,  very  convex  above, 
ventral  surface  with  a  deep  longitudinal  impression  each  side  Ninth 
segment  obliquely  truncate  and  deeply  excavated  on  upper  surface,  the 
excavation  coarsely  rugose,  ventral  surface  with  numerous  bristles.  From 
the  region  of  the  suture  between  this  segment  and  the  eighth  protrudes 
on  the  ventral  aspect  a  small  brown  semicircular  plate,  tipped  by  two 
papillae.  Spiracles  in  nine  pairs,  the  largest  being  situated  on  the  under 
surface  of  the  mesothorax  in  front  of  the  coxae,  while  the  remainder  are 
found  on  the  abdomen  near  the  anterior  margin  of  the  sides  of  segments 
one  to  eight.  Legs  moderate,  not  differing  much  in  length  among 
themselves,  the  anterior  pair  a  trifle  stouter,  coxae  very  prominent, 
claw  sharp,  curved  in  lateral  aspect  (it  is  twisted  out  of  place  in  the 
camera-lucida  drawing)  and  armed  beneath  with  two  spines  or  bristles. 


Sept.  1896.]  WiCKHAM  :    LaRV.«    OF    SOME    BEETLES.  121 

These  larvce  are  found  occasionally  about  rotten  wood  near  Iowa 
City  and  are  remarkable  for  the  shape  of  the  last  abdominal  segment. 
The  change  to  pupa  takes  place  in  April,  one  of  mine  pupating  on  the 
twenty-second  of  the  month,  the  beetle  appearing  on  May  fourth.  The 
pupa  is  white,  lying  naturally  in  a  curved  position.  Length,  measured 
along  the  chord  of  the  arc,  14  mm.  The  sides  of  the  abdominal  seg- 
ments are  armed  with  flattened  processes,  bearing  each  a  short  spine  at 
tip;  these  processes  are  two  in  number  on  each  side  of  the  second,  third, 
fourth  and  fifth  segments ;  on  the  first  segment  there  is  but  one,  a  short 
one,  while  the  single  one  on  the  sixth  is  of  moderate  size.  The  last 
segment  is  excavated  above  and  armed  with  a  pair  of  long  sharp  termi- 
nal spines. 
Hymenorus  obscurus  S(7y.     (Fig.  3.) 

Larva  very  elongate,  slender,  subcylindrical ;  back  very  convex, 
venter  flattened,  and  with  a  longitudinal  furrow  on  each  side.  Color,  in 
life  nearly  white,  in  spirits  yellowish,  surface  shining.  Length,  12  to 
13  mm.  Head  about  as  wide  as  the  prothorax  and  of  darker  color 
than  the  rest  of  the  body,  antennce  four-jointed,  first  and  second  joints 
about  equal  in  length,  the  first  broader  ;  third  joint  about  one  and  one- 
half  times  as  long  as  the  second,  rounded  at  tip,  a  ring  of  small  spines 
surrounding  the  subterminal  enlargement ;  fourth  joint  small,  papilli- 
form,  trisetose  at  tip.  Labrum  more  than  twice  as  broad  as  long,  sides 
rounded,  apex  truncate  or  very  slightly  emarginate,  margin  bristly,  a 
few  scattering  spines  on  the  surface,  under  face  with  a  parabolic  band 
of  small  spines  (See  Fig.  3  Ibr.).  Mandibles  very  heavy,  deeply  emar- 
ginate, strongly  toothed,  and  with  a  broad  basal  molar  portion.  Max- 
illae with  two  rows  of  very  strong  spines  on  the  inner  face,  as  well  as 
numerous  scattered  ones.  Palpal  joints  decreasing  gradually  in  thick- 
ness, apparently  four  in  number,  as  shown  in  Fig.  3  max.  ;  there  is, 
however,  some  slight  damage  done  to  the  basal  portion  in  my  prepara- 
tion, so  that  I  do  not  feel  quite  sure.  The  last  joint  has  a  fringe  of 
small  spines  around  the  tip.  Labium  of  moderate  size,  palpi  thick, 
second  joint  narrower ;  the  prolongation  of  the  tip  of  the  ligula  is  of 
considerable  size,  nearly  reaching  to  end  of  first  palpal  joints,  and  bears 
at  apex  two  bristles  about  equalling  it  in  length.  The  chitinous  sup- 
ports are  two — the  basal  piece  about  as  broad  as  long,  rounded  at  base, 
rather  deeply  emarginate  and  distinctly  sinuate  at  tip,  angles  prom- 
inent ;  the  apical  piece  elongate,  narrow  and  deeply  notched  at  tip. 
Prothorax  longer  than  the  mesothorax  and  metathorax,  which  are  about 
equal  to  each  other  in  length.     The  mesothorax  bears  a  spiracle  on 


122  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

each  side  in  front  of  the  coxae.  Abdomen  of  nine  segments,  the  first 
eight  about  equal  in  size,  each  bearing  a  pair  of  spiracles,  which  are 
situated  near  the  antero-lateral  margin;  ninth  bluntly  conical,  bristly, 
beneath  with  a  pair  of  papilliform  appendages  projecting  from  beneath 
a  plate  lying  near  the  anterior  margin.  Legs  moderate  in  length,  very 
bristly,  coxk  very  prominent,  claw  not  toothed. 

The  larvse  were  found  in  a  rotten  oak  stump,  and  were  at  first 
taken  to  be  Elateridae.  The  change  to  pupa  took  place  April  27th, 
the  beetle  appearing  May  6th,  The  pupa  is  white,  7  mm.  long ;  sides 
of  abdomen  with  compressed  three-toothed  processes ;  terminal  segment 
with  two  short  curved  spines. 
Acamptus   rigidus  Lee.     (Fig.  4.) 

Living  larva  white,  head  yellowish,  mandibles  castaneous.  Form 
rather  short,  robust,  position  at  rest,  curved.  Length  5  mm.,  width  al- 
most 2  mm.  Head  large,  deflexed,  oval  in  frontal  view.  A  rather 
deep  impressed  line  runs  the  length  of  the  median  region  above.  Sur- 
face rather  sparsely  bristly,  the  bristles  longer  and  more  numerous  near 
the  sides.  The  antennae  cannot  be  made  out  distinctly,  but  are  very 
short  and  borne  in  pits  over  and  outside  of  the  mandibles.  Eyes  are 
wanting.  Mandibles  heavy,  triangular,  strongly  chitinized,  inner  edge 
sinuate  and  with  a  strong  tooth  near  the  tip.  Maxillae  heavy,  basal 
portion  furnished  on  the  masticatory  face  with  several  (eight  or 
nine)  strong  articulated  spines;  palpus  two-jointed,  the  joints  thick, 
basal  one  the  thicker  and  somewhat  the  longer.  Mentum  mostly  mem- 
branous, the  basal  portion  therefore  indistinctly  limited.  The  terminal 
part  bears  four  moderate  spines  at  tip ;  the  palpi  are  two-jointed,  the 
basal  joint  much  the  longer.  Thoracic  segments  membranous,  broader 
than  the  head  ;  they  do  not  bear  legs,  but  each  has  on  the  ventral  sur- 
face a  pair  of  large  tubercles  which  bear  ambulatory  bristles — about  six 
to  each  tubercle  but  not  all  of  the  same  length.  Abdominal  segments 
not  well  differentiated  from  the  thoracic,  soft  in  consistence,  the  term- 
inal one  obtuse.  All  the  segments  are  bristly  towards  the  sides,  and  on 
the  back  are  seen  four  long  bristles  which  arise  near  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen.  The  median  portion  of  the  ventral  surface  is  devoid  of 
them.  The  dorso-terminal  portion  of  the  abdomen  has  a  squamose  ap- 
pearance, but  under  a  high  power  these  apparent  squamules  are  seen  to 
be  short  sharp  spines. 

Larvae  were  sent  me  by  Mr.  A.  B.  VVolcott  from  near  Bloomington, 
Illinois;  they  were  taken,  March  13th,  from  the  interior  of  a  soft  maple 
tree.     According  to  Mr.  Wolcott's  account,  this  tree  had  received,  at  a 


Sept.  1896]  WiCKHAM  :     LaRV^    OF    SOME    BEETLES.  123 

point  about  five  feet  from  the  ground,  an  injury  which  had  removed 
the  bark,  the  exposed  place  then  being  attacked  by  the  large  horn-tail, 
Tremex  columba.  For  about  an  inch  from  the  surface  the  wood  was 
quite  hard,  but  inside  of  this  shell  was  quite  badly  decayed  and  soft. 
The  young  Acamptus  larvae  were  found  just  entering  the  soft  wood  on 
sides  of  the  Tremex  burrow,  while  the  large  ones  were  taken  at  the  end 
of  a  gallery  of  an  inch  or  two  in  length,  this  gallery  having  its  origin 
from  the  side  of  that  of  the  Tremex.  The  full  grown  larvee  had  formed, 
at  the  date  mentioned,  rounded  cells,  apparently  for  pupation ;  these 
cells  had  no  evidence  of  silk  in  their  construction.  Mr.  Wolcott  has 
kindly  furnished  a  drawing  to  illustrate  the  work  of  this  larva  (Plate 
IV,  Fig.  6).  The  burrow  of  the  Tremex  is  shown  at  Tr,  while 
that  of  the  Acamptus  is  marked  Ac.  The  black  spots  in  the  latter 
show  where  the  larva  had  made  short  secondary  burrows  for  the  depth 
of  an  eighth  of  an  inch  or  so.  All  of  the  larvae  taken  by  Mr.  Wolcott 
were  found  with  the  head  pointing  upward,  whether  the  burrow  ran 
up  or  down.  This  may  simply  be  the  position  of  rest  for  the  winter. 
A  few  adults  were  taken  with  the  young,  at  the  date  cited,  but  they  were 
more  numerous  in  November  preceding.  None  have  been  seen  on  the 
outside  of  the  tree,  nor  do  any  of  the  healthy  trees  seem  to  have  been 
attacked. 
Yuccaborus,  sp.     (Fig.  5.) 

Larva  robust,  natural  position  curved,  consistence  soft.  Color 
nearly  white,  head  testaceous,  mouth  dark  brown.  Head  more  strongly 
chitinized  than  the  rest  of  the  body,  its  upper  surface  sparsely  bristled, 
median  line  distinct  for  about  one-half  of  the  distance  from  the  hind 
margin  when  it  forks,  separating  into  two  lines,  one  of  which  extends 
towards  each  anterior  angle.  Antennae  extremely  short  and  contained 
in  pits  at  the  sides  of  the  head  near  the  mandibles.  Clypeus  separated 
from  the  front  by  a  distinct  suture  \  in  form  transverse,  approximately, 
thrice  as  broad  as  long,  narrower  anteriorly,  sides  oblique.  Labrum  as 
broad  as  the  anterior  margin  of  the  clypeus  but  shorter  than  the  sclerite, 
sides  rounded,  bristled  as  shown  in  the  figure.  Mandibles  extremely 
heavy,  triangular  in  outline,  the  inner  margin  irregular  but  without  de- 
fined teeth.  Maxillje  with  very  heavy  base,  inner  face  flattened  and 
armed  for  about  one-half  of  its  length  with  a  dense  covering  of  bristles. 
Palpi  two-jointed,  the  first  joint  much  stouter  than  the  second.  Labia 
palpi  two-jointed,  almost  like  the  maxillary  ;  the  ligula  is  emarginate  at 
tip,  and  each  of  the  projections  thus  formed  bears  a  bunch  of  bristles  at 
apex.     Prothorax  about  as  long  as  the  meso-  and  meta-thorax  combined, 


124  Journal  New  York;  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

dorsal  shield  strongly  chitinized  and  with  a  yellowish  tinge.  There  are 
no  legs,  but  each  of  the  thoracic  segments  bears  on  its  ventral  surface  a 
pair  of  setigerous  tubercles  which  are  doubtless  locomotive  in  function. 
Abdomen  increasing  gradually  in  size  from  the  first  to  the  third  segment, 
thence  gradually  decreasing  to  the  fifth.  The  remaining  segments  (ap- 
parently three  in  number)  are  much  smaller  than  the  preceding  and 
decrease  more  rapidly  in  size.  The  eighth  segment  is  deeply  and  broadly 
longitudinally  sulcate,  each  of  the  lateral  ridges  (one  of  which  bounds 
this  excavation  on  each  side)  bearing  an  elongate  setigerous  tubercle 
near  the  anterior  and  another  near  the  posterior  border.  The  whole 
ventral  surface  of  the  body  is  traversed  by  rather  deeply  impressed  longi- 
tudinal lines,  which,  running  crosswise  of  the  segmental  incisions,  give 
a  somewhat  tuberculate  appearance  to  this  region.  On  the  dorsal  sur- 
face the  plications  are  parallel  to  the  segmental  incisions.  Length  lo  mm. 

Pupa  tolerably  closely  reproducing  the  form  of  the  beetle,  the  head 
and  beak  sparsely  set  with  short  and  sharp  spines.  The  pronotum 
bears  a  pair  on  the  median  line  near  the  base;  on  each  side  of  and  a 
little  posterior  to  this  middle  pair  lies  another  pair,  and,  still  exterior, 
another.  The  anterior  portion  of  the  pronotum  bears  one  spine  on  each 
side  near  the  front  margin,  separated  from  each  other  by  a  space  some- 
what less  than  the  width  of  the  head  ;  behind  and  somewhat  to  the 
side  of  these  spines  are  two  others,  one  on  each  side.  The  meso-  and 
meta  notum  each  bear  two  rows  of  spines  which  converge  posteriorly. 
The  abdominal  segments  are  armed  with  transverse  rows.  Length  12 
mm. 

Numerous  pupje  and  adults  with  one  larva  were  found  near  Browns- 
ville, Texas,  infesting  a  dead  yucca.  They  occur  in  the  decaying  por- 
tion immediately  underlying  the  old  bases  of  the  leaves.  The  specific 
identity  of  the  beetle  is  not  settled,  but  it  may  turn  out  to  be  the  same 
as  one  of  the  Mexican  species. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE 


Fig.   I.     Megeleates  sequoiarum  Casey. 
Fig.  2.     Meracantha  contracta  Beauv. 
Fig.  3.     Hymenorus  obscurus  Say. 
Fig.  4.     Acamptus  rigidus  Lcc. 
Fig.  5.     Yuccaborus,  sp. 

Fig.  6.     Piece  of  wood  from  soft  maple  tree,  showing  burrow  oi  Acamptus  (Ac.) 
springing  from  burrow  of  Tremex  (Tr.). 
All  details  are  marked  alike,  viz. — Ibr.^labrum  ;  Mt.=labium;  Md.=Mandible  ; 
Max.=Maxilla  ;  ant.=antenna. 


Sept.  1896.]       Dvar:   Life  History  of  Euclea  Delphinii.  125 

THE    LIFE-HISTORY  OF    THE    FLORIDA    FORM    OF 
EUCLEA    DELPHINII. 

Bv  Harrison  G.  Dvar,  .A.   M.,  Ph.  D. 

(Plate  V,  Figs.   I-13.) 

Larvae  found  at  Lake  Worth,  Florida,  in  January,  1896,  differed 
from  any  previously  seen  by  me,  and  were  supposed  to  represent  some 
species  of  Euclea  or  Mofioleiica  not  previously  bred.  However,  the 
moths  which  emerged  proved  to  be  E.  delphinii.  I  present  herewith 
an  account  of  their  life-history  in  advance  of  that  which  Miss  Morton 
and  I  v^ill  work  out  of  the  New  York  form,  since  I  have  been  fortunate 
enough  to  observe  all  the  stages.  I  am  much  indebted  to  Mr.  F.  Kin- 
zel,  of  Palm  Beach,  for  a  supply  of  food  plants  during  the  winter 
months. 

The  larvae  are  nearest  in  pattern  and  structure  to  the  form  provi- 
sionally called  E.  pmnulata  {elliotii)  by  Miss  Morton  and  myself  (Journ. 
N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc,  III,  146).  They  differ  in  coloration  and  in  having 
a  pair  of  caltrope  patches  on  the  subdorsal  horns  of  joint  13,  which  are 
absent  in  pcenulata.  In  both  there  is  a  single  group  of  detatchable 
spines  and  the  subdorsal  line  is  unbroken  by  discolorous  patches.  The 
synonymy  and  relations  of  the  several  forms  of  the  delpliiuii  group,  as 
well  as  figures  of  the  caltropes  and  spines  will  be  deferred  to  our  paper 
on  the  New  York  species,  where  we  hope  to  discuss  these  matters  in  full. 

Special  Structural  Characters. 

Dorsal  and  lateral  spaces  broad,  sub  ventral  space  narrow,  con- 
tracted ;  ridges  very  slight,  the  lateral  the  most  distinct,  approximate  to 
the  subventral.  Fleshy  horn-like  processes  unequally  elongated ;  in 
stage  I  bearing  primitive  setfe  ;  after  first  molt  the  subdorsal  and 
lateral  rows  covered  with  numerous  urticating  spines,  mixed  with  less 
developed  spines  bearing  setas ;  subventral  row  rudimentary.  The  sub- 
dorsal horns  are  well  developed  on  joints  3  to  5  and  11  to  13,  moderate 
on  joint  8,  very  small  on  6,  7,  9  and  10,  but  none  are  rudimentary  as 
they  are  in  Sibine.     Of  the  lateral  row  the  one  on  joint  5  is  absent. 

Depressed  areas  feebly  developed,  usually  only  their  pale  glandu- 
lar centers  visible,  under  favorable  circumstances  also  the  areas  them- 
selves as  slight  hollows,  smoother  than  the  general  surface  ;  dorsal  row 
(i)  paired,  double  between  joints  3-4  and  4-5,  ad-dorsal  (2)  slight; 


126  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

the  lateral  row  (4)  and  lower  intersegmental  lateral  (6)  quite  distinct, 
the  former  reniform. 

Skin  at  first  smooth,  in  the  later  stages  covered  with  minute  clear, 
conical  granules,  rather  sparsely  distributed.  These  little  granules  are 
intermediate  in  development  between  the  sharp-pointed  skin  spines  of 
Sibine  and  the  low,  rounded,  smooth,  colorless  granules  of  Apoda. 
They  are  not  present  on  any  of  the  horns,  which  are  armed  only  with 
the  spines  and  setre.  Caltrope  patches  appear  toward  the  tip  of  the 
horns  of  the  lateral  row  at  about  stage  VII.  They  are  present  on  joints 
6  to  I  2  and  also  on  the  subdorsal  horn  of  joint  13.  In  the  last  stage  a 
single  pair  of  detachable  spine  patches  appears,  situated  above  the  sub- 
dorsal horn  of  joint  13,  the  patch  small,  slender,  obliquely  truncate. 

The  coloration  is  on  the  whole  mimetic  and  adapted  to  escape  ob- 
servation. These  larvae  persistently  hide  by  day  in  their  native  habitat, 
creeping  into  curled  leaves  or  any  other  similar  protected  place  on  their 
food  plant. 

The  larva  is  closely  comparable  with  Sibine  (Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent. 
Soc,  IV,  2),  on  the  whole  slightly  less  specialized,  as  seen  by  the 
smaller  and  imperfectly  developed  detachable  spines  and  the  less  un- 
equally developed  horns.  Its  skin  structure  is,  however,  considerably 
higher  than  that  of  Sibine. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

Eg^s. — Laid  singly,  or  in  patches  of  two  to  seven,  slightly 
overlapping.  Flattened,  the  upper  surface  low  arched,  elliptical,  but 
not  of  a  constant  shape  ;  1.6  x  .9  x  .2  mm.,  or  about  these  dimensions, 
varying  in  thickness  as  well  as  in  outline.  Nearly  transparent  as  seen 
on  the  leaf,  milky  whitish  on  glass,  and  pale  lemon  yellow  on  white 
paper,  shining ;  reticulations  obscure,  narrow,  linear,  angularly  4  to 
6-sided  areas,  only  seen  in  a  strong  direct  light.  The  eggs  hatch  in 
seven  days  from  the  time  they  are  laid. 

Stage  I. — The  embryo  forms  as  usual  curved  ventrally,  flattened 
laterally,  the  head  and  tail  touching.  Before  hatching  it  shortens  and 
thickens  slightly,  but  still  well  compressed,  and  emerges  through  a  hole 
at  the  top  of  the  egg.  Head  pale  with  a  large  black  eye ;  width  about 
.2  mm,  retracted  beneath  joint  2,  which  may  be  partly  retracted  below 
joint  3.  Body  rather  square,  the  horns  all  present  as  described  for  the 
mature  larva,  but  the  short  ones  relatively  longer  (Plate  V,  Fig.  i).  The 
arrangement  is  as  in  Sibine  and  is  shown  on  the  plate.  The  subdorsal 
horn  on  joint  8  is  only  partially  reduced  in  size.     There  is  a  tendency 


Sept.  1896.]        Dyar  :  Life  History  of  Euclea  Delphinii.  127 

for  the  smallest  horns  to  be  crowded  toward  the  neighboring  large  ones, 
whereby  the  subdorsal  horn  on  joint  6  approaches  the  one  on  5,  that  on 
7  the  one  on  8,  etc.  Setae  rather  long,  stiff,  sharp  pointed,  three  from 
the  apex  of  each  horn.  Cuticle  perfectly  smooth,  transparent.  The 
larva  is  pale  yellowish,  the  color  of  the  egg,  without  marks.  It  does 
not  feed  at  all  in  this  stage,  becoming  quiescent  immediately  after 
hatching  and  molting  in  three  days.     Length  of  larva  i  mm. 

S/age  II. — Subdorsal  horns  on  joints  3  to  5,  8,  11  and  12  large, 
rounded,  bristly  with  stiff,  black-tipped  spines;  those  on  joints  6,  7,  9 
and  10  very  small,  rounded,  each  with  one  spine;  lateral  row  wiih  many 
spines,  the  horns  on  joints  3  and  4  larger  than  the  rest.  Body  squarish, 
ridges  marked  by  tlie  large  tubercles,  widest  through  joints  3  and  4. 
All  pale  yellowish  white,  much  more  opaque  than  before.  Skin  finely 
granular  dotted  ;  no  marks.  Head  pale,  eye  black,  mouth  brown, 
width  .3  mm.  Toward  the  end  of  the  stage  the  horns  of  subdorsal  row 
on  joints  4,  5  and  1 1  become  brick  red  in  some  examples.  Length  i 
to  2  mm. 

Stage  III — ^'ery  shining,  green,  but  principally  from  the  alimen- 
tary canal  showing  by  transparency.  A  narrow,  faint  yellow  subdorsal 
line  along  the  ridge;  horns  on  joints  3  to  5,  8,  11  and  12  bright  red  ; 
lateral  row  colorless  with  green  tips.  The  horns  are  moderately  well 
covered  with  black-tipped  spines;  the  subdorsal  ones  on  joints  6,  7,  9 
and  10  have  only  one  or  two  spines.  Skin  finely  and  rather  remotely 
watery  granular.  Dorsal  and  ad-dorsal  depressed  areas  indicated  by 
whitish  dots,  also  the  large  lateral  intersegmental  (4).  The  larvae  eat 
rounded  patches  on  either  side  of  the  leaf  (Plate  V,  Fig.  13).  Width 
of  head  .4  mm.;  length  of  larva  2  to  3  3  mm. 

Stage  IV. — Resembles  the  mature  larva  in  shape  and  appearance. 
Green,  a  narrow  yellow  subdorsal  line,  the  same  horns  red  as  before. 
The  subdorsal  horns  on  joints  6  and  10  are  very  small  with  three  or  four 
spines,  those  on  joints  7  and  9  moderate  with  six  to  eight  spines.  A 
narrow  pale  dorsal  line.  Double  intersegmental  dorsal,  ad-dorsal  and 
two  lateral  obliquely  set  rows  of  white  glandular  dots.  The  lateral  horn 
on  joint  4  is  a  little  larger  ihan  the  others.  Head  whitish,  the  eye 
black  ;  width  .6  mm.  Skin  granules  rather  remote,  concblorous  or 
colorless,  non-setiferous,  conical  but  not  sharp  pointed,  about  .005  mm. 
in  diameter.  All  the  horns  are  smooth,  without  skin  granules.  No 
trace  of  caltropes.     Length  of  larva  3.3  to  5.3  mm. 

Stage  V. — Head  shining,  very  pale  greenish,  eye  black,  mouth 
brown  ;  width  .8  mm.     Green  ;  the  skin  transparent  with  a  faint  green 


128  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  ^'Voi.  iv. 

tint  from  the  blood,  the  effect  increased  by  some  bright  green  pigment, 
not  evenly  distributed.  In  the  dorsal  space  it  is  absent  between  the 
large  horns,  being  therefore  especially  noticeable  in  two  square  patches 
on  joints  6-7  and  9-10.  Between  these  patches  and  the  yellow  sub- 
dorsal line  is  a  slight  space  which  will  become  the  waved  dark  green 
line;  but  as  yet  it  is  not  indicated.  Yellow  subdorsal  line  broad,  ir- 
regular. In  the  lateral  space  the  green  pigment  is  situated  in  a  band 
below  the  subdorsal  line,  separated  from  it  by  a  space  which  is  already 
defined  faintly  as  a  dark  green  line.  The  green  pigment  encloses  the 
upper  intersegmental  whitish  dots,  but  below  this  the  body  is  only  green 
from  the  blood.  A  narrow  distinct  whitish  dorsal  line.  Horns  green- 
ish except  the  six  red  pairs.  The  short  horns  are  as  well  spined  as  the 
long  ones,  in  proportion.  Skin  finely  watery  granular.  Length  5.3  to 
7  ^'^^'^^- 

Stage  VI. — Elliptical,  flattened,  highest  through  joint  5,  though 
not  conspicuously  so.  Green,  dorsum  flat,  not  tapering  much  at  the 
ends,  yellowish  green,  a  narrow  yellow  dorsal  line  and  a  dark  clear 
green  waved  line  above  the  subdorsal  band  ;  intersegmental  glandular 
dots  whitish  ;  the  green  band  is  most  pronounced  on  joints  6  to  10,  giv- 
ing the  appearance  of  a  central  darker  green  patch,  but  this  disappears 
under  a  lens.  Subdorsal  line  rather  broad,  yellow,  extending  from 
joints  3  to  13.  Horns  short  and  slender,  the  longest  ones  on  joints  3, 
4,  5,  8,  II  and  12  bright  red,  the  others  moderate,  colorless.  Lateral 
space  nearly  colorless,  shaded  with  light  green  on  the  lateral  ridges  be- 
tween the  depressed  spaces,  two  rows  of  white  glandular  dots  in  the 
broad  intersegmental  hollows.  Lateral  horns  rather  long,  alike,  pale 
green,  those  on  joints  3  and  4  tipped  with  brownish.  A  broken,  pale 
lateral  line.  Subventral  space  contracted,  colorless.  Head  green,  jaws 
brown,  ocelli  black  ;  width  i  mm.  Spines  colorless  ;  skin  with  fine 
clear  granules.     Length  of  larva  7  to  10  mm. 

Stage  VII. — Essentially  the  same.  There  are  now  present  a  series 
of  caltrope  patches  toward  the  tips  of  the  lateral  horns  on  joints  6  to 
12,  and  on  the  subdorsal  horn  on  joint  13.  Width  of  head  1.6  mm. 
Length  of  larva  10  to  14.5  mm.  The  dark  green  lines  adjoining  the 
subdorsal  and  lateral  ridges  vary  in  distinctness  in  different  larvae,  grad- 
ually becoming  more  distinct  as  the  larvae  grow. 

Stage  VIII — As  before.  The  red  horns  vary  in  color  in  differ- 
ent examples,  some  being  faintly  colored  or  even  greenish.  A 
pair  of  pointed,  slender,  pale  brown,  black -tipped  patches  of  detachable 
spines  above  the  subdorsal  horn  of  joint    13;    caltrope  patches  pale 


Sept.  1896.].      Dyar:  Life  History  of  Euclea  Delphinii. 


129 


brown,  on  the  upper  side  of  the  lateral  horns  of  joints  6  to  12  and  on 
the  sides  of  the  subdorsal  horn  of  joint  13.  Larva  pale  yellowish  green, 
a  yellow  subdorsal  band  below  the  skin  on  joints  3  to  13,  edged  below 
by  a  dark  green  line,  narrow,  rarely  partly  replaced  by  red  (Plate  V, 
Fig.  3);  a  deeply  waved  green  line  above  the  subdorsal  and  lateral  ridges, 
both  edged  with  yellowish.  Dorsal  yellow  line  faint.  Litersegmental 
glandular  dots  whitish.  The  subdorsal  dark  line  is  faint  at  the  extremi- 
ties, but  gives  no  longer  any  appearance  of  a  central  patch.  Skin 
sparsely  watery  granular.  Width  of  head,  about  2.5  mm.;  length  of 
larva,  14.5  to  20  mm. 

Cocoon  and  pupa  as  usual.     The  cocoon  is  11x6.5  mm.  in  size 
and  is  surrounded  by  a  slight  irregular  web;  color,  dark  brown. 

Food  Plants.— ThG  larvae  were  found  each  on  a  different  plant,  as 
follows:  Mangrove  {Rhizophora  mangle),  Sea  Grape  {Coccoloba  uvi- 
fera'),  Cocoanut  Palm  and  Coccoloba  floridana.  All  the  four  larvge 
produced  moths ;  the  last  two  mated  in  the  box,  and  I  obtained  from 
them  eggs  and  finally  95  little  larvae.  These  ate  whatever  was  offered 
them,  as  is  usual  in  the  Eucleidae. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE.  V. 

Fig.      I.     Larva  stage  i,  lateral  aspect,  semidiagrammatic  X  5°  ;  ^^^^  protruded. 

Fig.     2.     Larva  stage  I,  dorsal  aspect  X  40;  head  retracted. 

Fig.  3.  Mature  larva  X  S  ;  three-quarters  view,  head  retracted  in  the  ordinary  posi- 
tion of  rest. 

Fig.  4.  Outer  part  of  a  thoracic  foot  of  mature  larva  X  200  showing  the  claw  and 
terminal  setae. 

Fig.     5.     Jaw  of  same  X  5°  seen  from  within. 

Fig.     6.     Spiracle  x  5°  showing  radiate  structure. 

Fig.     7.     A  simple  seta  and  tubercle,  mature  larva,  X  S°- 

Fig.     8.     Another,  showing  the  tubercle  elongated. 

Fig.     9.     The  same,  further  advanced. 

Fig.  10.  A  short  urticating  spine,  the  seta  reduced  to  the  piercing  cap,  the  tubercle 
forming  the  poison-holding  shaft. 

Fig.   1 1.     The  same ;  a  larger  spine  from  a  long  horn. 

Fig.   12.     One  of  the  exceptional  flattened  setse  X  200.' 

Fig.   13.     Leaf  showing  the  feeding  traces  of  the  larva  in  stages  II  and  III,  natural  size 


130  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv 

NEW   SPECIES  OF  AMERICAN  HETEROCERA. 

By  William  Schaus. 
Eurata  Helena,  sp.  hoy. 

Head  and  thorax  black ;  two  round  yellow  spots  on  collar.  Abdomen  above 
with  segments  1-3  crimson,  4  and  5  yellow ;  otherwise  black;  abroad  black  sub- 
dorsal line  from  the  base  and  a  tinge  of  black  between  the  segments.  Wings  brown- 
ish black,  thinly  scaled.  The  primaries  with  two  contiguous  white  spots  near  the  end 
of  the  cell,  and  another  spot  below  them;  beyond  the  cell  four  white  spots,  the  lowest 
very  minute ;  at  the  base  two  minute  yellow  spots.  Secondaries  with  two  white 
spots  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  the  inner  margin  broadly  crimson.  Underneath  the 
same.     Expanse,  34  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Eurata  maritana,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  black  ;  collar  with  two  large  yellow  spots.  Abdomen  with 
the  basal  segments  crimson  and  a  black  and  orange  subdorsal  spot,  segments  2  and  3 
black  with  lateral  spots;  segments  4  and  5  yellow  separated  by  a  transverse  black 
band;  otherwise  black  underneath,  segments  4  and  5  are  yellow.  Wings  smoky 
black.  Primaries  with  an  oblong  creamy  spot  at  the  base ;  two  large  white  median 
spots;  four  large  white  subapical  spots.  Secondaries  with  a  trace  of  a  whitish  line  at 
the  end  of  the  cell.     Expanse,  36  mm. 

Habitat  S;io  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Allied  to  E.  pitta  H.  S. 

Syntomeida  broadwayi,  sp.  nov. 

Antenna;  and  head  black  with  a  metallic  green  spot.  Collar  black  with  two 
small  metallic  pale  green  spots.  Patagise  black  with  two  similar  but  larger  spots 
Thorax  and  abdomen  dorsally  dark  metallic  green,  the  segments  of  the  abdomen  very 
distinct ;  underneath  black  with  a  large  white  patch  at  the  base  of  the  abdomen. 
Legs  dark  metallic  blue  ;  fore  femora  white ;  tarsi  with  a  broad  white  circle  and  a 
crimson  streak  above  the  white  circle  on  the  fore  pair.  Primaries  dull  greenish 
black  with  the  following  small  vitreous  spots ;  one  below  the  median  vein  at  a  third 
from  the  base  ;  one  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  two  just  beyond  the  cell ;  a  slightly  larger 
spot  near  the  outer  margin  between  veins  2  and  3,  and  a  minute  spot  just  above  it 
sepai'ated  by  vein  3.  Secondaries  of  the  same  color,  with  a  small  vitreous  streak  at  the 
base  on  the  inner  margin,  and  adjoining  it  a  minute  round  spot ;  another  small 
vitreous  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Underneath  the  wings  are  dark  metallic  green. 
Expanse,  $  41  mm. 

Habitat:  Trinidad,  B.  W.  I. 

I  am  indebted  for  a  specimen  of  this  new  species  to  W.  E.  Broad- 
way, Esq.  of  the  Botanical  Gardens. 


Sept.  1896.]  ScHAUS:  New  Species  of  Heterocera.  131 

Chloropsinus  senetus,  sp.  nov. 

Body  velvety  black.     Primaries  dark  bronzy  green  with  the  veins  still  darker. 
Secondaries  smoky  black  with  a   faintly  diaphanous  streak  at  the  base.      Expanse, 


oj 


mm. 


Habitat :  Castro,  Parana. 

Allied  to  Chloropsinus  viridis  Druce. 

Eupyra  ferens,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  blackish.  Three  white  points  on  the  collar  and  one  at  the 
base  of  the  primaries.  Abdomen  greenish  black  with  a  subdorsal,  lateral,  and  ven- 
tral row  of  white  spots.     Wings  dark  metallic  green.     Expanse,  45  mm. 

Habitat :  Peru. 

Allied  to  £.  bacchans  Schs. 

Eupyra  albicincta,  sp.  nov. 

$.  Antennce  dark  metallic  blue.  Head  black.  Collar  white.  Thorax  black. 
Abdomen  metallic  blue ;  the  base  broadly  white  which  gradually  extends  laterally 
and  underneath.  Legs  black  streaked  with  metallic  blue  and  white ;  fore  coxae 
white.  Wings  metallic  peacock  blue,  with  the  veins  and  fringe  black ;  a  large  oval 
vitreous  spot  at  the  base  of  the  secondaries  ;  the  cell  and  costal  margin  of  the  secon- 
daries blackish.  The  9  differs  in  having  a  small  vitreous  spot  on  the  primaries  be- 
low the  median  vein  at  about  the  middle  of  the  wing,  and  there  are  two  small  vitre- 
ous spots  in  the  cell  of  the  secondaries.     Expanse,  $  45  mm.,  9  5°  nim. 

Habitat:     Chimbo,  Ecuador. 

I  received  this  beautiful  species  from  Mr.  Oberthiir. 

Eupyra  sylva,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brown  ;  two  minute  white  spots  on  collar.  Abdomen  golden 
brown ;  a  large  subdorsal  white  spot  at  the  base  and  some  lateral  white  spots  on  the 
first  four  segments.  Primaries  golden  green  with  the  following  vitreous  spots ;  a 
large  one  about  the  middle  of  the  wing  below  the  median  vein ;  a  small  one  at  the 
end  of  the  cell,  and  another  minute  one  beyond  the  cell ;  near  the  outer  margin  a 
large  spot  between  veins  3  and  5,  crossed  by  vein  4.  Secondaries  brownish  black  ; 
the  inner  margm  with  long  white  hairs;  a  large  vitreous  spot  at  the  base,  followed  by 
a  similar  spot  about  the  center  of  the  wing.     Expanse,  37  mm. 

Habitat :  Rio  Janeiro. 

Very  closely  allied  to  E.  cephalena  Druce. 

Sphecosoma  melissa,  sp.  nov. 

Head  white  spotted  with  black.  Collar  yellow.  Thorax  yellow,  with  five 
black  streaks.  Abdomen:  basal  segment  black  with  two  yellow  spots,  the  other  seg- 
ments yellow  banded  with  black  and  a  fine  subdorsal  black  line.  Legs  yellow. 
Wings  yellowish  hyaline  with  the  margins  and  veins  finely  brown  ;  some  yellow  at 
the  base  of  the  inner  margin  on  the  primaries.     Expanse,  23  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


132  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society,         [Voi.  iv. 

Cosmosoma  lucia,  sp.  nov. 

Body  black  above  with  a  subdorsal  row  of  metallic  blue  spots  from  the  head  to 
the  anal  segement.  Underneath,  thorax  and  legs  red.  Wings  hyaline  margined 
with  black,  widely  at  the  apices ;  veins  black,  especially  the  discocellulars  on  the 
primaries.     Expanse,  36  mm. 

Habitat:  St.   Lucia,  B.  W.  I. 

Cosmosoma  durca,  sp.  nov. 

Body  black  with  a  subdorsal  and  a  lateral  row  of  metallic  green  spots.  Wings 
hyaline.  The  primaries  with  the  base  and  margins  broadly  black,  the  costa  narrowly 
so ;  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Secondaries  with  the  outer  margin  black. 
Expanse,  31  mm. 

Habitat :   Sao  Paulo,  S,  E,  Brazil, 

Cosmosoma  dukinfieldia,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black  with  a  blue  spot.  Thorax  black,  a  grayish  spot  on  the  patagia?. 
Abdomen  black  shaded  with  metallic  blue  at  the  base  and  laterally.  Wings  hyaline. 
Primaries  with  ttie  base  and  outer  margin  broadly  blackish  brown ;  the  costal  and 
inner  margins  mottled  pale  fawn  colour  and  black ;  a  broad  black  spot  at  the  end  of 
the  cell ;  all  the  veins  black.  Secondaries  with  the  outer  margin  black.  Underneath 
the  thorax  is  spotted  with  metallic  blue.     Expanse,  42  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Sansaptera,  gen.  nov. 

Antennae  pectinated.  Palpi  porrect,  second  point  long.  Primaries  long  and 
narrow,  the  outer  margin  very  oblique,  the  inner  angle  rounded ;  the  submedian 
vein  very  short.  Secondaries  very  minute,  almost  imperceptible,  with  the  anal  angle 
prolonged. 

Sansaptera  cocho,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black  with  two  metallic  pomts.  Thorax  black;  two  metallic  blue  spots  on 
the  collar.  Abdomen  black  with  a  subdorsal  and  a  lateral  row  of  metallic  scales  j 
underneath  white  at  the  base.  Primaries  hyaline,  veins  and  margins  black,  the 
outer  margin  broadly  so ;  a  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell ;  the  base  black  with 
some  metallic  spots.     Secondaries  brownish  black.     Expanse,  29  mm. 

Habitat:  Cavallo-cocho,  Peruvian  Amazons, 

Argyrceides  sanguinea,  sp,  nov. 

Antenna  black.  Head  black  with  white  lines.  Collar  yellow.  Thorax  black  j 
a  yellow  line  on  patagi;e.  Abdomen  black  at  the  base  with  a  yellow  spot ;  the  sec- 
ond segment  yellow  ;  otherwise  crimson  dorsally  with  three  transverse  black  streaks ; 
beneath  and  laterally  black ;  anal  tuft  black.  Wings  hyaline,  finely  margined  with 
black,     Discocellulars  more  heavily  black  on  the  primaries.     Expanse,  24  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 
Syntrichura  brodea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black  spotted  with  white.     Body  dorsally  brilliant  metallic  green,  the 


Sept.  1896.]  SCHAUS :  New  Species  of  Heterocera.  133 

patagire  edged  with  black ;  underneath  the  coxre  and  a  large  spot  on  the  abdomen 
white.  Wings  hyaline  with  black  margins.  The  costal  margin  of  the  secondaries 
white.     Expanse,  2S  mm. 

Habitat :  Trinidad,  B.  W.  I. 

Philoros  marita,  sp.  nov. 

Antennae  black.  Head  gray  ;  orange  behind  the  antennae.  Collar  and  thorax 
light  brown ;  the  patagiae  dorsally  shaded  with  yellow.  Abdomen  black.  Primaries 
light  brown ;  the  median,  submedian  and  veins  3,  4  and  6,  finely  yellow ;  fringe 
yellowish.  Secondaries  dull  black ;  fringe  white.  Underneath  blackish  gray,  the 
disc  of  the  primaries  paler.     Expanse,  30  mm. 

Habitat :  Castro,  Parana. 
Pygoctenucha  dukinfieldia,  sp.  nov. 

Head  crimson.  Collar  crimson  with  a  black  lateral  spot.  Thorax  crimson  ; 
patagi;^  black.  Abdomen  black ;  anal  segment  crimson.  Legs  black ;  red  at  the 
joints.     Wings  dull  black.     Expanse,  51  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Allied  to  P.  bombycina  Perty. 

Aclytia  terra,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  brown ;  a  metallic  blue  point  between  the  antennas. 
Abdomen  metallic  blue ;  a  subdorsal  black  line  and  transverse  black  bands  on  the 
segments ;  at  the  base  long  tufts  of  brown  hairs ;  coxas  orange ;  a  ventral  orange  band. 
Primaries  dark  brown.  Secondaries  black  with  a  broad  diaphanous  streak  from  the 
base  to  beyond  the  cell.     Expanse,  34  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 

Allied  to  A.  conspicua  Druce  =  lucania  Schs. 

Charidea  katima,  sp.  nov. 

$.  Head  black  and  blue.  Collar  metallic  blue.  Thorax  black  with  three 
metallic  blue  streaks.  Abdomen  metallic  blue.  Fore  coxas  white;  Primaries 
black  shaded  with  blue  at  the  base,  the  submedian  vein  and  abroad  streak  above  it 
red ;  a  broad  oblique  red  band  beyond  the  cell,  from  the  subcostal  vein  to  nearly  the 
outer  margin  above  the  angle.  Secondaries  with  the  basal  half  rich  metallic  blue, 
the  outer  half  black.  Underneath  the  same  without  the  red  basal  streaks  on  the 
primaries.     Expanse,  36  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Eucereon  amadis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  brown ;  two  minute  reddish  yellow  spots  behind  the 
antennae.  Abdomen  chrome  yellow ;  black  at  the  base  and  subdorsally  on  second 
segment ;  a  lateral  black  line ;  Anus  black.  Primaries  dark  brown ;  the  veins,  an 
angular  basal  line,  a  small  spot  in  the  cell,  a  transverse  outer  line  forming  a  large 
curve  beyond  the  cell  and  reaching  the  inner  margin  about  its  center,  and  a  terminal 
row   of  angular  spots  yellowish  brown;    the  terminal  spots  filled  in  with  darker 


134  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

brown.  Secondaries  semi-hyaline,  whitish,  the  veins  and  the  margins  dusky  black. 
Underneath  the  primaries  are  black  with  some  vague  whitish  spots  beyond  the  cell. 
Expanse,  39  mm. 

Habitat:  Jalapa,  Mexico.     Also  in  coll.  British  Museum. 
Eucereon  patrona,  sp.  nov. 

Head,  collar  and  thorax  pale  brownish  gray,  with  a  broad  velvety  brown  lateral 
streak.  Abdomen  dorsally  crimson  with  some  black  hairs  subdorsally  on  the  first 
three  segments ;  laterally  a  broad  black  streak  ;  anus  black ;  underneath  yellow. 
Primaries  pale  brownish  gray  with  some  dark  but  indistinct  streaks  along  the  mar- 
gins forming  vague  transverse  lines,  which  become  lost  in  a  broad  velvety  brown  shade 
extending  from  the  base  to  nearly  the  apex.  Secondaries  whitish,  semi-hyaline, 
the  veins  and  fringe  brownish  ;  the  apex  and  anal  angle  clouded  with  brown.  Ex- 
panse, 43  mm. 

Habitat:  Area.  Venezuela;  Orizaba,  Mexico. 

Eucereon  velutina,  sp.  nov 

Head  and  thorax  gray ;  patagire  brown.  Abdomen  dorsally  with  the  basal 
half  black,  the  anal  half  orange  with  subdorsal  and  lateral  black  spots.  Underneath 
blackish  with  two  yellow  stripes.  Primaries  rich  brown,  paler  at  the  base  of  the 
inner  margin ;  a  basal  dark  line  from  the  costa ;  a  narrow  triangular  dark  space  on 
the  outer  margin ;  an  outer  wavy  line  almost  imperceptible  above  vein  4,  but  very 
dark  and  becoming  broader  below  it  to  the  inner  margin.  Secondaries  smoky  black ; 
the  costal  margin  yellowish ;  a  black  point  in  the  cell.     Expance,  27  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Eucereon  cinctum,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black  ;  reddish  posteriorly.  Thorax  smoky  brown  with  some  pinkish 
streaks  and  a  pink  subdorsal  spot  posteriorly.  Abdomen  black  above  with  a  broad 
crimson  space  before  the  anal  segment ;  underneath  brownish  with  two  yellow 
streaks.  Primaries  smoky  black  with  the  veins,  a  basal,  an  outer  and  a  submarginal 
transverse  line  fawn  color;  a  slight  diaphanous  spot  in  the  cell  and  another  beyond 
it.  Secondaries  hyaline  with  the  outer  margin  broadly  black.  Underneath  the 
primaries  are  black  spotted  with  white.     Expanse,  27  mm. 

Habitat:  Trinidad,  B.  W.  I. 

Erithales  capsica,  sp.  nov. 

Head  pale  gray  with  a  minute  black  spot.  Collar  pale  gray  with  two  large 
black  spots.  Thorax  pale  gray ;  a  black  dorsal  line  ;  two  small  spots  on  patagia;. 
Abdomen  above  gray  at  the  base,  otherwise  pink  with  a  dorsal  grayish  line.  Under- 
neath white.  Primaries  grayish  white  with  black  spots  as  in  E.  guacolda  Poey,  but 
larger.  Secondaries  with  the  base  semi-hyaline  white,  the  outer  half  gray.  Under- 
neath the  wings  are  dark.     Expanse,  33  mm. 

Habitat:  Silo  Paulo,   S.  E.   Brazil. 

Allied  to  E.  guacolda  Poey, and  E.  qiiadricolor  Walk,  which  is 
wrongly  placed  under  Theages  in  Kirby's  Catalogue  of  Moths.     The 


Sept.  1896]  ScHAUS :  New  Species  of  Heterocera.  135 

genus  Erithales  will  no  doubt  sink  as  a  synonym  of  Encereon,  or 
the  latter  must  be  divided  into  several  genera.  Of  the  twenty-nine 
species  I  possess  I  make  five  groups  according  to  slight  differences  in 
neuration. 

Amaxia  juvenis,  sp.  nov. 

$  .  Head  yeJlow  above,  crimson  underneath.  Collar  yellow.  Thorax  viola- 
ceous brown.  Abdomen  crimson  above,  yellow  ventrally.  Primaries  bright  yellow  ; 
a  large  violaceous  brown  space  from  the  costal  vein  at  a  third  from  the  base  to  the 
inner  angle,  except  the  costal  margin  itself,  which  remains  yellow,  and  a  small  yellow 
spot  at  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  this  latter  spot  being  edged  with  crimson;  and 
there  are  also  some  crimson  scales  at  the  base  of  the  inner  margin ;  some  dark  gray- 
ish spots  in  the  cell ;  beyond  the  cell  three  transverse  rows  of  spots,  the  first  and 
outer  rows  small,  the  center  row  also  small  except  towards  the  outer  margin  where 
they  become  large  and  confluent  and  are  more  or  less  shaded  with  crimson ;  the  ex- 
tremeties  of  the  veins  crimson.  Secondaries  pink  ;  broadly  yellowish  along  the  cos- 
tal margin. 

9 .  Differs  in  having  the  dark  basal  space  broken  up  into  large  spots  more  or 
less  broken  up  into  large  spots  more  or  less  confluent,  and  the  rows  of  transverse  spots 
especially  the  central  row,  consists  of  a  series  of  large  spots  edged  with  crimson.  The 
thorax  is  also  mottled  with  yellow.     Expanse,  $  33  mm.,  9  42  rnm. 

Habitat:     Jalapa,  Mexico. 

Amaxia  dyuna,  sp.  nov. 

Head  yellow  posteriorly  shaded  with  crimson.  Collar  yellow.  Thorax  dark 
gray,  mottled  with  yellow  and  crimson,  the  patagi.'e  finely  edged  with  crimson.  Ab- 
domen above  pink,  mottled  with  yellow  at  the  base  ;  underneath  white.  Primaries 
bright  yellow ;  at  the  base  some  small  grayish  spots  circled  with  crimson,  and  beyond 
these  a  large  similarly  colored  and  irregular  space  extending  from  the  subcostal  vein 
to  the  inner  margin,  where  it  reaches  the  inner  angle ;  two  terminal  rows  of  small  dark 
spots ;  the  median  yellow  space  with  some  small  spots  and  at  a  fourth  from  the  apex 
four  large  and  confluent  brownish  gray  spots  extending  from  vein  5  to  the  costal 
margin.  Secondaries  yellowish  white,  shaded  with  pink,  along  the  inner  margin. 
Expanse,  36  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Pseudalus,  gen.  nov. 

Antenna;  pectinated.  Thorax  broad.  Abdomen  slight,  short.  Primaries 
broad,  outer  margin  oblique  ;  veins  7-10  stalked;  6  from  upper  angle  of  cell.  Sec- 
ondaries broad ;  veins  3  and  4  nearly  from  a  point  at  lower  angle  of  cell ;  veins  5  and 
8  absent ;  6  and  7  stalked. 

Pseudalus  limona,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  legs  orange,  the  latter  spotted  with  black.  Collar  and  thorax 
bright  yellow.  Abdomen  whitish.  Primaries  bright  yellow  ;  three  black  points 
near  the  base  and  an  oblique  row  of  black  points  on  the  veins  from  the  middle  of  the 


136  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

submedian  nervure  to  near  the  apex  ;  a  small  black  mark  in  the  cell.     Secondaries 
white.     Expanse,  36  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Idalus  citrina  Druce  is  congeneric  with  this  species. 

Thalesa,  gen.  nov. 

^ .  Antennoe  pectinated.     Primaries  broad,  produced  along  the  inner  margin 
apex  acute;  inner  angle  rounded.     Veins  7,  8,  9  stalked.     Secondaries  as  broad  as 
long;  rounded  at  the  apex  and  inner  angle.     Veins  5  and  8  absent;  discocellular 
open  in  the  <J  ,  forming  an  angle  inwardly  in  the  9  •     Vein  7  widely  curved  above 
vein  6.     Veins  3  and  4  from  lower  angle  of  cell. 

Allied  to  Idalus  and  Eupseiidosoma.  Type,  Thalesa  (^Halisidofa) 
seruba  H.  S.  In  the  9  the  wings  are  long  and  narrow  as  in  Halisidota. 
Thalesa  seruba  is  usually  confounded  with  Halisidota  niveigutta'SNaWi. 
and  the  females  can  only  be  distinguished  by  the  neuration. 

Symphlebia  aryllis,  sp.  nov. 

Body  orange  yellow.  Primaries  bright  yellow;  the  outer  half  of  the  veins 
brown ;  the  subcostal  vein  to  the  end  of  the  cell  black,  broadly  bordered  above  with 
creamy  yellow,  containing  a  long  black  streak ;  a  basal  creamy  yellow  space  above 
the  submedian  vein  containing  a  short  fine  black  streak.  Secondaries  testaceous 
Underneath  testaceous.     Expanse,  64  mm. 

Habitat :  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

This  species  is  almost  identical  with  Lophocampa  nervosa  Feld. 
(Raise  Novara,  T.  loi,  Fig.  6.)  in  its  markings,  but  the  neuration  is  dif- 
ferent. 

Castrica,  gen.  nov. 

Antennje  finely  pectinated.  Primaries  long  and  broad,  the  outer  margin 
slightly  produced,  between  veins  5  and  6;  the  neuration  as  in  Symphlebia,  Felder. 
Secondaries  in  the  ^  somewhat  quadrate  with  the  angles  rounded.  Vein  2  from 
'ower  angle  of  cell  in  the  $ ,  before  the  angle  in  the  J  ;  veins  3  and  4  stalked  ;  vein 
5  absent ;  vein  6  usually  absent;  sometimes  present  in  the  9  as  a  short  branch  of 
vein  7.  Veins  7  and  8  from  upper  angle  of  cell  in  the  ^  ,  slightly  stalked  in  the  9 ; 
a  costal  spur  in  the  ^ . 

Castrica  oweni,  sp.  nov. 

Body  yellow.  Wings  yellow  heavily  shaded  with  smoky  gray  through  the  cell 
towards  the  apex  and  submarginally ;  a  clearer  spot  in  the  cell  followed  by  a  dark 
spot.     Secondaries  pale  yellow.     Expanse,  ^  41  mm.,  9  47  '^ii"'''- 

Habitat:     A^enezuela,  Costa  Rica.    Named  after  Prof.  E.  T.  Owen. 

Prumala,  gen.  nov. 

9  .  Antennce  finely  pectinated.  Primaries  large  and  broad.  Veins  4  and  5  from 
lower  angle  of  cell;  6  from  upper  angle;  7-10  stalked.  Secondaries  broad,  oval ; 
veins  3  and  4  from  lower  angle  of  cell ;  vein  5  absent ;  6,  7,  8,  from  angle  of  upper  cell_ 


Sept.  1896.] 


ScHAUs:  New  Species  of  Heterocera.  131 


Prumala  jamaicensis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brown.  Abdomen  red.  Primaries  above  brown  ;  three  spots 
in  the  cell ;  an  outer  and  a  submarginal  row  of  small  indistinct  gray  spots  finely  cir- 
cled with  dark  brown.  Secondaries  pink.  Underneath  the  wings  are  red  wUh  a 
small  black  spot  on  the  primaries  beyond  the  cell.     Expanse,  49  mm. 

Habitat:     Jamaica,  B.  W.  I. 

Nezula,  2;en.  nov. 

Antenm.  very  long,  minutely  pectinated.  Primaries  long,  narrow  the  ouer 
margin  very  oblique,  the  inner  margin  very  short.  Vein  6  from  upper  angle  of  cell ; 
7  8  g  stalked  ;  10  and  1 1  stalked.  Secondaries  triangular  in  the  $  oval  in  the  9  , 
veins  3  and  4  stalked ;  6  and  7  stalked  in  the  9  ;  veins  6  absent  m  the  $ ;  vein  5 
absent  in  both  sexes. 

Nezula  grisea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  front  of  thorax  yellow  ;  body  otherwise  gray.  W  mgs  gray,  darker 
in  the  female  than  in  the  male.     Expanse,  $  21  mm.,  9  24  mm. 

Habitat:  Aroa,  Venezuela. 
Trichromia  (Hiibii)  pandera,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  gray.  Abdomen  and  secondaries  bright  yellow.  Primaries 
violaceous  gray  with  a  very  broad  yellow  space  from  the  middle  of  the  costal  margin 
to  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin,  slightly  extending  towards  the  apex  on  the  ex- 
treme margin,  giving  the  apical  gray  portion  the  appearance  of  a  rounded  spot. 
Expanse,  33  mm. 

Habitat:  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

This  species  closely  allied  to  Neriios  repanda  Walk. 

Bertholdia,  gen.  nov. 

Antenna  finely  ciliate.  Body  stout.  Primaries  with  the  outer  margin  convex 
below  apex,  then  oblique.  Veins  6-10,  usually  stalked,  6  sometimes  from  upper  angle 
of  cell  Secondaries  triangular  with  the  angles  rounded.  Veins  3  and  4  from  lower 
angle-  5  from  discocellular ;  6  absent;  8  from  cell  following  close  along  vein  7- 
Underneath  on  the  primaries  a  $  sexual  gland  between  the  median  and  submedian 
veins  near  the  base. 

Named  in  remembrance  of  Berthold  Neumoegen.  Type  of 
genus  Bertholdia  {Trichromia^  speaclaris  H.  S.;  Halesidota  trigona 
Grote  belongs  to  the  same  genus.  Trichromia  Hlibn. ,  has  07iytes  Cr.,  as 
type   of  the   genus  and  Neritos  Walk.,  will  become  a   synonym   of 

Trichromia  Hiibn.     Specularis  has  little  m  common  with  Zatrephes 

where  the  species  has  been  placed  by  Mr.  Kirby. 

Bertholdia  albipuncta,  sp.  nov. 

Head  brown,  palpi  white.  Collar  brown  finely  edged  with  white  and  with  a 
large  white  central  spot.  Thorax  brown.  Abdomen  dorsally  red  ;  ventraly  white  ; 
a  lateral  row  of  black  spots.     Primaries  above  brown  minutely  specked  with  black  , 


138  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

a  small  white  spot  on  the  submedian  vein  at  a  third  from  the  base ;  a  large  subapical 
vitreous  space,  on  the  costal  margin,  posteriorly  shaded  with  lilacine ;  the  veins 
crossing  this  space  flecked  with  dark  brown ;  a  whitish  marginal  line.  Secondaries 
white;  at  the  base  pinkish.  Underneath  the  base  of  the  primaries  shaded  with  red. 
Expanse,  33  mm. 

Habitat :  Mexico  to  Brazil. 

Easily  distinguished  from  B.  specitlatis  H.  S.  and  B.  trigona 
Grote  by  the  white  spot  on  the  collar  and  the  marginal  white  line. 

Lophocampa  andensis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  brown;  frons  whitish.  Thorax  brown,  the  collar  and  patagi?e  edged 
with  white.  Abdomen  brown.  Primaries  brown  flecked  with  yellowish  scales  and 
with  four  transverse  rows  of  large  white  spots,  the  second  row  bifurcate  from  the 
median  vein  to  the  costal  margin ;  fringe  brown  spotted  with  white.  Secondaries 
white;  a  brown  spot  at  the  apex.     Expanse,  $  40  mm. 

Habitat:  U.  S.  Colombia. 

I  consider  the  following  species  as  belonging  to  the  genus  Lopho- 
campa Harris;  caryce  Harr.,  propinqiiens  Hy.  Edw.,  bicolo7-  Walk., 
agassizii  Y2^ck.,  macidata  Harr.,  and  coiirregesiVxdgn.  The  following 
species  have  two  or  three  costal  spurs  on  the  secondaries ;  subalpina 
French,  albigiitta  Bdv.,  ainbigtia  Strk.;  minima  Neum.,  has  veins  3, 
4  and  5,  on  the  secondaries  from  a  point;  sobrina  Stretch  and  li/gcns 
Hy.  Edw  have  veins  4  and  5  stalked  on  the  secondaries  and  two  costal 
spurs. 

Edtoardsi  Pack,  and  iabecitia  Grote  seem  intermediate  between 
Lophocampa  and  Hatisidota.  My  observations  have  reference  only  to 
those  species  which  I  possess. 

Halisidota  typical  will  include  tesselaris  A.  &  S.,  with  its  forms 
interlineata  Walk.,  cinctipes  Grote  and  atra  Druce,  also  several  species 
described  under  Fhccgoptera,  such  as  daraba  Druce,  ergana  Dogn., 
aconia  H.  S.,  and  thalassina  H.  S.  Many  of  the  species  placed  under 
Halisidota  will  require  new  genera,including  the  following  species,  which 
I  describe  under  that  genus  until  I  can  obtain  more  material. 

Halisidota  pulverea,  sp.  nov. 

Body  chrome  yellow.  Primaries  chrome  yellow  thickly  covered  with  dark 
striae  and  specks,  confluent  in  places  and  forming  an  indistinct  basal  and  outer  line ; 
a  submarginal  row  of  blackish  points;  a  large  black  point  at  the  end  of  the  cell. 
Secondaries  yellow,  a  small  brown  submarginal  spot  between  veins  5  and  6.  Under- 
neath whitish  yellow  ;  some  brownish  stride  on  the  costal  and  outer  margins  of  the 
primaries.     Expanse,  $  42  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Belongs  to  the  same  group  as  strigulosa  Walk.,  mandiis  H.  S., 


Sep..  .896.]  ScHAUs:  New  Species  OF  Heterocera.  139 

oruba  Schs.;  veins  7-10  on  primaries  stalked  and  secondaries  with  veins  3 
and  4  more  or  less  stalked  and  vein  8  short.  H.  strigulosa  vanes  the 
Brazilian  specimens  agreeing  with  the  neuration  of  this  group,  but  Mexi- 
can specimens  have  vein  10  from  the  cell,  thus  connecting  it  with  the 
group  of  alsus  Cr.,  atomaria  Walk.,  pedinata  Schs.,  catemdata  Hubn 
and  laroipa  Druce. 

Halisidota  margona,  sp.  nov. 

Body  chrome  yellow,  the  patagia.  inwardly  shaded  with  brown.  Primaries 
acute  with  outer  margin  straight  and  oblique  ;  yellow,  the  inner  margin  dark  brown ; 
fine  wavy  brown  lines  cross  the  wings,  very  indistinct  at  the  base;  the  outer  and 
submarginal  lines  double,  filled  in  with  a  slightly  darker  shade  than  the  ground  color 
and  the  submarginal  line  ceases  at  vein  5;  a  terminal  row  of  darker  spots  edged 
with  brownish  between  the  veins;  a  dark  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Secondaries 
whitish  yellow.     Expanse,  52  mm. 

Habitat:  Jalapa,  Mexico. 

Allied  to  H.  strigulosa  Walk. 

Halisidota  quanta,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  chrome  yellow,  the  collar  finely  edged  with  brown.  Abdomen 
buff  above,  whitish  underneath.  Primaries  chrome  yellow  with  transverse  darker 
lunular  shades  and  a  broad  dark  gray  streak  from  the  base  to  just  below  the  apex. 
Secondaries  white.     Underneath  yellowish  white.     Expanse,  38  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Neuration  agrees  with  Mexican  specimens  of  H.  strigulosa  Walk. 

Halisidota  rosetta,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  collar  dark  buf^-;  thorax  paler.  Abdomen  pink  above  ;  underneath 
buff  with  three  gray  streaks.  Primaries  yellow  with  some  indistinct  fine  lunular 
streaks,  especially  towards  the  outer  margin;  a  fine  dark  brown  Ime  along  the 
median  nervure  to  vein  4;  a  short  black  streak  between  veins  5  and  6 ;  a  submar- 
ginal row  of  minute  dark  spots.     Secondaries  white.     Expanse,  43  mm. 

Habitat:     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Neuration  agrees  with  H.  quanta  Schs. 

Halisidota  pectina,  sp.  nov.  ,    ,   a    . 

Antenna  very  deeply  pectinated  in  the  $.  Head  and  thorax  dark  buft;  two 
black  points  on  the  collar  and  two  on  each  patagia.  Body  chrome  yellow  Primaries 
yellow  with  a  broad  basal  and  median  transverse  grayish  shade;  a  double  terminal 
and  subterminal  fine  dark  wavy  line,  the  space  within  filled  with  a  darker  shade; 
the  fringe  yellowish  with  some  black  spots.    Secondaries  yellow.    Expanse,  $  41  mm. 

Habitat:     Jalapa,  Mexico. 

Allied  to  what  I  have  as  alsus  Cr.,  though  I  am  doubtful  about 
the  identification,  having  no  Surinam  specimens  and  Cramer's  figure 
being  rather  poor. 


140  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

Halisidota  thyophora,  sp.  nov. 

Body  yellowish  buff;  two  minute  dark  points  on  the  collar.  Primaries  pale 
yellow,  somewhat  diaphanous,  the  costal  and  inner  margin  yellower ;  three  basal,  two 
median,  three  outer  and  three  terminal,  fine,  irregular  transverse  lines,  the  median 
and  outer  lines  becoming  confluent  on  the  inner  margin  ;  on  the  costal  margin  some 
black  points  indicate  the  lines  and  there  is  a  submarginal  black  point  between  veins 
5  and  6 ;  some  dark  points  on  the  fringe.  Secondaries  yellowish  white.  Expanse, 
38  mm. 

Habitat :    Aroa,  Venezuela. 

I  have  used  a  Mss.  name  of  Moritz  on  a  specimen  in  the  Saunders 
collection  at  Oxford.  This  species  is  allied  to  H.  cBiione  Butl.,  with 
which  it  agrees  in  neuration.  Both  are  allied  to  texta  H.  S.  in  neura- 
tion,  but  vein  8  is  sometimes  present  as  a  short  spur  on  the  secondaries, 
whereas  all  my  specimens  of  texta  are  without  it. 

Euhalisidota  sablona,  sp.  nov. 

9  Body  fawn  color.  Primaries  fawn  color  with  some  buff  spots  at  the  base, 
along  the  costa,  in  the  cell  and  a  subterminal  row ;  a  few  minute  black  scales  scat- 
tered over  the  wing.  Secondaries  pale  buff,  the  outer  margin  broadly  and  irregu- 
larly powdered  with  dark  scales.     Expanse,  58  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Phaegoptera  nexoides,  sp.  nov. 

Differs  from  P.  tiexa  H.  S.,  in  the  greater  extension  of  the  brown  on  the  pri- 
maries, leaving  only  a  basal  white  spot,  a  faint  white  median  shade  and  a  subterminal 
white  band.  The  collar  has  no  white  spots,  but  the  patagire  are  broadly  bordered 
with  white  dorsally.  The  secondaries  are  yellowish  white  with  the  veins  and  a  nar- 
row marginal  shade  dark  gray.     Expanse,  55  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Phaegoptera  chorima,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  black ;  the  collar  posteriorly  reddish ;  a  dorsal  red  spot  on 
the  thorax  and  a  reddish  point  on  the  patagice ;  abdomen  dorsally  red  ;  a  large 
black  subdorsal  spot  near  the  base ;  beneath  black  with  a  lateral  row  of  red  spots. 
Coxre  red.  Primaries  grayish  brown  with  darker  shades ;  a  basal  dark  yellow  band 
edged  with  black,  forming  an  angle  on  the  median  nervure  and  not  reaching  the 
inner  margin ;  a  yellow  spot  edged  with  black  in  the  cell  and  connected  by  a  black 
shade  with  the  costal  margin ;  an  outer  row  of  contiguous  triangular  spots  bordered 
with  black  ;  some  subterminal  and  terminal  spots  similarly  colored  but  small.  Sec- 
ondaries smoky  brown  with  some  yellowish  spots  on  the  outer  margin  towards  the 
apex.     Expanse,  72  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
A  very  close  ally  of  F.  fiimosa  Butl. 

Phcegoptera  rizoma,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black,  frons  with  two  white  spots.     Collar  black  with  a  lateral  white 


Sept.  1896.]  ScHAUS :  New  Species  of  Heterocera.  141 

streak.  Thorax  reddish,  broadly  brown  subdorsally ;  patagise  brown  with  a  broad 
white  streak.  Abdomen  red  above  with  a  subdorsal  black  streak ;  some  transverse 
black  streaks  posteriorly  ;  a  row  of  black  spots  laterally ;  underneath  black  with  two 
white  streaks.  Primaries  black;  a  broad  white  curved  band  from  the  base  of  the 
costal  margin  to  the  apex ;  two  small  white  marginal  spots  between  veins  2  and  3, 
and  3  and  4.  Secondaries  dull  blackish  brown ;  a  broad  white  streak  at  the  base 
and  some  white  spots  near  the  apex.     Expanse,  40  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E,  Brazil. 

Phcegoptera  ?  aurogutta,  sp.  nov. 

Palpi,  head,  and  thorax  black,  the  latter  with  a  large  crimson  tuft  posteriorly.  Ab- 
domen black  with  some  yellow  transverse  lines  posteriorly.  Primaries  greyish  black 
with  golden  yellow  spots ;  six  on  the  costa ;  three  in  the  cell,  and  two  at  the  end  of 
the  cell ;  one  between  veins  7  and  8 ;  two  between  veins  6  and  7  ;  the  same  between 
5  and  6, 6  and  4,  and  4  and  3 ;  three  between  veins  2  and  3 ;  eight  between  the  median 
and  submedian;  one  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  angle  ;  eight  spots  on  the  fringe. 
Secondaries  light  brown  ;  a  dark  spot  in  the  cell ;  the  apex  black,  and  some  diffuse 
blackish  shades  along  the  outer  margin  ;  the  fringe  yellow.     Expanse,  40  mm. 

Habitat:     U.  S.  Colombia. 

Mazseras  francki,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  collar  dark  red,  the  latter  with  two  black  points.  Thorax  dark  red- 
dish brown.  Abdomen  red  at  the  base,  otherwise  yellow  above  with  a  subdorsal  and 
a  lateral  row  of  large  black  spots.  Primaries  above  dark  reddish  brown  with  a  pink 
spot  on  the  inner  margin  at  the  base.  Secondaries  pinkish  white,  the  veins,  fringe 
and  inner  margin  broadly  pink.  Underneath  the  disc  and  inner  margin  of  the  pri" 
maries  pink.     Expanse,  60  mm. 

Habitat:     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Allied  to  M.  coiiferta  Walk. 

Mazaeras  rusca,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  vermilion  red,  the  patagiae  with  two  brownish  streaks.  Ab- 
domen yellow  with  a  dorsal  and  a  lateral  row  of  small  black  spots.  Primaries  ver- 
milion red,  the  veins  gray  ;  fine  grayish  stria  form  an  indistinct  outer  and  a  subter- 
minal  band.  Secondaries  pink  with  the  disc  yellowish  white.  Underneath  the 
primaries  are  red  ;  the  apex  and  outer  margin  brownish.     Expanse,  44  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Chsetoloma  dissimilis,  sp.  nov. 

Palpi  black.  Head  and  thorax  buff.  Abdomen  orange  with  a  large  dorsal  spot 
of  dark  metallic  blue.  $ .  Primaries  hyaline,  the  costal  and  inner  margins  buff,  the 
former  with  three  blue  black  marks,  the  latter  with  a  dark  upright  line  beyond  the 
center.     Secondaries  hyaline,  the  costal  and  inner  margins  orange. 

5 .  Primaries  yellowish  brown,  darkest  on  the  inner  and  outer  margins ;  two 
small  black  marks  on  the  costa  and  a  line  on  the  inner  margin  as  in  the  male  and 


142  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

reaching  vein  2.     Secondaries  orange  with  a  broad  blue  black   mark  from  the  anal 
angle  to  vein  3.     Expanse,  $  41  mm.,    ^    55  mm. 

Habitat :  U.  S.  Colombia. 

Apparently  allied  to  Chatoloina  actinobola  Feld. 

Palustra  sericea,  sp.  nov. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  underneath  brown  ;  abdomen  above  chrome  yellow 
Primaries  brown.  Secondaries  grayish  brown,  whitish  at  the  base.  Underneath  the 
base  of  the  costal  margin  chrome  yellow,  the  disc  towards  the  base  whitish.  Expanse. 
9  53  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 

Motada  dukinfieldia,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brownish  gray.  Abdomen  yellowish  above  with  a  subdorsal 
row  of  black  spots ;  underneath  brown  with  transverse  yellow  bands.  Wings 
brownish  gray,  all  the  veins  broadly  creamy  yellow  ;  the  fringe  creamy  yellow.  Ex- 
panse, 9  60  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 

Motada  bergi,    sp,  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brown.  Abdomen  brown  with  a  broad  lateral  yello\\ish  band. 
Wings  brown,  the  veins  on  the  primaries  distinctly  paler  ;  the  discocellulars  darker. 
Expanse,  $  37  mm.,    9  42  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 

Motada  honora,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  brown,  the  patagire  with  some  golden  hairs.  Abdomen, 
above  and  anus  golden  yellow  with  some  indistinct  narrow,  black,  transverse  bands  ; 
Underneath  darker  brown.  Primaries  rich  brown  with  the  veins  darker.  Secon- 
daries light  brown  with  some  golden  hairs  at  the  base.     Expanse,  9  4°  mm. 

Habitat:     Castro,  Parana. 
Motada  paula,  sp.  nov. 

Body  brownish  gray,  the  abdomen  paler  than  the  thorax.  Primaries  fawn 
color  with  a  black  point  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Secondaries  white,  the  margins 
narrowly  fawn  color.     Expanse,  $  30  mm.,    9  39  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Motada  amaryllis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  light  reddish  brown.  Abdomen  black  with  yellow  transverse 
bands,  concealed  however  by  the  long  pale  fawn  color  hairs  which  cover  the  body. 
Primaries  pale  fawn  color,  the  fringe  whitish.  Secondaries  whitish  with  tinged  fawn 
color.     Expanse,  $  30  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

What  I  believe  to  be  the  9  of  this  species  is  entirely  yellow  with- 
out any  marking.     Expanse,  38  mm. 


Sept.  1896.] 


ScHAUs:   New  Species  of  Heterocera.  143 


Motada  variegata,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black.  Collar  yellow.  Abdomen  black  with  a  pale  lateral  band.  Prim- 
aries dark  brown,  the  veins  on  the  outer  half  finely  white  ;  two  small  white  spots  in 
the  cell  connected  by  a  blackish  streak,  a  large  round  black  spot  at  the  end  of  the 
cell;  some  irregular  white  markings  on  the  inner  margin;  a  fine,  indistinct  and 
interrupted  whitish  outer  line;  a  submarginal  wavy  white  shade.  Secondaries 
white;  a  dark  spot  in  the  cell;  some  irregular  dark  blotches  along  the  outer  I'nargin. 
Expanse,  43  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Some  specimens  of  this  species  are  very  much  darker. 

Titya  lanuginosa,  sp.  nov. 

Body  of  grayish  brown  ;  the  anal  segment  silvery  gray.     Wings  grayish  brown; 
the  primaries  with  a  basal  dark  shade  from  the  costa  to  the  submedian ;  a  velvety 
•  black  spot  in  the  cell;  an  outer  wavy  transverse  dark  shade,  outwardly  bordered  with 
paler  gray.     Expanse,    9    67  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Hydrias  amaryllis,  sp.  nov. 

Body  bright  yellow.  Wings  bright  yellow,  the  veins  darker  on  the  yellow  por- 
tion ;  two  bro^d  transverse  straight  gray  bands,  edged  on  either  side  with  white,  the 
basal  band  indistinct  on  the  secondaries;  the  outer  band  from  near  the  apex  of  the 
primaries  to  the  anal  angle  of  the  secondaries.     Expanse,    $    37  mm. 

Habitat:  Castro,  Parana. 

Hydrias  vitripuncta,  sp.  nov. 

Body  reddish  brown.  Primaries  reddish  brown,  the  basal  half  darker,  limited 
by  a  fine  pale  line,  oblique  from  the  costa,  then  curving  inwardly  towards  the  inner 
margin  ;  a  subterminal  row  of  whitish  lunular  marks  ;  a  terminal  yellowish  line  ;  on 
the  'fringe  grayish  lunules.  Secondaries  reddish  brown ;  a  submarginal  row  of 
whitish  hyahne  spots,  the  third  from  the  apex  being  the  largest  and  is  placed  just  be- 
yond the  cell.     Expanse,    $    30  mm. 

Habitat :  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

Hydrias  marna,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  violaceous  gray.  Abdomen  lilacine  brown.  Primaries  fawn 
color  thickly  speckled  with  dark  brown  scales  ;  the  base,  inner  margin  and  half  of  the 
outer  margin  above  the  inner  angle,  lilacine  gray  ;  an  outer  yellowish  transverse  line  ; 
the  apical  portion  of  the  outer  margin  whitish ;  a  subterminal  row  of  fawn  color  quad- 
rate spots  ;  the  extreme  margin  fawn  color.  Secondaries  reddish  brown  ;  the  costal 
margin  paler  with  dark  specks :  a  transverse  median  and  a  subterminal  whitish  line. 
Expanse,  28  mm. 

Habitat:     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Hydrias  venalia,  sp.  nov. 

Body  fawn  color.  Primaries  reddish  fawn  color,  darker  at  the  base  and  limited 
by  a  double  irregular  dark  gray  line  ;  a  small  dark  gray  spot  on  the  costa  at  the  base ; 


144  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv 

a  black  point  in  the  cell;  an  outer  wavy  gray  line  exteriorly  shaded  with  white  fol. 
lowed  by  an  indistinct  grayish  line  ;  a  subterminal  row  of  gray  spots.  Secondaries 
white  ;  the  costal  margin  reddish  fawn  color  with  the  commencement  of  transverse 
gray  lines.     Expanse,  29  mm. 

Habitat:     Aroa,  Veiiezuela. 
Hydrias  chera,  sp.  nov. 

Body  brownish  gray.  Primaries  brownish  gray,  dark  at  the  base  ;  a  brown 
point  in  the  cell ;  an  outer,  wavy  dark  gray  line  ;  a  subterminal  irregular  dark  line  ; 
the  lines  heaviest  on  the  costal  margin.  Secondaries  brown ;  the  costa  and  apex 
broadly  gray ;  a  median  and  a  submarginal  wavy  dark  line.       Expanse,  $  41  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Hydrias  funerea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  gray  speckled  with  white  ;  abdomen  brown.  Primaries 
and  costal  margin  of  secondaries  finely  and  thickly  mottled  gray  and  dark  brown  ;  an 
indistinct  trace  of  a  basal,  median,  outer  and  subterminal  dark  transverse  shade, 
secondaries  otherwise  brown.     Wings  underneath  brown.     Expanse,  47  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Hydrias  mediana,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  grayish.  Abdomen  brown.  Primaries  brown,  the  median 
space  whitish  limited  on  either  side  by  a  grayish  shade ;  a  small  dark  spot  at  the 
base ;  a  subterminal  dark  wavy  line.  Secondaries  brown ;  the  costal  margin 
broadly  whitish  with  traces  of  a  median  and  subterminal  dark  shade.  Expanse,  31 
mm. 

Habitat:  Rio  Janeiro. 

Hydrias  chamicuros,  sp.  nov. 

Body  and  wings  brown ;  on  the  primaries  a  large  white  spot  on  the  middle  of 
the  costal  margin,  and  a  similar  spot  on  the  inner  margin  ;  an  indistinct  outer  and 
terminal  dark  shade.  Secondaries  with  the  trace  of  three  broad  white  lines  on  the 
half  of  the  costal  margin.     Expanse,  27  mm. 

Habitat:  Peruvian  Amazons. 

Hydrias  boresa,  sp.  nov. 

Body  fawn  color.  Primaries  fawn  color,  shaded  with  smoky  black,  especially 
in  the  disc  and  broadly  along  the  costa ;  the  veins  on  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  red- 
dish brown  ;  a  subterminal  wavy,  smoky  black  shade.  Secondaries  pale  fawn  color, 
the  inner  margin  with  brownish  hairs;  a  large  dusky  black  space  at  the  apex  sending 
a  subterminal  smoky  shade  towai'ds  the  anal  angle.     Expanse,  $  22  mm. 

Habitat :  Aroa,  A^enezuela. 
Ocha  drucei,  sp.  nov. 

Body  creamy  white.  Primaries  pale  fawn  color,  whitish  along  the  inner  mar" 
gin ;  a  double  wavy  brown  basal  line  ;  two  minute  black  points  in  the  cell,  one  above 
the  other;  two  outer  wavy  brownish  lines;  some  submarginal  brownish  shades  at  the 


Sep..  1896.]  Dyar  :   Two  NocTUiD  Larv^..  145 

apex   and  middle  of  the  outer  margin;  fringe  spotted  with   brown.      Secondaries 
creamy  yellow ;  some  brownish  shades  on  the  costal  margin.     Expanse,  23  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Macromphalia  arpia,  sp.  nov. 

^  Body  brown.  Primaries  brown,  the  outer  half  indistinctly  shaded  with 
gray;  a"  dark  brown  spot  in  the  cell.  Secondaries  grayish  brown,  with  a  darker 
mediln  line  and  indistinct  broad  submarginal  shade. 

f.  Anal  segment  dark  silky  gray.  The  wings  uniform  brown  with  a  dark 
spot  in  the  cell  on  the  primaries.     Expanse,  $  3'  n>m.,  9  52  mm. 

Habitat :  Buenos  Ayres. 
Artace  manoba,  sp.  nov.  , .     ,         , 

Head,  and  patagis  white;  thorax  and  abdomen  gray  with  long  white  hairs  at 
the  base  of  the  latter.     Primaries  white ;  a  broad  gray  shade  from  the  middle  of  the 
inner  margin  to  the  apex,  where  it  is  cut  by  a  white  line;  the  extreme  outer  margin 
finely  gray.     Secondaries  white,  the  extreme  margin  gray.     Expanse,  30  mm. 
Habitat :  Aroa,  Venezuela. 

♦ 

DESCRIPTIONS  OF  TWO  NOCTUID   LARViE. 
Bv  Harrison  G.  Dvar. 
SDargaloma  sexpunctata  Grote. 

Head  small,  pale  yellowish  testaceous,  ocelli  black  ;  width,  1.8  mm.  Body  slen- 
der cylindrical,  green;  feet  all  about  alike,  the  anal  pair  divergent.  Tubercles  con- 
colorous  set.  moderately  long,  single,  white,  normal  in  arrangement  for  the  Noctuid^, 
iii  rather  close  to  the  spiracle,  iv  substigmatal,  posterior ;  three  set.  on  thelegplate 
The  larva  is  without  marks,  though  the  tracheal  line  may  be  seen  with  a  lens.  The 
last  three  stages  were  observed  with  widths  of  head  .8.  1.15  and  1.8  mm. 

Resembles  the  larva  of  Sarrothripa,  but  the  setae  are  shorter  and  it 
spins  no  web.     Solitary  on  the  Dogbane  {Apocynwn-). 
Deva  purpurigera  Walker. 

Head  small,  green  with  black  ocelli ;  width,  i  .5  mm.  Body  slightly  enlarged  on 
loints  c  6  7  and  12;  tubercles  low  rounded  cones  on  the  prominent  segments,  the 
egmenlal  incisures  deep,  the  segments  rounded,  so  that  the  larva  appears  more 
humped  and  angled  than  is  actually  the  case.  Color  translucent  green,  not  yellowish 
marked  with  bright  opaque  white,  in  the  semblance  of  oblique  transverse  bands.  On 
the  thorax  the  white  stigmatal  band  is  still  intact,  though  cut  down  at  the  incisures  ; 
behind  on  the  abdomen  it  is  cut  through  at  these  points  and  produced  subventraly ; 
the  subdorsal  band  is  obUquely  divided  between  tubercles  i  and  11,  the  hinder  portion 
ioming  the  stigmatal  white  patch  centrally  on  each  segment.  The  bands  unite  con- 
fusedly with  a  narrow  geminate  dorsal  line.  Feet  only  present  on  joints,  9,  10  and 
X3  reddish  tipped;  thoracic  feet  green.  Tubercles  normal  for  the  Noctuid^.m, 
especially  on  joints  5  and  6,  shining  black.  It  was  regarded  at  first  as  the  egg  of  a 
parasite  till  it  was  noticed  that  it  was  alike  on  both  sides.  Tubercle  vn  consists  of 
three  rather  distant  set.  on  joints  5  to  8.     Length  about  30  mm. 

Solitary  on  Meadow-Rue  {Thalictrum),  towards  the  end  of  May. 
Green  and  white,  curiously  hunched  up. 


140  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

DESCRIPTION   OF   A  NEW  MOTH. 

By  William  Beutenmlller. 

Ottolenguia,  gen.  nov. 

Piimaries. — Vein  i  free;  median  four-branched;  veins  6-10  all  simple,  iin- 
branched  ;  veins  II  from  the  subcostal  near  the  middle  of  the  cell ;  vein  12  from  base. 

Secondaries. — Two  internal  veins  ;  median  vein  four-branched  ;  veins  6-7  from 
apex  of  cell;  vein  8  from  base,  sinuate  and  close  to  7  at  the  outer  part  of  the  cell.  A 
distinct  frenulum  hooked  into  a  loop  on  the  subcostal  vein  of  the  primaries. 

Antennae  strongly  pectinated  in  the  male,  simple  in  the  female;  palpi  from  2  to 
3  mm.  long,  with  short  scales ;  eyes  rather  large,  naked ;  tongue  very  short.  Body 
long  and  slender,  extending  much  beyond  the  hind  wings.  Fore  wings  elongated, 
much  longer  than  broad ;  costa  somewhat  sinuate  at  the  middle  in  the  male,  apex 
acute  ;  hind  angles  obliquely  rounded ;  outer  margin  entire.  Hind  wings  extending 
to  the  hind  angle  of  the  fore  wings,  outer  margin  sinuate  above  the  middle,  apex  acute, 
hind  angle  rounded,  costa  somewhat  sinuate  at  the  middle.  Legs  slender,  closely 
scaled  ;  middle  tibiae  with  one  pair  of  spurs  ;   hind  tibioe  with  two  pairs. 

Ottolenguia  reticulina,  sp.  nov. 

Wings  above  and  below  pale  cinnamon  brown,  with  numerous  fine  reticulations 
of  a  darker  color,  and  with  transverse  irregularly  angled  lines.  The  line  on  the  mid- 
dle of  the  fore  wing  is  bifurcate  from  the  end  of  the  cell  to  the  costa.  Head,  thorax, 
abdomen  and  legs  pale  cinnamon  brown.      Expanse,  $   25  mm. ;    5   'hZ  "^n^- 

Habitat:  Flamingo,  Florida  (Coll.  R.  Ottolengui) ;  Riverside, 
California  (Coll.  A.  Bolter). 

An  example  of  this  species  from  Florida 
was  in  Hy.  Edward's  collection  for  a  number  of 
years  awaiting  identification.  Mr.  Edwards 
did  not  describe  the  specimen,  not  knowing 
where  to  place  it  generically.  The  insect  was 
also  seen  by  a  number  of  well-known  Lepidop- 
terists  who  likewise  were  unable  to  recognize  it, 
or  place  it  generically.  This  specimen  unfor- 
tunately got  broken  beyond  repair. 

In  looking  over  Dr.  R.  Ottolengui's  collec- 
tion recently  I  discovered  a  female  of  the  same 
species,  and  another  male  specimen  was  sent  to  Mr.  Dyar  by  Mr.  Bolter 
for  naming.  The  species  is  certainly  a  very  perplexing  one,  as  regards 
its  position  in  classification.  It  does  not  seem  to  fit  in  any  of  the  fami- 
lies of  Lepidoptera,  except  the  Thyrididce  near  the  Indian  genus  Her- 
donia  (see  Hampson,  Moths  of  India,  Vol.  I,  p.  367,  fig.  248).  I  am 
under  obligation  to  Mr.  Dyar  for  a  study  of  the  venation  of  the  genus. 
The  figure  is  twice  natural  size. 


JOURNAL 

OF   THE 

Jlf\a  ]9opk  Qntomologiral  HoriFtg. 

Vol.  IV.  DECEMBER,  1896.  No.  4. 


NEW  SPECIES  OF  HETEROCERA  FROM  TROPICAL 

AMERICA. 

BV    W.   SCHAUS. 

CASTNIID^. 

Castnia  gramivora,  sp.  nov. 

Body  liglit  brown  above,  whitish  underneath  ;  the  patagise  iridescent  olivaceous 
green.  Primaries  b'ght  brown,  somewhat  oHvaceous  at  the  base  and  along  the  inner 
margin  ;  on  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  a  large  semi-diaphanous  space,  not  reaching  the 
margins  and  crossed  by  brown  veins,  also  interrupted  anteriorly  by  a  large  brown 
spot  extending  from  the  costal  margin.  Secondaries  brown,  reddish  at  the  base ;  a 
terminal  row  of  reddish  brown  spots  on  the  outer  margin,  preceded  by  a  large  semi- 
diaphanous  space.     Underneath  the  wings  are  much  paler.     Expanse,  64  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

This  species  was  discovered  by  E.  D.  Jones,  Esq.,  who  tells  me 
that  it  is   found    flying   in   the   grasses   after   the   manner   of  certain 
Noctuidae. 
Castnia  corrupta,  sp.  nov. 

Entirely  dark  brown,  changing  to  dai^k  metallic  green  in  certain  lights ;  the 
anus  orange  red.  At  the  anal  angle  of  the  secondaries  a  red  spot  adjoining  some 
creamy  white  clusters  of  scales  which  extend  towards  the  center  of  the  wing.  Un- 
derneath the  wings  are  powdered  with  reddish  scales,  forming  an  indistinct  terminal 
band  on  the  primaries  and  two  more  distinct  bands  on  the  secondaries.  Expanse, 
1 10  mm. 

Habitat :   Colombia. 

Castnia  veraguana  IVtti/. 

Castnia  veraguana  Westwood,  Trans.  Linn.  Soc.  London,  Ser.  2,  Zool.  I,  p. 
168,  pi.  30,  fig.  I ;  Druce,  Biol.  Centr.  Amer.  Het.  p.  24,  pi.  14,  fig.  4. 

I  have  recently  obtained  what  I  believe  to  be  the  $  of  the  above  species.  The 
primaries  agree  very  well  with  the  type  figured,  only  the  suba])ical  white  spots  are 
more  oblique  in  my  specimens.  The  secondaries  differ  in  being  velvety  black  with 
a  marginal  row  of  large  red  spots  extending  on  to  the  fringe.     Expanse,  108-130  mm. 

Habitat :  Colombia. 


148  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Societv.  [Voi.  iv. 

Should  my  description  refer  to  a  new  species  then  I  propose  for  it 
the  name  of  C.  govara. 

AGARISTIDyE. 
Arpia,  gen.  nov. 

Palpi  short,  porrect,  pubescent.  Anteunce  long,  filiform.  Primaries  straight  on 
the  costal  margin  and  inner  margin  ;  the  outer  margin  oblique  in  the  $ ,  slightly 
convex  in  the  9  ;  vein  6  from  upper  angle  of  cell ;  veins  7,  8,  9,  from  a  point  at  end 
of  small  areolet.  Secondaries  with  the  neuration  as  in  Copidyras,  from  which  this 
genus  differs  chiefly  in  the  arrangement  of  veins  7,  8,  9,  on  the  primaries. 

Arpia  janeira,   sp.  nov. 

Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  dark  grey ;  patagite  reddish  brown.  Primaries 
with  the  costa  broadly  greyish  fawn  color,  separated  from  the  outer  and  posterior  por- 
tion of  the  wing,  which  is  dark  brown,  by  a  fine  white  line  which  starts  from  the 
costa  near  the  apex,  descends  obliquely  below  vein  4,  curves  upwards  into  the  end  of 
the  cell,  again  descends  oblic[uely,  nearly  touching  a  large  dark  brown  spot,  oval  in 
shape,  which  occupies  the  base  of  the  inner  margin,  and  then  recedes  to  the  inner 
margin  near  the  angle.  Secondaries  yellow  with  a  broad  black  margin.  Under- 
neath yellow;  the  secondaries  margined  with  dark  brown;  the  primaries  with  the 
costa  narrowly,  the  apex  broadly  brown,  and  a  transverse  broad  brown  band  from  the 
costa  to  the  inner  margin  near  the  angle.     Expanse,  42  mm. 

Habitat :     Rio  Janeiro. 

Phasis  meridiana,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  black.  Abdomen  yellow  with  a  subdorsal  and  a  lateral  yel- 
low line.  Primaries  black  with  a  creamy  yellow  oblique  band  beyond  the  cell  from 
the  subcostal  to  vein  2.  Secondaries  bright  yellow  with  all  the  margins  very  broadly 
black,  limiting  the  yellow  to  a  very  small  space.  Underneath  the  yellow  band  on 
the  primaries  is  wider.     Expanse,  48  mm. 

Habitat :     Rio  Paranapanema,  S.  Brazil. 

LITHOSIID.4^:. 
Maspha  coresa,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black.  Collar  and  patagiae  golden  yellow.  Thorax  dark  grey,  abdomen 
yellow.  Primaries  :  basal  half  golden  brown  including  a  large  golden  yellow  space 
from  the  base ;  beyond  golden  yellow  with  a  bright  carmine  spot ;  the  outer  margis 
broadly  golden  brown  advancing  inwardly  about  the  center  and  touching  the  carmine 
spot.  Secondaries  orange  red  with  the  fringe  brown.  Underneath  primaries  orange 
with  the  apex  and  outer  margin  brown  ;  the  secondaries  yellow.      Expanse,  15  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Talara  rosacea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  grey,  posteriorly  red ;  collar  grey,  laterally  red ;  thorax  dark  grey  ;  abdo- 
men grey,  the  base  and  anus  red.  Primaries  pink,  the  inner  margin  broadly  dark 
grey.  Secondaries  red.  Underneath  red,  the  inner  margin  on  the  primaries  narrowly 
grey.     Expanse,  17  mm. 

Habitat:  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


Dec.  1896]  SCHAUS  :      NeW    SpECIES    OF    HeTEROCERA.  149 

Talara  grisea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  grey ;  abdomen  red.     Primaries  dark  grey.     Secondaries  white  ; 
the  apex  and  outer  margin  greyish.     Underneath  the  same.     Expanse,  18  mm. 
Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Talara  ruficollis,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  body  greyish  black,  collar  reddish.    Primaries  greyish  black.     Second- 
aries dull  black.     Expanse  18  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Talara  domina,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  dark  grey.     Collar  and  abdomen  red.     Primaries  dark  grey. 
Secondaries  brownish  grey.     Expanse,  17  mm. 
Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Talara  barema,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  light  grey.  Abdomen  pale  yellow.  Primaries  light  grey 
speckled  with  brown  scales ;  a  cluster  of  dark  scales  about  the  middle  of  the  wing. 
Secondaries  pale  yellow.  Underneath  pale  yellow,  the  disc  and  costa  of  the  primaries 
brownish.     Expanse,  16  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Talara  obscura,  sp.  nov. 

Body  black.  Primaries  glossy  black  with  a  faint  greenish  tinge.  Secondaries 
dark  brown.     Expanse,  17  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  Rio  Janeiro. 

Talara  bombycia,  sp.  nov. 

Body  greyish  brown.  Primaries  light  grey,  shaded  with  brown  at  the  base, 
along  the  costa  and  on  the  outer  margin  near  the  apex  and  inner  angle ;  a  dentate 
white  line  crosses  the  wing  at  a  third  from  the  base,  and  there  is  a  curved  white 
Jine  beyond  the  cell  from  the  costal  to  the  inner  margin.  Secondaries  smoky  brown. 
Expanse,  17  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Odozana  varda,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  blackish.  Abdomen  red.  Primaries  dark  brown  glossed 
with  violet.  Secondaries  with  the  base  red  to  the  anal  angle ;  the  apical  portion 
and  outer  margin  black.     Expanse,  20  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Odozana  olivacea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brownish  green.  Collar  yellow.  Abdomen  red.  Primaries 
glossy,  olivaceous  green.  Secondaries  red ;  the  costal  and  outer  margins  narrowly 
.black,  the  apex  broadly  black.  Underneath  the  primaries  are  black.  Expanse, 
2.0  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


150  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society,  [Voi.  iv. 

Odozana  pascuala,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brownish  grey.  Collar  yellow.  Abdomen  orange  red. 
Primaries  brownish  grey.  Secondaries  crimson,  the  costal  margin  yellowish,  the 
outer  margin  black,  the  median  vein  black.  Underneath  primaries  black,  the  costal 
half  at  the  base  red.    Secondaries  orange  with  black  outer  margin.    Expanse,  i8mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Odozana  cuprea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  black.  Thorax  coppery  brown.  Abdomen  with  the  basal  half  fawn 
color,  the  anal  half  red.  Primaries  coppery  brown.  Secondaries  pale  reddish  yel- 
low, a  large  brownish  space  at  the  apex.     Expanse,  22  mm. 

Habitat .     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Odozana  margina,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  grey.  Collar  and  patagise  dorsally  red.  Abdomen  red. 
Primaries  glossy  brown,  the  inner  margin  yellow.  Secondaries  red,  the  outer  margin 
black.     Expanse,  i6  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Nodoza,  gen.  nov. 

Differs  from  Odozana  in  liaving  the  $  antennae  deeply  pectinated  and  the  anal 
angle  of  the  secondaries  much  prolonged. 

Nodoza  tristis,  sp.  nov. 

Head,  tliorax  and  primaries  chocolate  brown.  Abdomen  blackish.  Second- 
aries brown,  slightly  hyaline  at  the  base  ;  a  dark  spot  at  the  end  of  the  cell.  Ex- 
panse, 22  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Zonoda,  gen.  nov. 

Allied  to  Odozana,  but  the  $  has  a  large  tuft  of  hairs  on  the  inner  margin  of  the 
primaries  underneath,  and  the  secondaries  have  very  long  tufts  of  hairs  on  the  inner 
margin,  which  is  cleft  and  very  prolonged. 

Zanoda  fasciata,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  brown.  Collar  and  patagire  yellow.  Abdomen  yellow. 
Primaries  light  glossy  brown ;  a  yellow  oval  spot  at  the  base  of  the  inner  margin  ; 
a  broad  yellow  median  band,  sometimes  divided  and  leaving  a  costal  spot  and  one  on 
the  inner  margin.  Secondaries  yellow,  the  apex  and  fringe  black.  Expanse, 
23  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Zanoda  dives,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  coppery  brown.  Collar  yellow.  Abdomen  red.  Primaries  cop- 
pery brown  with  a  median  transverse  yellow  band.  Secondaries  red ;  costal  margin 
white,  outer  margin  black.     Expanse,  18  mm. 

Habitat :    Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


Dec.  1896  ]  ScHAUs  :   New  Species  OF  Heterocera.  151 

Trichomelia  placida,  sp.  nov. 

Body  dark  grey.  Primaries  pale  grey,  all  the  veins  finely  dark.  A  quadrate  dark 
spot  in  the  cell  and  an  outer  transverse  dark  irregular  line.  Secondaries  pale  grey. 
Expanse,  22  mm. 

Habitat :    Castro  Parana. 

Allied  to  T.  celenna  Schs.,  but  the  secondaries  much  paler  and  the 
markings  on  the  primaries  different. 

Trichomelia  parima,  sp.  nov. 

Dark  smoky  grey,  the  veins  on  the  primaries  finely  brovi^n  ;  an  indistinct  median 
shade  on  the  primaries  widest  on  the  inner  margin.     Expanse,  25  mm. 

Habitat:     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

.  mice  subfulgens,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  creamy  yellow.  Abdomen  grey.  Primaries  light  brown  iri- 
descent ;  the  inner  margin,  half  of  the  outer  margin  above  the  angle,  and  a  broad 
median  shade  creamy  white.  Secondaries  grey  whitish  at  the  base.  Underneath 
dark  grey,  the  base  of  the  secondaries  white.     Expanse,  28  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Lithosia  sadima,  sp.  nov. 

Body  grey.  Primaries  above  light  silky  grey,  the  costal  margin  faintly  yellow- 
ish. Secondaries  grey,  fawn  color  at  the  base  and  broadly  along  the  inner  margin. 
Underneath  blackish  grey,  the  inner  half  of  the  secondaries  fawn  color.  Expanse, 
28  mm. 

Habitat :  Castro  Parana. 

Crambidia  parvita,  sp.  nov. 

Entirely  pure  dull  white.     Expanse,  18  mm. 
Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

NOLIN.«. 

Calligenia  marmorata,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  collar  white.  Thorax  and  abdomen  fawn  color.  Primaries  white  ; 
a  transverse  brown  line  at  the  base,  then  a  lunular  steel  grey  spot  connected  with  the 
costal  margin  by  a  brown  spot ;  a  third  brown  spot  from  the  costal  margin  to  the 
cell ;  on  the  inner  margin  a  large  oval  brown  spot  anteriorly  shaded  with  grey ;  two 
brown  blotches  above  the  outer  portion  of  the  oval  spot  and  between  it  and  the  costal 
margm  ;  a  subterminal  brown  band  and  a  minute  brown  spot  on  the  apex.  Second- 
aries Vhite,  with  a  narrow  brown  outer  margin.     Expanse,  17  mm. 

Habitat :  Castro  Parana. 

Calligenia  erminea,  sp.  nov. 

Body  white.  Primaries  white;  an  indistinct  brownish  median  line;  four  mi- 
nute dark  spots  on  the  costa ;  from  the  inner  angle  to  below  the  apex  on  the  outer 
margin  a  lunate  spot,  mottled  grey  and  white ;  on  the  extreme  outer  margin  some 


152  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

minute  brown  spots.  Secondaries  wliite,  the  outer  margin  black.  Underneath 
white  ;  on  the  primaries  a  broad  subterminal  blackish  shade,  projecting  about  its 
center  to  the  outer  margin ;  the  costa  smoky.  Secondaries  with  a  black  outer 
margin.     Expanse,  14  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 
Nola  panthera,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  grey.  Primaries  white  with  four  rows  of 
small  black  spots  ;  a  black  spot  in  the  cell  between  rows  2  and  3,  and  another  between 
rows  3  and  4.  Three  submarginal  spots,  one  on  the  costa,  one  near  the  inner  angle 
and  another  about  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin ;  a  terminal  row  of  black  points. 
Secondaries  whitish,  slightly  grey  along  the  outer  margin.     Expanse,  20  mm. 

Habitat:     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Nola  hermana,  sp.  nov. 

Head  brown.  Collar  grey  edged  with  brown.  Abdomen  grey.  Primaries 
grey  ;  a  large  triangular  brown  space  occupying  the  basal  half  of  the  costal  margin  ; 
a  double  outer  fine  black  line,  forming  a  prolonged  curve  at  veins  3  and  4 ;  the  grey 
portion  of  the  wing  minutely  speckled  with  brown.  Secondaries  pale  brownish  grey. 
Expanse,  9  23  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Allied  to  N.  terulosa  Druce. 
Nola  rodea,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  grey.  Abdomen  pale  brown.  Primaries  grey  ;  a  brown  spot 
on  the  costa  at  the  base  and  a  broad  median  brown  shade  from  the  costa  to  the  inner 
margin;  a  fine  blackish  basal  and  outer  line;  a  subterminal  dark  grey  shade  and 
some  minute  brown  terminal  spots.  Secondaries  whitish,  the  apex  broadly  grey. 
Expanse,  22  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Nola  garuba,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  light  grey.  Abdomen  pale  brown.  Primaries  whitish ;  on 
the  costa,  a  basal  and  a  median  dark  brown  spot ;  a  fine  dark  curved  outer  line,  most 
distinctly  marked  on  the  inner  margin ;  a  subterminal  and  a  terminal  grey  shade. 
Secondaries  greyish  brown.      Expanse,  20  mm. 

Habitat :     Castro,  Parana. 

Allied  to  iV.  sexmaculata  Grote. 
Nola  divisa,  sp.  nov. 

Body  cream  color.  Primaries  with  the  basal  half  creamy  white,  shaded  with 
brown ;  three  round  tufts  of  raised  scales  in  the  cell ;  outer  half  grey,  thickly  speckled 
with  black,  so  the  outer  and  subterminal  lines  are  very  indistinct;  the  apex  tinged 
with  white.     Secondaries  white.     Expanse,  19  mm. 

Habitat :     Castro,  Parana. 

Nola  arana,  sp.  nov. 

Head  white,  frons  brown.  Collar  and  thorax  pale  brown  speckled  with  black 
and  dark  brown  scales.     Abdomen  light  brown.     Primaries  fawn  color  speckled  with 


Dec.  1896. J  ScHAUS  :   New  Species  OF  Heterocera.  153 

yellowish  scales ;  the  costa  also  speckled  with  black  and  dark  green  scales ;  near  the 
base  of  the  cell  a  large  cluster  of  greenish  black  scales  and  an  oblique  mark  of  sim- 
ilar scales  from  the  costa  subapically ;  the  apex  whitish  ;  two  round  tufts  of  raised 
scales  in  the  cell ;  a  faint  submarginal  brownish  shade.  Secondaries  greyish  brown  ; 
a  minute  spot  in  the  cell.     Expanse,  22  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

< 
Nola  natama,  sp.  nov. 

Head  and  thorax  white.  Abdomen  cream  color.  Primaries  white  on  the  basal 
half  and  at  the  apex;  some  olive  shadings  along  the  costa;  the  outer  line  formed  of 
minute  clusters  of  velvety  black  scales,  heavily  shaded  on  either  side  with  brown  and 
yellowish  scales.     Secondaries  dark  grey.     Expanse,  18  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 

Nola  sol  vita,  sp.  nov. 

Body  dark  grey.  Primaries  whitish  grey,  thickly  speckled  with  brown  and 
black  scales,  giving  the  wings  a  dark  appearance ;  an  indistinct  basal  and  outer  line ; 
a  faint  median  shade  and  another,  subterminal ;  fringe  brown.  Secondaries  smoky 
grey.     Expanse,  17  mm. 

Habitat :     Castro  Parana. 

LYMANTRIID.^. 

Orgyia  falcata,  sp.  nov. 

Body  grey.  Primaries  with  the  basal  third  brownish  grey,  limited  by  a  wavy 
dark  brown  line  and  crossed  at  the  base  by  a  similar  line  which  does  not  reach  the 
inner  margin ;  the  rest  of  the  wing  grey  with  a  curved  lunular  line  beyond  the  cell 
enclosing  toward  the  costal  margin,  a  large  smoky  space  ;  at  the  end  of  the  cell  a 
small  brownish  spot,  a  subterminal  brown  shade  streaked  with  dark  brown  near  the 
apex  ;  a  terminal  brown  line ;  fringe  pale  at  the  base,  dark  terminally.  Secondaries 
brownish  grey  with  the  fringe  as  on  the  primaries.     Expanse,  28  mm. 

Habitat :     Jalapa,  Mexico. 

This  species  is  allied  to  O,  leucostigma  S.  &  A.,  but  the  primaries 
are  somewhat  produced  at  the  apex. 

CVLLOPODIDyE. 

Rhosus  unipuncta,  sp.  nov. 

Body  dark  brown,  anus  orange.  Primaries  very  dark  velvety  brown,  thinly 
speckled  with  greyish  scales ;  a  large  oblique  while  spot  beyond  the  cell ;  fringe 
light  brown.  Secondaries  dark  brown,  fringe  mottled  white  and  brown.  Un- 
derneath dark  brown,  the  primaries  with  a  white  discal  spot  and  the  apex  narrowly 
white ;  secondaries  with  two  white  lines  from  the  base,  fringe  white.  Expanse, 
37  mm. 

Habitat :     Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


154  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

Scotura  nervosa,  sp.  nov. 

Head  orange;  body  grey.  Primaries  grey,  all  the  veins  whitish.  Secondaries 
white  with  all  the  margins  broadly  steel  grey.     Expanse,  30  mm. 

Habitat :     Aroa,  Venezuela. 

Allied  to  Scotura  venata  Butl. 

Ephialtias  tryma,  sp.  nov. 

Body  black  above;  abdomen  underneath  white.  Legs  black  above,  white  un- 
derneath. Wings  black ;  on  the  primaries  a  broad  oblique  yellow  band  on  the  oute"" 
half  from  the  subcostal  to  the  submedian  vein.     Expanse,  26  mm. 

Habitat :     Trinidad,  B.  W.  I. 

CERATOCAMPID.*:. 

Eacles  mason i,  sp.  nov 

Head  and  collar  yellow.  Thorax  reddish  brown.  Body  yellow,  somewhat  red- 
dish subdorsally.  Primaries  yellow,  so  thickly  covered  with  reddish  brown  scales  and 
still  darker  transverse  striae,  that  the  yellow  is  only  conspicuous  at  the  apex  on  the 
costal  margin,  and  near  the  inner  angle  on  the  outer  side  of  the  subterminal  line,  which 
is  dark,  straight  and  rather  closer  to  the  outer  margin  than  in  the  other  described 
species ;  the  basal  line  is  broad,  slightly  wavy  and  hardly  apparent  in  the  general  dark 
tone  of  the  wing;  in  the  cell  two  indistinct  dark  spots;  the  outer  margin  at  its  center 
suffused  with  lilacine  scales.  Secondaries  yellow  ;  a  large  reddish  brown  space  along 
the  inner  margin  at  the  base  ;  the  discal  spot  reddish  brown  with  some  central  whitish 
scales ;  a  straight  transverse  dark  line  from  the  apex  to  the  inner  margin  at  two  thirds 
from  the  base ;  this  line  outwardly  bordered  with  yellow  chiefly  towards  the  angle  ; 
the  outer  margin  otherwise  dark  reddish  brown.  Expanse,  $  118  mm. 
Habitat :  Orizaba,  Mexico. 

It  affords  me  great  pleasure  to  name  this  fine  species  after  my  good 
friend,  J.  T.  Mason,  Esq.,  of  Denver,  Colorado,  whose  discovery  of  E. 
imperialis,  var.  nobilis  was  not  recognized  by  Mr.  Neumoegeii  when 
describing  it.  I  may  here  mention  that  I  captured  in  April  at  Orizaba 
a  fine  Z  o{  Eacles  (9/v«t^«^<?/Schs.,  which  was  originally  described  from  a 
9  specimen.     The  two  sexes  scarcely  differ. 

PSYCHID^. 
Oiketicus  jonesi,  sp.  nov. 

Entirely  lilacine  grey  without  any  markings.     Expanse,  J   42  mm. 

Habitat :  Sao  Paulo,  S.  E.  Brazil. 


Packard  :  Transformations  of  Hymenoptera.  155 


NOTES  ON  THE  TRANSFORMATIONS  OF  THE 
HIGHER  HYMENOPTERA.— I. 

By  a.  S.  Packard. 

The  following  descriptions  of  the  larval  and  pupal  stages  of  some 
of  our  more  common  Hymenoptera  belonging  to  the  fossorial  families, 
together  with  the  wasps  and  bees,  were  drawn  up  over  twenty  years 
ago  and  were  preserved  in  the  hope  of  adding  others.  But  lack  of 
time  and  material  has  prevented  such  additions  and  what  few  notes 
have  been  gathered  are  now  offered  for  publication.  The  descriptions 
are,  so  far  as  possible,  comparative,  as  this  is  especially  needful  in  the 
case  of  larvse  whose  mode  of  life  is  so  similar,  and  which  therefore  pre- 
sent very  slightly  marked  specific  as  well  as  generic  characters.  In  no 
group  of  animals,  perhaps,  are  there  such  slight  larval  characteristics  as 
in  those  of  the  Hymenoptera,  the  phytophagous  forms  being  excepted. 
This  is  evidently  due  to  their  living  confined  in  closed  cells,  to  their 
lack  of  the  necessity  or  power  of  locomotion,  and  to  the  fact  that  im- 
mediately after  birth  they  can  feed  on  food,  whether  vegetable,  such  as 
pollen,  or  the  bodies  of  other  insects  or  spiders  stored  up  for  them  by 
the  prevision  of  their  parents.  They  live  in  total  darkness,  hence  are 
eyeless ;  they  have  no  enemies  to  shun,  hence  have  no  defensive  spines 
or  armature  of  any  kind.  The  reduction  in  the  limbs  and  mouth-parts, 
and  the  lack  of  any  differentiation  in  form,  ornamentation,  or  color 
of  the  integument ;  even  the  undeveloped  proctodseum,  all  tend  to 
prove  that  the  larval  forms  of  these  Hymenoptera  are  due  to  modifica- 
tions from  simple  disuse,  for  their  embryology  shows  that  they  have  de- 
scended from  insects  whose  larval  forms  were  out-of-door  feeders, 
probably  like  those  of  the  saw-flies,  and  provided  like  them  with  ab- 
dominal as  well  as  thoracic  legs. 

It  is  to  be  hoped  that  our  entomologists  will  hereafter  pay  more  at- 
tention to  the  habits  of  our  wasps  and  bees,  for  the  wonderful  differen- 
tiation of  the  bodies  of  the  adults  is  correlated  with  their  varied  and 
striking  modes  of  life  and  their  high  degree  of  intelligence. 

Pompilus  funereus  Sf.  Farg. 

Larva. — This  larva  is  with  some  hesitation  referred  to  the  above 
species,  but  it  belongs  to  a  common  New  England  species.  The  head 
IS  round,  scarcely  longer  than  broad;  the  surface  of  the  front  not  very 
convex,  being  much  shorter  and  broader  than  in  Polistes.     Eyes  on  the 


156  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         |Vo1.  iv. 

front  edge,  with  a  long  oblique  testaceous  line,  a  little  angulated  oppo- 
site the  base  of  the  clypeus.  Antennal  tubercle  situated  on  the  outer 
edge  of  a  round  area  opposite  the  base  of  the  clypeus ;  supra-clypeal 
piece  obtuse,  the  suture  separating  it  from  the  epicranium  indistinct. 
Clypeus  transverse,  half  as  long  as  broad  ;  the  sides  very  oblique, 
marked  by  testaceous  oblique  lines;  front  edge  straight.  Labrum 
broad,  being  one-third  as  long  as  broad  ;  thin,  flat,  bilobate,  overlapping 
the  mandibles,  but  so  thin  and  expanded  that  they  can  be  seen  through. 
Mandibles  unusually  short,  stout,  thick  and  broad,  not  much  longer 
than  broad,  unidentate,  the  outer  edge  produced  into  a  short  obtuse 
point ;  within  curved  towards  the  retreating  inner  edge.  Maxillae 
smaller  and  slenderer  than  usual,  ending  in  the  maxillary  palpi,  which 
are  short  papillae.  Labium  as  usual,  with  two  papilliform  palpi,  be- 
tween which  is  the  rudiment  of  the  lingua,  forming  a  transverse  chit- 
inous  line.  In  my  two  alcoholic  specimens  the  head  is  bent  upon  the 
breast,  nearly  reaching  the  middle  of  the  body.  The  body  is  very 
short  and  broad,  dilating  in  the  middle.  The  end  is  unusually  acute, 
the  lateral  region  is  more  prominent,  convex  and  tuberculated  than  any 
of  the  genera  of  other  allied  families  ;  much  more  so  than  in  Odynerus. 
The  segments  are  unusually  short,  dorsally  thickened  posteriorly,  giv- 
ing a  serrate  appearance  to  the  outline  of  the  body,  the  tip  sternally  is 
much  exserted  and  of  the  same  size  with  the  tergite ;  the  two  forming  a 
terminal  rounded  knob. 

In  its  round  flattened  head  bent  forward  and  under  the  body,  the 
broad  transverse  clypeus  and  broad  short  bilobate  thin  transparent 
labrum,  and  especially  the  one-toothed,  short,  broad  mandibie  which 
differs  entirely  in  form  from  the  other  genera  previously  noticed,  we 
probably  have  mostly  family  characters  separating  the  Pompilidae  from 
the  Sphegidae  and  Larridte  and  other  families.  It  widely  difi'ers  from 
the  larval  Pelopceus  in  its  short  flattened  body  and  prominent  pleurites, 
and  thickened  rings  generally,  but  it  approaches  it  in  the  head-char- 
acters, which  are  the  most  reliable,  in  its  transverse  clypeus  and  thin 
bilobate  labrum,  and  in  the  short  mandibles;  but  they  are  still  much 
stouter,  and  the  clypeus  and  labrum  are  less  exserted,  while  the  head  is 
shorter,  broader  and  rounder. 

Chalybion  cc&ruleum  (Lin/i.). 

Larva. — The  specimens  occurred  at  Kelly's  Island,  Ohio. 

Head  longer  than  broad ;  full  convex,  with  a  slight  mesial  impres- 
sion ;  the  anterior  and  inner  edge  of  the  eyes  marked  by  a  curvilinear 


Dec.  1896.]     Packard:  Transformations  of  Hymenoptera.  157 

testaceous  or  chitinous  line,  opposite  and  just  within  the  lower  end  of 
which  are  situated  the  antennal  rudiments,  situated  in  a  round  depres- 
sion. Supraclypeal  piece  obscurely  marked  at  the  base.  Clypeus  sub- 
trapezoidal,  angular  in  the  middle  on  each  side ;  twice  as  broad  as  long  ; 
base  and  front  edge  transverse,  the  front  edge  slightly  concave,  exserted 
so  as  partially  to  envelop  the  base  of  the  mandibles.  Labrum  very  free, 
exserted  and  overlapping  the  mandibles ;  more  than  twice  as  broad  as 
long,  bilobate,  the  corners  rounded,  the  front  edge  excavated  ;  thin, 
transluc*ent.  Mandibles  short,  twice  as  long  as  broad  at  base,  triden- 
tate,  the  mesial  tooth  largest,  the  inner  smallest.  Maxillse  rather  long 
and  slender.  Rudiments  of  the  palpi  acute,  longer  and  more  pointed 
than  usual.  Labium  a  little  wider  than  usual,  the  rudiments  of  the 
labial  palpi  acute.  Body  long  cylindrical,  the  segments  of  uniform 
size  and  shape,  not  thickened  much  behind,  but  still  as  much  so  as  in 
the  larva  of  Megachile,  for  instance,  and  in  this  respect  very  different 
from  Crabronid  and  Pompilid  larvae.  The  pleural  region  is  not  promi- 
nent. The  body  is  very  cylindrical ;  the  tip  broad  obtuse,  the  terminal 
tergites  and  sternites  broad  and  flat,  together  forming  an  orbicular  area, 
very  different  from  the  exserted  prominent  knob-like  ending  of  the 
larva  of  Pompilus. 

It  differs  from  the  larva  of  Pompilus  in  the  short  curvilinear  tes- 
taceous line,  in  the  short  broadly  trapezoidal  clypeus  and  the  distinct 
exserted  labrum.  The  mandibles  differ  from  those  of  Pompilus  in  be- 
ing tridentate  and  twice  as  long.  The  front  edges  of  the  segments 
are  thickened,  but  not  so  convex  as  in  Pompilus,  giving  a  serrate  ap- 
pearance to  the  body.  Tip  rounded,  full,  not  nearly  so  acute  as  in 
Pompilus.  The  larvae  of  the  two  genera  differ  greatly;  indeed,  more 
than  one  would  suspect,  considering  that  they  are  representatives  of  two 
allied  families. 

Pelopasus  cementarius  {Drury)  (flavipes  Fa/>r.). 

Pupa. — The  pupa  of  PelopcBus  differs  from  that  of  Polistes  and 
Vespa  in  the  head  being  raised  more  from  the  pectus.  The  palpi  are 
visible  along  their  whole  length.  The  legs  are  much  longer,  and  the 
pedicel  is  of  the  same  shape  as  in  the  adult.  The  head  is  much  as  in 
the  imago.  The  mandibles  long,  slender,  curved,  covering  the  base  of 
the  maxilla  and  lingua.  The  scape  of  the  antennae  is  oblique ;  the 
flagellum  reaches  to  the  posterior  coxae,  resting  between  the  two  anterior 
pairs.  The  maxillae  are  slender,  not  reaching  to  the  entire  labium.  Of 
the  rhabdites  or  blades  of  the  ovipositor,  only  one  pair  is  visible ;  the 


158 


Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 


inner  ones  are  enveloped  by  the  outer  pair,  which  are  united  into  one 
piece  in  Polistes  ;  above,  a  small  inner  pair  lies  between,  slenderer  than 
those  beneath.  The  edges  of  the  abdominal  segments  are  a  little  more 
thickened  than  usual,  and  slightly  spinulose;  on  the  side  is  a  promi- 
nent long  slender  tubercle. 


Fig.  I.   Larva  and  pupa  of  Pelopceus  cenieutarius.     (  Trouvelot  del.) 

Sphex  tibialis  St.  Farg. 

Larva. — The  body  of  the  living  larva  is  somewhat  flask-shaped, 
slightly  flattened,  gradually  widening  from  the  head  towards  the  pos- 
terior fifth  of  the  body.  The  head  is  small  and  not  prominent.  There 
are  13  segments  behind  the  head  ;  the  pleural  or  lateral  ridges  are  rather 
prominent,  those  of  each  segment  well  defined,  the  posterior  half  of 
each  segment  much  thickened,  giving  a  crenulate  outline  to  the  tergum; 
the  last  segment  is  full,  orbicular,  the  end  of  the  abdomen  being  full. 


O^ 


Fig.  2.  Larva  oi  Sphex  tibialis  ;  a,  side  view  of  head,  enlarged.     (Trouvelot  del.) 

Stigmus  fraternus  Say. 

Larva. — Body    moderately    long,    slender,    cylindrical,    tapering 
slowly  towards  both  extremities;  the  segments  short,  very  convex,  sub- 


Dec.  1896.]      Packard:  Transformations  of  Hymenoptera.  159 

acutely  so,  so  that  dorsally  there  are  subacute  extensions  of  the  thick- 
ened posterior  portion.  The  terminal  segments  cylindrical,  less  con- 
vex, the  terminal  or  tenth  ring  cylindrical,  not  flattened,  large  and 
full.  Beneath,  the  rings  are  very  convex.  The  pleural  region  not  very 
distinctly  marked.  Color  a  beautiful  roseate  tint.  Head  long  and  as 
narrow  as  usual,  though  no  more  so;  full  and  convex;  supra-clypeal 
piece  large,  subtriangular,  indistinctly  marked.  Antennal  fossa  rudi- 
mentary ;  placed  rather  farther  back,  or  rather  the  clypeus  is  so  much 
shorter  than  usual  as'  to  give  it  the  appearance  of  being  situated  farther 
back.  Clypeus  short  and  broad,  transversely  oblong,  base  convex, 
front  edge  a  little  concave,  as  broad  as  the  base ;  the  sides  parallel, 
acutely  convex.  Labrum  large  chitinous,  transparent,  as  broad  as  the 
clypeus,  bilobate,  with  a  distinct  median  line.  Mandibles  rather  slen- 
der,_  long,  incurved,  very  acute.  Maxillae  cylindrical,  2-jointed,  tip  or 
rudiment  of  the  palpi  minute.  Labium  much  as  usual,  flattened,  cylin- 
drical, ending  in  a  transverse  chitinous  line,  being  the  rudiment  of  the 
lingua?  en  each  side  of  which  are  the  minute  rudiments  of  the  palpi. 

Described  from  living  specimens. 

Pupa. — Head  full,  convex  in  front,  much  as  in  the  adult ;  ocelli 
prominent;  papillae  acute.  Antennae  folded  over  the  base  of  the  nar- 
row, acute,  curved,  prominent  mandibles  as  described  in  Cetfwnus,  and 
reaching  to  the  first  pair  of  trochanters.  Lingua  much  shorter  than  in 
Cemonus ;  the  palpi  very  small  and  slender.  The  fore  legs  are  very 
slender,  the  tarsi  just  reaching  to  the  middle  trochanters,  while  the  hind 
tarsi  reach  to  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  The  ovipositor  is  exserted, 
the  wings  covering  the  middle  tibiae  and  femora.     Length,  .15  inch. 

It  differs  from  Cemonus  in  generic  characters  observed  in  the  imago. 
The  palpi  are  much  smaller  ;  lingua  and  maxillae  much  shorter,  and 
mouth-parts  generally  much  weaker.  The  head  is  more  ovate,  full  and 
convex  in  front,  where  it  is  sunken  and  depressed  in  Cemonus.  The 
antennae  are  much  slenderer,  and  the  abdomen  longer  and  slenderer, 
as  the  hind  legs  scarcely  reach  to  the  middle,  where  in  Cemonus  they 
pass  beyond.  The  mandibles  are  much  more  slender,  their  tips  being 
more  acute. 

Cemonus  inornatus  {Say'). 

Larva. — Body  oblong,  long,  and  greatly  flattened,  the  lateral 
ridges  of  that  segment  very  large,  broadly  triangular,  becoming  larger 
and  more  pointed  towards  the  end  of  the  body.  The  body  does  not 
narrow  any  until  the  nth  segment,  when  it  suddenly  tapers  off.    Above* 


160  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

the  rings  are  broad,  slightly  convex,  in  the  middle  of  the  body  the 
dorsal  arches  of  the  segments  are  thickened  suddenly  so  as  to  give  a 
serrate  outline  to  the  back  when  seen  laterally ;  the  prominences  being 
largest  and  most  acute  on  the  4th  to  7th  segments  of  the  body,  count- 
ing from  the  head.  The  lateral  region  is  very  distinctly  separated  from 
the  dorsal.  The  prothoracic  segm»^nt  narrow  and  rounds  a  little  toward 
the  front  edge.  The  head  is  flattened.  Tip  of  abdomen  rounded  ob- 
tuse, loth  segment  small,  broad,  short,  obtuse,  not  being  cylindrical 
and  rounded  as  usual.     Length,  .32  inch. 

The  above  are  mostly  generic  characters.  Compared  with  the 
larva  of  Rhopalum  there  are  great  differences.  The  head  is  broad  and 
unusually  flattened,  the  rudiments  of  the  eyes  are  more  prominent  and 
conspicuous  than  before,  owing  to  the  flatness  of  the  surface.  The 
supra-clypeal  piece  is  unusually  short,  broad,  flat  and  triangular.  The 
clypeus  is  very  short,  subtrapezoidal.  The  posterior  half  is  sub-triangu- 
lar, smooth,  and  the  anterior  third  is  roughened  with  the  edge  straight. 
The  labrum  is  nearly  three  times  as  broad  as  long,  slightly  bilobate,  less 
so  than  in  Blepharipus.  The  mandibles  are  large,  stout,  incurved,  un- 
equally bidentate,  the  inner  tooth  very  distinct,  large,  dark  and  chiti- 
nous.  Maxilla;  and  labium  rather  small,  cylindrical;  palpi  acute,  as 
usual . 

Its  broad  flattened  head  and  body,  serrate  sides  and  back,  and  the 
conspicuously  bidentate  mandibles  and  prominent  eye-rudiments,  as  well 
as  the  peculiar  flattened  abdominal  tips,  will  at  once  distinguish  the  larvae 
of  this  genus. 

The  larva  lives  in  irregular  burrows  like  those  of  Rhopalum.  All  the 
genera  of  this  group  apparently  have  similar  habits,  living  in  loose 
galleries  in  the  elder  and  other  pithy  plants.  The  larvae  were  found, 
May  14th,  in  irregular  borings  in  the  larger  stems  of  the  elder  \  the  gal- 
leries were  short,  not  communicating,  and  were  filled  with  Aphides, 
whose  black  carcasses  were  found  remaining  in  the  old  burrows,  which 
were  over  half  an  inch  long  and  about  .12  inch  broad. 

Pupa. — Front  much  excavated  and  depressed,  eyes  and  ocelli 
very  prominent.  Antennas  bent  angularly  over  the  base  of  the  man- 
dibles so  that  the  scape  does  not  rest  flat  on  the  front  but  is  raised  at  a 
considerable  angle  before  the  base  of  the  flagellum  bends  over ;  they 
reach  to  the  first  trochanters,  the  joints  are  round,  very  convex,  with 
broad  sutures  between.  Mandibles  very  long  and  prominent,  lingua 
short,  not  much  longer  than  broad,  square  at  the  edge.  Maxillae  not 
distinguishable;  maxillary  palpi  6-jointed,  long  and  slender,  reaching 


Dec.  1896  ]     Packard:   Transformations  of  Hvmenoptera.  161 

to  fourth  joint  from  end  of  antenna.  Labial  palpi  3-jointed,  reaching 
to  fourth  joint  of  maxillary  palpi.  Legs  long  and  slender,  especially 
the  tarsi.  Wings  long,  partially  overlapping  the  middle  tibiae.  The 
hind  tarsi  reach  to  beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen.  Thorax  and 
abdomen  much  as  in  the  adult.  Ovipositor  not  retracted.  Hind 
femora  and  tibiae  folded  in  the  pedicel,  between  the  thorax  and  ab- 
domen.    Length  .25  inch. 

Passalaecus  mandibularis  Cresson. 

Pupa. — 9.  The  head  is  much  as  in  Cemoniis,  but  the  eyes  are 
much  narrower.  The  mandibles  are  greatly  elongated,  projecting  far 
beyond  the  head,  the  tips  meeting  but  not  crossing,  as  they  do  in  the 
imago.  The  antennae  are  folded  at  right  angles  over  the  base  of  the 
jaws,  reaching  back  to  the  base  of  the  mesosternum.  The  maxillae  are 
very  short,  merely  enclosing  the  labium  whose  base  is  wedged  in  be- 
tween them.  Both  pairs  of  palpi  are  shorter  and  thicker  than  in  Ce- 
tnonus.  The  labium  is  distinctly  triangular,  with  the  front  edge  square  ; 
the  palpi  are  4-jointed,  the  basal  joint  minute,  third  longer  than  the 
second  ;  fourth  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  third,  reaching  just  beyond 
the  base  of  the  maxillary  palpi,  the  latter  reaching  to  the  last  joint  but 
two  of  the  antennae.  Wings  as  in  Cemoniis,  though  a  little  shorter. 
The  limbs  are  arranged  much  as  in  Cemoniis:  the  forelegs  reach  to  the 
trochanters  of  the  2d  pair,  and  the  hind  tarsi  to  the  middle  of  the  4th 
abdominal  segment.  The  abdomen  is  sessile,  regularly  ovate,  the  basal 
segment  being  -3  as  long  as  broad,  as  in  Cemoniis,  the  tip  ending  in  a 
long  slender  needle  like  raucronate  spine;  the  ovipositor  is  long  and 
slender,  exserted,  the  inner  pair  of  rhabdites  chitinous,  the  middle  pair 
very  small,  slender  and  filiform,  the  3d  and  outer  pair  somewhat  in- 
curved, much  shorter  than  those  in  Cemoniis,  which  are  long  and 
straight,  while  in  Cemoniis  the  mesial  pair  are  not  chitinous  in  the 
specimens  before  me,  which,  however,  is  apparently  of  the  same  age  as 
those  of  Passaheciis  ;  thus  showing  excellent  generic  characters. 

In  the  specimen  examined,  which  is  a  pupa  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, the  body  is  surrounded  with  a  subimago  pellicle.  It  is  easily 
recognized  by  its  long-curved  projecting  jaws,  the  long  slender  body. 
It  was  found  in  small  galleries  in  the  stem  of  syringa  the  last  of  May, 
in  company  with  Cemanus. 

Rhopalum  pedicellatum  Pack. 

Larva. — Body  short  and  thick,  tapering  rapidly  towards  the  head 
and  tip  of  abdomen,  flattened  beneath  a  little,  very  convex  above;  seg- 


162  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi.  iv. 

nients  convex,  those  of  the  thorax  broad,  regularly  convex,  smooth,  not 
thickened  posteriorly;  quite  different  from  those  of  the  abdomen.  The 
abdominal  segments  shorter  posteriorly  above  than  the  thoracic  ones. 
The  posterior  portion  of  the  segment  thickened  so  as  to  form  a  rounded 
tubercle,  which  is  very  prominent  and  distinct  when  the  body  is  much 
curved.  This  portion  is  thickened  ;  the  tuberculous  portion  is  much 
smaller  in  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  segment  than  usual  in  Apidae. 
The  tip  is  quite  extensible,  subacute,  terminating  in  a  small  knob-like 
portion.  Genitals  not  apparent,  the  skin  being  too  thick.  A  few  sparse 
long  hairs  over  the  body,  in  which  respect  this  genus  differs  from  those 
of  the  other  families,  and  it  differs  in  its  elongated  extensible  tip,  though 
it  is  probable  that  this  part  became  contracted  in  alcohol ;  when  con- 
tracted, the  terminal  segment  is  rather  square,  not  being  rounded  at  the 
tip.     Length  of  body  .25  inch. 

The  larva  burrows, in  the  dust  made  by  the  larva  of  an  .Egeria  in 
the  pith  of  the  Spircea,  spinning  little  thin  silken  cocoons,  half  a  dozen 
of  them  occurring  in  a  space  of  the  stem  an  inch  long,  lying  loose  in  the 
galleries,  some  lying  across  the  stem,  and  others  lengthwise.  The 
cocoon  is  very  thin  and  slight  compared  with  that  of  Crabro  sex-rnacu- 
lata,  being  composed  of  only  a  few  silken  threads.     Found  April  i8th'. 

Pupa. — 9.  The  middle  joint  of  the  antennal  scape  is  bent  at  right 
angles  to  the  flagellum,  the  third  joint  being  continuous  with  the  flagel- 
lum,  while  in  Pelopants  flavipcs  it  is  more  oblique,  as  the  front  of  the 
head  is  longer  and  more  horizontal,  while  in  Rhopalum  it  is  at  right 
angles  to  the  longitudinal  axis  of  the  body.  The  head  is  more  vertical, 
less  flattened  on  the  pectus  of  the  thorax.  Mandibles  thick  and  stout, 
convex,  much  more  so  than  in  Pelopccus.  The  antennae  do  not  quite 
reach  to  second  pair  of  trochanters ;  in  Pelopcetis,  they  reach  beyond 
the  third  pair;  they  also  reach  the  tip  of  the  maxillary  palpi,  which  in 
Pelopccus  reach  half  their  length.  They  rest  close  to  each  other  along 
the  median  line  of  the  body.  The  maxillary  palpi  are  straight,  not 
slightly  elbowed  near  the  base ;  they  reach  to  the  tip  of  the 
antennae;  the  labial  palpi  are  proportionately  longer,  reaching  ijearer 
the  tip  of  the  maxillary  pair  than  in  Pdopceiis,  and  less  elbowed  or 
angulated  at  tip.  The  anterior  tarsi  end  just  before  the  middle  trochan- 
ters ;  the  middle  tarsi  terminate  near  the  end  of  the  pedicel  of  the  ab- 
domen, and  the  third  tarsi  end  near  the  middle  of  the  third  abdominal 
segment.  Tip  of  abdomen  with  the  terminal  tergite  very  acute,  elon- 
gated, extending  beyond  the  ovipositor;  the  last  sternite  is  oblong, 
flanked  on  each  side  by  two  cylindrical  pieces.     On  the  head  between 


Dec.  1896.]     Packard  :  Transformations  of  Hymenoptera. 


1G3 


the  ocelli  and  antennae  are  two  very  prominent  acute  tubercles.  The 
ocelli  are  very  large ;  the  thorax  much  as  in  the  imago,  but  broader, 
and  the  propodeum  is  more  horizontal,  the  enclosure  being  indistinct ; 
the  mesial  furrow  well  marked.  The  pedicel  is  broader  than  in  the 
imago  ;  the  rings  of  the  abdomen  more  dentate  on  hind  edges,  while  the 
abdomen,  including  the  propodeum,  is  much  longer  than  in  the  imago. 


Fig.  3.  Larva  and  pupa  of  Rhopaliiin  pedicellatum,  enlarged  /  h,  temporary 
tubercles  on  head  of  pupa.     (Trouvelot  del.') 

These  details  of  difference  in  the  pupa  apply  but  to  the  mouthparts, 
which  are  not  withdrawn  in  the  pupa,  as  in  the  imago,  and  would  not, 
therefore,  be  so  well  noticed  in  the  imago,  where  these  parts  are  much 
more  difficult  to  compare. 

It  was  interesting  to  find  half  grown  larvse  associated  with  the  ma- 
ture pupa  April  i8th,  showing  a  possibility  of  two  broods. 

Odynerus  (probably  albophaleratus  Saussure). 

Larva.  — The.  head  is  considerably  longer  than  in  Vespa ;  more 
elongated,  narrower  and  more  convex,  globose.  The  clypeus  and 
mouth-parts  are  more  advanced,  more  prominent.  Situation  of  eyes  is 
not  indicated  by  the  narrow  testaceous  stripe.  The  supra-clypeal  tri- 
angular piece  is  more  distinctly  marked  than  in  Vespa  or  in  the  larval 
Apidae;  it  is  obtusely  pointed  behind  at  the  apex.  The  site  of  the  an- 
tennae forms  a  depressed  area  on  a  distinct  piece  between  the  eyes  and 
supra-clypeal  piece. 


164  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

The  clypeus  is  very  distinct,  transversely  oblong,  with  the  edges 
square.  The  labrum  is  large  and  divided  deeply  with  two  lobes,  which 
are  separated  as  if  composed  of  two  pieces  ;  they  overlap  the  mandibles 
so  that  the  black  tips  only  remain  in  sight.  Mandibles  short,  stout, 
very  thick,  tridentate;  the  teeth  short,  subacute,  the  innermost  being 
the  smallest.  The  maxillae  and  labium  are  much  as  usual ;  prominent, 
bulging  at  the  end,  terminating  in  the  usual  papillae  ;  the  lingua  repre- 
sented by  a  transverse  chitinous  line.  The  body  is  cylindrical,  long,  a 
little  curved  upon  itself.  The  skin  is  hard  and  thick,  so  that  the 
genitals,  nerves  and  dorsal  vessel  do  not  show  through  it.  The  seg- 
ments are  short,  very  convex,  much  thickened,  especially  on  the  tergum 
and  the  pleural  line.  The  posterior  half  of  each  segment  is  more 
thickened  than  in  any  of  the  other  genera  of  Vespidge  or  Apid^e  ob- 
served, and  also  the  pleural  ridges,  giving  to  the  outline  of  the  back  a 
dentate  or  serrated  appearance.     Tip  of  abdomen  moderately  obtuse. 

The  larva  of  Odynerus  differs  from  Vespa  in  the  long  head,  square 
clypeus,  the  very  distinct  bilobed  labrum,  which  are  unusually  deeply 
fissured,  and  by  the  tridentate,  stout  mandibles ;  while  by  the  serrated 
outline  of  the  back  it  is  related  more  to  the  larval  Crabronidse  and 
Pompilidse.     It  is  interesting  to  observe  the  distinct  supra-clypeal  piece. 

Odynerus  albophaleratus  Saussure. 

Pupa. — Compared  with  Vespa  the  head  is  much  more  horizontal, 
and  there  is  no  supra-clypeal  tubercle;  the  mandibles  are  much  more 
elongated  ;  the  maxillae  and  lingua  are  as  much  exposed  and  exserted 
beyond  the  tips  of  mandibles  as  in  Vespa,  but  the  whole  reach  farther 
towards  the  end  of  the  body,  to  the  2d  trochanters.  The  maxillae  and 
lingua  are  a  little  slenderer  than  in  Vespa.  The  antennae  are  more  ob- 
lique at  the  base,  not  being  bent  at  nearly  right  angles  as  in  Vespa. 
They  extend  just  to  the  3d  trochanters,  as  the  thorax  and  body  gener- 
ally is  wider  and  shorter  than  in  Vespa.  The  legs  spread  a  little  farther 
apart,  but  are  proportionally  of  the  same  length  and  reach  the  same 
relative  distance  from  the  end  of  the  abdomen  as  in  Vespa.  The  hind 
tibial  spaces  are  shorter  and  smaller  thaii  in  Vespa.  The  abdomen  is 
much  shorter  and  more  spherical ;  the  terminal  joints  are  shorter,  being 
withdrawn  more  within  the  abdomen.  The  9  genitals  are  more  acute, 
the  terminal  sternite  much  shorter,  smaller  and  less  exserted,  than  in 
Vespa,  while  the  blades  of  the  ovipositor  are  much  exserted,  and  longer 
and  slenderer. 

Seen  sideways,  the  head  of  Odynerus  is  more  globular,  the  eyes 


Dec.  1896.]      Packard:  Transformations  OF  Hymenopi-era.  ] 


65 


Fig.   4.    Larva   (enlarged    9  times),  and    pupa    of  Odynerus  albophaleratus. 
(Trouvelot  ael.^ 


J-~teS 


Fig.  5.  Semipupal  stages  a,  b,  of  O.  albophaleratus  ;  c,  d,  under  side  of  head 
and  thorax  of  semi-pupa;  e,f,  mouth-parts  at  different  stages;  m  s,  median  seement 
(Emerton  fl'^/,)  . 


IGG  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [VoI  iv. 

more  indented,  the  thorax  more  convex,  with  the  limbs  and  wings  ar- 
ranged much  the  same.  The  propodeum  is  longer  and  slenderer,  and 
the  subpedunculate  abdomen  is  as  in  the  imago,  the  two  first  segments 
being  greatly  lengthened  over  the  terminal  short  retracted  ones,  and  the 
tip  is  more  incurved,  so  that  the  hind  tarsi  reach  to  the  tip,  and  the  ab- 
domen is  rounded  ovate,  where  in  Vespa  it  is  oblong. 


A    NEW   ANISOTA. 

By  Harrison  G.  Dyar. 
Many  larvae  of  the  following  species  were  found  at   West    Palm 
Beach,  Florida,  on  live  oak  in  January,  1896.     I  am  indebted  to  Mr. 
L.  H.  Joutel  for  obtaining  me  food  plants  for  them  during  the  winter. 

Anisota  consularis,  sp.  nov. 

Male  ;  smaller  than  the  female ;  body  ochreous  brown,  wings  dark  purplish 
brown,  a  larger  ill-defined  subhyaline  space  in  the  center  of  the  fore  wings  ;  a  round 
white  discal  dot.     Terminal  space  more  purplish  than  the  basal  part  of  the  wing. 

Closely  resembles  the  male  of  A.  senatoria  in  color,  but  the  hind  wings  are 
rounded  as  in  the  female,  not  angulated  at  apex  and  anal  angle,  and  the  t.-p.  line  is 
much  more  obscure. 

Female;  wings  purplish  brown,  basal  and  terminal  spaces  darker;  a  white  dis- 
cal dot  and  faint  blackish  strigce.     Hind  wings  with  a  purplish  mesial  band. 

Darker  than  either  senatoria  or  stigma,  the  lines  less  distinct ;  wings  opaque, 
not  thinly  scaled  as  in  vifgitiiensis.     Types  male  and  female,  bred  from  larvae. 

Larva.  Primary  spines  black,  secondary  granules  sparse,  white.  Head  shin- 
ing red  brown,  width  3.5  to  4  mm.  Body  red-brown,  a  dorsal,  subdorsal  (i),  lateral 
(iii),  stigmatal  and  subventral  clouded  black  bands.  Dorsal  and  stigmatal  bands 
harp  and  narrow,  the  others  clouded,  the  subventral  filling  the  whole  space.  All 
except  the  subventral  are  bordered  by  white  shaded  lines  on  the  lower  side,  that  be- 
low the  stigmatal  line  very  distinct.  All  the  lines  become  obsolete  on  joint  12, 
leaving  the  anal  end  and  all  the  feet  red-brown.  In  large  examples  the  skin  has  a 
fleshy  tint,  different  from  the  head  and  plates,  while  the  shaded  lines  tend  to  be 
broken  at  the  primary  spines. 

The  following  table  will  separate  the  larvce  o{  Anisota. 
General  color  not  green. 

With  secondary  white  granules. 

Brown  without  distinct  black  bands stigma. 

A  subdorsal  and  stigmatal  dark  red  stripe  and  faint  black 

bands virginiensis. 

Ground  color  relieved  by  white  shades  ;  nine  distinct  black 

bands consularis. 

Without  white  granules ;  heavily  black  banded senatoria. 

General  color  green rubicunda. 


Dec,  1896.]    Dyar  :   Life-Histories  ok  N.  Y.  Sluc;  Caterpillars.     167 


THE    LIFE-HISTORIES   OF    THE    NEW  YORK    SLUG 
CATERPILLARS— III-VI.* 

(Plates  VI-IX.) 
By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  A.  M.,  Ph.  D. 

Tortricidia  pallida  Herrich-Schaffer. 

1854 — Liinacodes  pallida  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Ausser.  Schmelt.  fig.  183. 

1854 — Limacodes  fiavula  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Ausser.  Sclimett.  fig.  185. 

1864 — Tortricidia  pallida  and  fiavula  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  PhiL  III,  347. 

1891 — Tortricidia  Jlavula  Dyar,  Psyche,  VI,  128. 

1892 — Tortricidia  pallida  zxAJiavula  KiRBY,  Cat.  Lep.  Hat.  I,  551. 

1892 — ha  textula  Morton,  Ent.  News,  III,  1. 

1892 — Tortricidia  Jlavula  Dyar,  Ent.  News,  III,  62. 

1894 — Tortricidia  Jlavula  Neumoegen  and  Dyar,  Jour.  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  II,  75. 

Larya. 
1 89 1 — Dyar,  Psyche,  VI,  145. 
1892 — Morton,  Ent.  News,  III,  I.   (as  Isa  textula^. 

1893 Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  104  (as  young  larva  oi  Heterogenea  sp.). 

1893 — Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  105  (as  Heterogenea  testacea'). 
1893  — Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  106  (as  Heterogenes flexnosa"). 
1894— Dyar,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  VIII,  220. 

Special  Structural  Characters. 

Dorsal  space  moderately  broad,  narrowing  only  a  little  toward  the 
extremities,  arched;  lateral  space  broad,  oblique,  concave;  subventral 
space  small,  retracted.  Ridges  slightly  prominent,  never  tubercular, 
furnished  with  single  or  furcate  swollen-tipped  setae  in  stage  I,  afterward 
smooth  or  with  rudimentary  setse.  Outline  from  dorsal  aspect  elliptical 
notched  at  the  anterior  part  of  joint  13  to  form  a  short  quadrate  tail. 
Skin  covered  with  close,  appressed,  rather  large,  clear  granules  which 
appear  immediately  after  the  first  molt  and  increase  slightly  in  number 
at  subsequent  molts.  Depressed  spaces  large,  well  developed,  deep  with 
sharp  perpendicular  sides,  the  bottom  flat  and  finely  granulated.  These 
spaces  are  very  conspicuous  and  so  large  as  to  divide  the  coarsely  granu- 


*  Miss  Morton  has  given  up  her  cooperation  in  these  articles.  The  assistance 
which  she  has  kindly  continued  to  furnish  me  will  be  specially  acknowledged  in  each 
case. 


168  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

lar  general  surface  into  a  series  of  latticed  ridges.  They  are  as  follows : 
(i)  large,  intersegmental,  angularly  elliptical;  (2)  small,  addorsal, 
segmental,  rounded  triangular;  (3)  under  the  subdorsal  lidge,  small, 
triangular,  shallow;  (4)  large,  lateral,  intersegmental,  elongate  or  nar- 
rowly elliptical;  (5)  of  moderate  size,  above  the  lateral  ridge,  rounded 
triangular,  segmental ;  (6)  very  small,  shallow,  alternating  with  the  lower 
part  of  the  fifth  series  just  above  the  lateral  ridge.  In  the  subventral 
space  a  shallow  ill-defined  series  (7)  alternate  with  the  spiracles,  and 
another  similar  one  (8)  is  situated  below  them. 

This  larva  is  throughout  very  smooth,  the  setce  practically  disap- 
pearing at  first  molt.  The  coloration  is  green,  a  large  red  mark  in  the 
shape  of  an  irregular  diamond  or  large  blurred  cross  gradually  appears 
on  the  back,  beginning  in  the  form  of  a  small  patch  between  two  yellow 
lines.  The  marking  appears  to  be  mimetic  of  red  patches  or  galls  on 
its  food  plants. 

The  larva  is  rather  highly  specialized,  especially  in  regard  to  its 
skin  structure  which  somewhat  approaches  that  of  Eulimacodes,  while 
the  setae  disappear  early.  Its  shape,  however,  is  quite  normal  and  typ- 
ical of  the  smooth  Eucleids  in  general,  and  the  setae  of  stage  I  are  in  a 
less  advanced  degree  of  degeneration  than  in  Apoda y-i/wersa  or  Tortri- 
cidia  fasciola. 

Affinities,  Habits,  etc. 

This  larva  is  allied  to  the  small  species  which  I  have  doubtfully 
identified  as  Heterogenea  flexiiosa  and  doubtless  also  to  the  European 
H.  asella,  though  this  has  not  been  examined  by  me.  It  belongs  to 
the  group  of  the  northern  smooth  Eucleids,  and  represents  a  more  primi- 
tive state  than  Apoda  in  that  setse  ia  and  ib  on  joint  4  and  i  and  ii  on 
joints  5  to  12  are  partly  united  into  a  furcate  or  Y-shaped  spine,  both 
limbs  of  equal  length,  whereas  in  Apoda  one  limb  has  been  reduced  to 
a  slight  prominence. 

The  moths  emerge  over  a  considerable  period  of  time.  Full  grown 
larvae  may  be  found  unusually  early,  often  during  July,  while  others  do 
not  mature  till  late  in  September.  This  power  of  early  emergence 
gives  the  species  a  northern  range.  In  the  Adirondacks  it  was  the  only 
Eucleid  met  with.  In  Long  Island  eggs  and  young  larvae  Avere  found 
on  the  trees  at  the  same  time  that  other  larvae  were  matured. 

The  larva  is  a  rather  low  feeder,  occurring  on  higher  bushes  and 
the  lower  branches  of  trees,  along  the  edges  of  woods,  etc.,  not  as  a 
rule  in  very  shaded  locations.     Rarely  more  than  one  larva  is  found  on 


Dec.  1896.]   Dyar  :   Life-Histories  OF  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.       1G9 

the  same  plant.     The  larva  remains  on  the  back  of  a  leaf,  where  its 
shape  and  coloration  are  adapted  to  its  concealment. 

The  material  from  which  this  life  history  was  worked  out  was  col- 
lected by  me  in  stage  I  at  Keene  Valley  and  the  eggs  found  at  Bellport, 
Long  Island.  Miss  Morton  endeavored  to  obtain  fertile  eggs  from  some 
cocoons  which  I  sent  her,  but  was  unable  to  do  so.  I  am  indebted  to 
Mrs.  Knopf  for  assistance  with  the  plate. 

Criticism  of  Previous  Descriptions. 

This  larva  remained  undescribed  till  very  recently.  In  my  orig- 
inal description  I  say  "  the  usual  elliptical  depressions  hardly  distinct." 
This  may  be  corrected  by  omitting  the  word  "hardly."  Miss  Morton 
first  described  the  eggs.  She  says  they  are  "without  form,"  though  I 
should  describe  them  as  regularly  elliptical  and  greatly  flattened.  I  do 
not  find  them  "  invisible  to  the  naked  eye  on  the  leaves  "  since  I  have 
found  them  in  the  woods  without  the  aid  of  a  lens.  Dr.  Packard's  de- 
scriptions seem  to  contain  but  one  error,  besides  the  inaccurate  nomen- 
clature, for  which  I  am  partly  responsible.  His  "  young  larva  of 
Heterogenea,  sp."  is  stage  VI,  and  his  "full-grown  larva  of  Hetero- 
genea  testacea'^  and  "larva  of  Heterogenea  flexiiosal''''  are  stage  VII 
of  T.  pallida.  The  "  full-grown  larva  of  Heterogenea,  sp."  is  another 
insect.*  The  error  referred  to  is  on  page  105,  where  Dr.  Packard  says 
"  there  is  a  median  dorsal  row  of  impressed  rounded  warts,  which  do 
not  bear  bristles  .  .  .  ".  I  think  it  is  evident  that  these  structures  are 
the  glandular  centers  of  the  dorsal  depressed  spaces,  and  have  no  ho- 
mology, or  even  analogy  with  warts. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

Egg. — Elliptical,  flat,  transparent  on  smooth  green  leaves,  whitish 
translucent  on  whitish  leaves,  shining ;  reticulations  faint,  visible  in  a 
strong  side  light  under  a  half  inch  objective  as  narrowly  linear  elongate 
hexagonal  lines,  slightly  more  opaque  than  the  shell.  Size  i.o  x  .6  mm. 
Laid  singly  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf. 

Stage  I. — (Plate  VI,  figs,  i  and  2)  Elliptical,  rather  elongate,  dor- 
sal and  lateral  spaces  rather  broad.  Along  the  subdorsal  ridge,  a  row 
of  Y-shaped  setae  with  expanded  cleft  tips,  changing  to  two  separate 
setae  on  joints  3  and  13  ;  two  lateral  setae  on  joints  3  and  4;  along  the 
lateral   ridge  a  row  of  single  swollen-tipped  setae   on  joints  3  to  12. 


*  Doubtfully  identified  Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  Ill,  146,  as  Heterogenea  flexuosa. 


1*70  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Color  translucent  whitish  with  a  slight  green  tint  after  the  larva  has 
eaten.  Skin  smooth.  Length  .7  to  i.i  mm.  The  larva  feeds  normally 
throughout  the  stage. 

Stage  II. — SetK  rudimentary,  the  mature  structures  well  assumed. 
More  rarely  distinct,  short,  black  setae  persist,  arranged  two  on  the  sub- 
dorsal ridge,  one  on  the  lateral  ridge.  Subdorsal  ridge  rather  square, 
dorsum  flat,  rounded ;  tail  quadrate,  sides  concave.  Lateral  ridge 
moderate,  subventral  region  small,  retracted.  Depressed  spaces  all 
present  as  in  the  mature  larva,  deep,  pit-like,  the  latticed  ridges  narrow, 
distinct,  composed  of  one  row  of  large,  clear,  appresscd  granules. 
Color  pale  greenish  without  marks.  The  larva  eats  a  track  the  width  of 
its  body,  but  only  two  or  three  times  as  long  as  wide.  Length  i  .1  to 
I  .7  mm. 

Stage  III — Elliptical,  tail  rounded  quadrate;  all  pale  green. 
Skin  structure  the  same  as  before.  Usually  the  setae  are  so  rudimentary 
as  scarcely  to  be  visible;  more  rarely,  quite  distinct.  The  larva  has 
the  shape  and  appearance  of  the  mature  form,  but  is  without  marks. 
Toward  the  end  of  the  stage  a  yellow  subdorsal  line  may  appear,  with  a 
round  reddish  patch  centrally  on  the  back.     Length  1.6  to  2.2  mm. 

Stage  IV. — Elliptical,  both  ends  rounded,  the  anterior  more  ob- 
tusely;  dorsum  arched,  the  highest  point  a  little  before  the  middle. 
Ridges  low,  not  prominent,  the  subventral  ridge  shorter  than  the  lateral. 
Body  smooth,  not  tuberculate  nor  scalloped,  setae  nearly  obsolete.  Skin 
coarsely  clear  granular,  except  on  the  large  depressed  spaces  which  are 
arranged  as  in  the  mature  larva.  The  granules  along  the  lateral  ridge 
are  subpapillose,  slightly  divided  at  the  tip  in  some  cases.  Subventral 
space  more  coarsely  granular.  Color  light  yellowish  green,  a  trace  of 
reddish  along  the  dorsal  space  on  joints  6  to  g.     Length  2.2  to  2)-2)  ™™- 

Stage  V. — Subdorsal  ridge  rounded,  lateral  moderately  prominent, 
smooth,  as  before;  tail  subquadrate,  a  little  contracted  at  the  base. 
Green,  a  wine  red  shading  occupying  the  dorsal  space  on  joints  7  to  9 
with  traces  of  a  yellow  subdorsal  line.  Skin  surface  much  as  before, 
but  the  granules  on  the  latticed  ridges  are  more  numerous,  forming 
more  than  one  row.  They  resemble  angularly  appressed  glass  beads. 
Setae  obsolete,  scarcely  discernible  except  at  the  ends  of  the  body.  Sub- 
ventral depressed  areas  rather  well  developed,  comma-shaped,  com- 
posed of  the  larger  upper  one  (7)  joined  to  a  smaller  lower  one  (8); 
the  granules  are  more  pointed  and  less  well  developed  than  above  the 
lateral  ridge.  Later,  in  the  larva  observed,  the  dorsal  patch  became 
pentagonal,  vinous  red,  pale  centrally  and  covering  three  greenish  im- 


Dec.  1896.]     Dyar:  Life-Histories  of  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.     ITl 

pressed  spots ;  broadly  bordered  with  yellow,  which  color  also  extended 
along  the  subdorsal  ridges  half  way  to  the  tail.  Length  3.5  to 
4.7  mm. 

Stage  VI. — Depressed  spaces  deep  and  well  marked,  finely  sha- 
greened  granular  in  the  bottom.  Latticed  ridges  coarsely  densely  clear 
granular  as  before.  Areas  in  the  subventral  space  reniform,  (7)  and  (8; 
conjoined,  the  granulations  of  this  space  finer  than  above  the  lateral 
ridge.  Body  green,  at  first  scarcely  marked,  but  during  the  stage  the 
dorsal  red  patch  appears.  This  varies  greatly  in  shape  in  different 
larvae,  from  a  small  transverse  bar  (Plate  VI,  fig.  3)  to  a  large  patch 
covering  the  dorsum  of  joints  5  to  9  and  extending  part  way  down  the 
sides.  There  is  a  more  or  less  distinct  yellow  subdorsal  line,  broken 
where  it  crosses  the  red  patch,  the  patch  bordered  with  crimson  and 
yellow.  The  patch  is  of  a  varying  shade  of  purplish  red  with  a  more 
or  less  distinct  central  square  blotch  on  joints  7  and  8,  the  enclosed  de- 
pressed spaces  of  dorsal  row  (i)  centered  with  a  dark  dot.  The  patch 
may  have  an  irregular  outline  as  in  the  mature  larva,  but  it  does  not 
reach  either  extremity.  A  small  reddish  patch  may  occur  on  joint  3. 
Length  4.7  to  6.7  mm. 

Stage  VII. — Smoothly  rounded,  elliptical,  the  tail  subquadrate; 
highest  through  joint  5,  evenly  rounded  (Plate  VI,  fig.  5).  Subdorsal 
ridge  rounded,  dorsal  space  rather  narrow,  lateral  broad,  gradually 
sloping.  Lateral  ridge  smooth,  prominent,  exceeding  the  subventral 
ridge.  Subventral  space  small,  hollowed.  Depressed  spaces  large  and 
deep,  arranged  as  described  above  (Plate  VI,  fig.  8),  their  bottoms  finely 
granular.  Latticed  ridges  coarsely  clear  granular.  Body  green  with  a 
large  dorsal  marking  which  varies  from  narrow  (Plate  VI,  fig.  6)  to 
broad*  CPlate  VI,  fig.  7)  and  from  bright  red  to  dull  purplish  in  differ- 
ent examples.  It  has  a  pale  salmon  colored  center,  often  square  and  cov- 
ering only  one  depressed  space  (joints  7-8)  or  rarely  larger,  occasionally 
wanting.  The  patch  is  bordered  with  crimson  and  yellow  and  is  usually 
darker  around  the  edge  and  on  the  latticed  ridges.  It  usually  narrows 
on  joints  3  to  5,  widens  again,  reaching  the  lateral  depressed  space  (4) 
on  joints  5-6,  is  incised  in  a  curve  and  broadens  to  the  lateral  margin 
at  joint  8  ;  narrows  again  in  an  incised  curve  to  the  depressed  space  (4) 
on  joints  9-10,  and  there  tapers  to  the  tail,  thus  forming  a  large,  blurred 
red  cross.  Most  of  the  depressed  spaces  on  the  sides  are  pale  with  darker 
green  centers.     Length  of  the  larva  6.7  to  9.5  mm. 

*It  is  difficult  to  illustrate  the  range  in  the  size  of  this  marking  without  a  long 
series  of  figures.     The  patch  may  be  even  larger  than  shown  in  figure  7. 


172 


Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [voi.  iv. 


Cocoon. — With  the  characters  of  the  group. 

Food-plants . — Oak,  wild  cherry,  birch,  maple,  chestnut  and  witch- 
hazel  have  been  observed. 


Fig. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VL 

Larva  in  stage  I,  dorsal  view  enlarged. 

The  same,  side  view. 

Young  larva  )-    5,  the  dorsal  marking  just  starting. 

The  same,  older  '/  5. 

Side  view  of  mature  larva,  anterior  end  to  the  right. 

Mature  larva,  enlarged,  restricted  pattern. 

Another  larva,  broad  pattern. 

Larva,  dorsal  view,  showing  the  depressed  spaces  of  dorsal  and  lateral  areas; 

!•?,  dorsal  depressions  (I);  i^,  addorsal   (2);  r,  upper  lateral  segmental 

(3)  ;  d,  lateral  depressions  (4I  ;  e,  lower  segmental  lateral  (5)  ;  /',  lower 

intersegmental  lateral  depressions  (6). 

The  left  side  of  joint  7  (third  abdominal  segment)  illustrates  .the  granu- 
lation. 
T.  pallida,  imago. 


Eulimacodes  scapha  Harris. 

1855 — Limacodes  vHdifera  Walker,  Cat.  Brit.  Mus.  pt.  V,  1149. 

1864 — Limacodes  scapha  Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IX,  298. 

1^6^-^  Lima  codes  scapha  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  341. 

1878 — Eulimacodes  scapha  MOESCHLER,  Verhl.  Zool.-bot.  Ges.  Wien,  XXVII,  672. 

1882 — Limacodes  [Eulimacodes)  scapha  Grote,  Check  List,  17. 

1891 — Limacodes  scapha  Smith,  List,  Lep.  28. 

\%()i— Eulimacodes  scapha  Kirby,  Cat.  1  ep.  Met.  I,  535. 

1894 — Eulimacodes  scapha  Neumoegen  &  Dyar,  Journ  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  II,  73. 


Larva. 
841 — Harris,  Kept.  Ins.  Mass.  303. 
864 — Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  341. 
869 — Harris,  Ent.  Corr.  pi.  3,  fig.  8. 
873 — Stretch,  Zyg.  &  Bomb.  N.  A.  201. 
881 — Packard,  Bull.  7,  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.  77. 
883 — Edwards  &  P^lliot,  Papilio,  HI,  128. 
885 — UiMMoCK,  Psyche,  IV,   279. 
885— Hubbard,  Ins.  Affect.  Orange,  144. 
890 — Packard,  5th  Kept.  U.  S.  Ent.  Comm.  147,  490. 
893_Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  98. 
894_Dyar,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  VIII,  223. 
895  — Comstock,  Guide  Stud.  Ins.  fig.  257. 


Dec.  1896.]   Dyar  :  LiFE-HisTORiEs  OF  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.       113 

Special  Structural  Characters. 

Dorsal  area  broad,  narrowing  before  to  a  rounded  margin  on  joint 
3,  narrowing  behind  to  a  point  in  the  tail-like  termination  of  joint  13. 
Lateral  area  absent,  the  subdorsal  and  lateral  ridges  at  first  closely  ap- 
proximate, later  fused  into  a  single,  sharp,  high,  rounded  ridge.  Sub- 
ventral  area  broad,  forming  all  the  sides,  perpendicular,  flat  or  hollowed, 
highest  in  the  middle,  diminishing  to  almost  nothing  at  both  extremities. 
Subventral  ridge  very  slight,  just  indicated  at  the  lower  edge  of  the 
body.  Primitive  first  stage  absent,  the  warts  present  in  stage  I  reduced 
by  degeneration,  bearing  two  setse,  uniformly  developed  ;  in  the  later 
stages  disappearing,  the  rudimentary  setae  persistent.  Subventral  row 
represented  by  small  setae.  Both  the  lateral  and  subdorsal  warts  are 
situated  on  the  single  subdorsal  ridge.  Depressed  areas  strongly  de- 
veloped but  scarcely  sunken,  flat,  plate-like,  shagreened  and  with  angu- 
lar margins  ;  the  dorsal  row  (i )  elongate  transversely,  hexagonal,  the 
addorsal  (2)  small,  rounded  triangular;  those  of  the  lateral  area  want- 
ing; subventral  plates  fully  developed,  rounded  angular,  the  upper  sub- 
ventral (7)  large,  ovate,  the  lower  (8)  rounded  triangular;  two  other 
small  rows  above  the  subventral  edge  (9;  and  near  the  spiracles  (10). 
Skin  at  first  almost  smooth,  but  soon  covered  with  granules  which  are 
flattened,  appressed  and  rounded  and  appear  as  if  overlapping  like  the 
scales  on  a  fish,  on  the  sides  from  below  upward,  outwardly  from  the 
middle  of  the  dorsum  to  the  upper  side  of  the  subdorsal  ridge  where  the 
two  directions  of  scaling  meet.  The  scaling  is  only  present  on  the  lat- 
ticed ridges  between  the  closely  set,  slightly  sunken  armor  plates  (meta- 
morphosed depressed  areas).  There  is  a  slight  hump  or  rounded  angu- 
lation on  the  ridge  at  joints  7-8,  but  this  may  be  absent  or  there  may 
be  two  such  humps,  the  second  at  the  junction  of  joints  8  and  9.  Just 
under  the  edge  of  the  subdorsal  ridge  from  side  view  is  a  series  of 
glandular  spots  which  can  secrete  drops  of  a  clear  odoriferous  fluid. 
They  are  situated  above  and  a  little  before  the  upper  side  of  the  large 
intersegmental  plates  (7)  and  appear  in  the  cast  skin  as  round  beads. 
It  is  possible  that  they  represent  the  depressed  spaces  of  lateral  area. 

The  coloration  is  adapted  for  concealment,  the  green  ground  work 
variously  patched  and  spotted  with  yellowish  and  brown  being  obscure 
on  the  leaves  toward  autumn.  The  peculiar  square  box-like  shape,  pro- 
duced by  the  union  of  subdorsal  and  lateral  ridges,  may  be  of  use  in  sug- 
gesting to  its  enemies  an  appearance  unlike  that  of  most  insect  larvae, 
more  unusual  indeed  than  the  majority  of  Eucleidse. 


174  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [voi.  iv. 

This  larva  is  on  the  whole  the  most  highly  specialized  North  Ameri- 
can Eucleid.  It  belongs  to  the  group  of  smooth  Eucleids,  but  is  the 
only  one  in  which  the  primitive  first  stage  has  disappeared.  Though  it 
lacks  the  specializations  of  the  spined  Eucleids,  it  exceeds  them  by  the 
number  of  its  peculiar  modifications,  namely,  the  union  of  the  ridges  to 
the  exclusion  of  the  lateral  space,  the  high  modification  and  development 
of  the  depressed  spaces  and  the  conversion  of  the  skin  granules  into 
scales. 

Affinities,  Habits,  Etc. 

The  genus  Eidimacodes  was  founded  by  Moeschler  on  a  species 
from  Surinam.  A  larva  apparently  identical  with  our  scapha  is  figured 
by  Sepp  (Suranim.  Vlinders,  PI.  129)  from  this  locality,  but  the  moth, 
which  he  calls  gibbosa,  is  quite  distinct.  Of  our  two  species  one  is  found 
in  Arizona  and  doubtless  occurs  farther  south.  Therefore  we  may  re- 
gard the  present  species,  scapha,  to  be  of  South  American  origin  and  we 
should  not  expect  to  find  it  represented  in  the  European  fauna. 

The  moths  fly  in  July  and  the  larval  stages  occupy  the  summer  months, 
the  insects  reaching  maturity  in  August  and  September.  The  eggs  are 
laid  singly  and  the  larvae  live  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves,  solitary, 
though  not  greatly  scattered,  as  often  several  or  many  occur  on  the  same 
plant. 

There  is  a  wide  range  in  variation  with  something  of  a  local  ten- 
dency. In  Long  Island  the  form  with  smooth  subdorsal  ridge  is  common, 
with  no  hump  or  only  one  small  one  (Plate  VII,  fig.  13).  The  back  is 
green  or  variously  spotted  with  yellow  and  brown,  rarely  entirely  brown, 
the  sides  generally  green.  In  the  wooded  parks  near  New  York  the  single 
or  double  humped  form  is  more  common,  often  with  brown  markings  on 
the  sides.  The  larva  shown  in  fig.  14  was  collected  at  Fort  Lee,  N.  J., 
and  a  curious  example  with  two  humps  on  one  ridge  and  but  one  on  the 
other  occurred  at  Scarsdale,  N.  Y.  I  have  collected  a  long  series  with 
a  wide  range  in  variation  near  Woodstock  in  Greene  county. 

I  am  indebted  to  Miss  Morton  for  a  number  of  young  larvK  and  to 
Mr.  Doll  for  fertile  eggs  and  cocoons.  Mrs.  Knopf  has  kindly  assisted 
with  the  plate. 

Criticism  of  Previous  Descriptions. 

We  have  several  recognizable  figures  of  this  peculiar  larva,  but  no  full 
account  of  its  life  history.     Dr.  Packard  describes  two  of  the  early  stages, 

calling  them  "  II  ?"  and  "  IV,  or  that  before  the  last."     I  infer  from  the 


Dec.  1896.]   Dyak  :   LiFE-HisTORiEs  OF  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.       175 

measurements  given  that  they  really  were  stages  IV  and  V.  Two  of  the 
references  include  a  general  account  of  the  finer  external  structure.  A 
general  and  not  unnatural  error  has  been  made  in  considering  the  sunken 
armor  plates  to  represent  the  segments.  Edwards  and  Elliot  say  "the  seg- 
jnents  are  arranged  like  the  plates  of  a  tortoise,"  Dr.  Packard  refers  to 
a  marking  •'  along  the  sutures  ...  of  the  segments,"  and  I  have  said 
"joints  3  to  13  have  each  a  plate."  These  structures  are  situated  be- 
tween the  segments,  overlapping  on  two  adjoining  ones.  Dr.  Packard 
found  but  seven  spiracles ;  but  he  must  have  had  before  him  an  abnor- 
mal larva,  as  all  my  specimens  possess  the  usual  number. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

Eg^. — Elliptical,  flat,  1.8  x  1.2  mm.,  the  skin  very  thin,  white  and 
iridescent ;  the  fresh  egg  is  transparent  with  a  slight  pale  yellow  tint 
when  laid  on  glass  and  becoming  more  opaque  as  the  embryo  de- 
velops but  not  darkening  in  color.  Reticulations  rounded,  obscure, 
rarely  angular,  not  characteristic ;  the  surface  of  the  egg  is  slightly 
shagreened.  Another  egg  measured  1.7  x  1.4  x.i  mm.  Laid  singly  on 
the  leaves. 

Stage  I. — Elliptical,  more  pointed  behind  than  before  ;  dorsum  flat, 
a  little  arched,  separated  from  the  perpendicular  sides  by  a  ridge  bearing 
two  rows  of  tubercles,  each  with  two  setae  (Plate  VII,  figs,  i  to  3).  These 
represent  the  usual  subdorsal  and  lateral  rows,  but  situated  in  close  ap- 
proximation to  each  other.  On  joint  3  are  four  tubercles,  on  joint  4, 
three,  and  on  joint  13,  three.  '  A  subventral  row  of  simple  setae.  The 
shape  is  less  boat-like  than  the  mature  larva,  though  all  the  essential 
features  are  indicated.  Pale  yellowish,  a  broad  dark  band  along  the 
ridge  below  the  skin  and  therefore  appearing  in  a  slightly  different  po- 
sition according  to  the  point  of  view.  The  band  is  connected  with  its 
fellow  at  the  ends  and  also  by  a  bar  in  the  center  of  the  dorsum.  Dorsal 
skin  smooth,  depressed  in  gentle  hollows  representing  the  dorsal  (i) 
and  addorsal  (2)  depressed  spaces;  bases  of  tubercles  wrinkled,  sub- 
granular  ;  lateral  (subventral)  skin  also  smooth,  with  two  rows  of  faint 
depressions.  Venter  clearer  yellow  than  the  body  ;  head  pale.  Length 
1.2  to  1.9  mm.     The  larva  feeds  in  this  stage. 

Stage  II. — Tubercles  absent,  a  single  tiny  seta  represents  each. 
Subdorsal  ridge  rounded,  prominent.  Dorsum  hollowed,  sides  perpen- 
dicular. Skin  obscurely  granular,  the  granules  flattened,  nearly  con- 
tiguous, not  really  overlapping  but  suggesting  scales,  especially  before 


116  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

the  larva  is  filled  out  by  feeding.  Depressed  areas  irregularly  sculp- 
tured, creased,  regular,  the  dorsal  (i)  transversely  elongate,  hexagonal, 
addorsal  small,  rounded;  latticed  ridges  very  narrow,  almost  linear, 
but  the  areas  not  much  depressed.  Sides  hollowed  below  the  round 
bulging  ridge,  which  1  as  a  segmental  row  of  round  clear  glandular  areas 
on  its  lower  aspect ;  surface  slightly  granular  without  well-defined 
sculpturing,  two  angular  areas  just  indicated,  the  upper  (7)  pentagonal, 
the  lower  (8)  rounded.  Color  greenish,  the  ridge  broadly  brown  with 
the  connecting  band  as  before  at  the  highest  part  of  the  dorsum.  The 
back  is  a  little  angled  at  the  segment  posterior  to  this  band  (joints  7-8). 
Length  1.8  to  2.9  mm. 

Stage  III. — Much  as  before,  but  the  depressed  areas  or  plates  are 
better  defined.  They  are  large,  almost  contiguous,  still  somewhat  de- 
pressed, irregularly  shagreened,  the  narrow  latticed  ridges,  and  especially 
the  high  bulging  subdorsal  ridge,  distinctly  scaled  as  in  the  full-grown 
larva.  The  dorsal  plates  (i)  have  a  paired  character  as  seen  by  a  cen- 
tral line  and  two  glandular  dots  on  each  side  (PI.  VII,  fig.  7).  On  the 
sides  the  plates  are  depressed,  not  very  distinctly  bounded.  There  can 
be  distinguished  besides  those  formerly  seen  (7  and  8)  also  a  small  seg- 
mental row  just  above  the  sabventral  edge  (9).  Dorsal  and  lateral 
areas  sunken,  ridge  prominent,  rounded,  smooth.  Shape  elliptical, 
square  anteriorily,  tail  obtusely  pointed,  the  back  evenly  arching  from 
head  to  tail.  Coloration  at  first  as  before,  but  soon  the  great  diversity 
in  individual  markings  appears.  In  three  larvse  from  eggs  laid  by  the 
same  moth,  three  types  appeared.  The  sides  in  all  remained  pale 
green,  but  the  back  was  variously  marked  with  reddish-brown.  The 
extent  of  variation  is  from  the  minimum  of  a  line  along  the  subdorsal 
ridge  with  connecting  transverse  bar  to  the  maximum  of  a  complete 
brown  dorsal  space.     Length  2.9  to  3.9  mm. 

Stage  IV. — The  larva  now  exactly  resembles  the  mature  form  ex- 
cept in  size.  The  plates  are  quite  distinct  and  the  scale-like  skin  gran- 
ules well  developed.  Markings  better  defined  than  before  and  as  vari- 
ous as  at  maturity.      Length  3  9  to  5  6  mm. 

Stage  V. — Head  greenish-white,  eye  black,  jaws  brown  with  two 
black  bands;  palpi  pale.  All  the  plates  are  distinct  (Plate  VII,  figs.  7 
and  8),  the  scaling  as  in  the  mature  larva.  Plates  shagreened,  scarcely 
sunken,  the  dorsal  ones  (i)  divided  by  a  slight  raised  line.  Hump  on 
joints  7-8  quite  well  marked,  bat  varying  in  different  larvte ;  tail  round 
pointed.  In  an  example  selected  for  description  the  dorsum  was 
creamy-brown,  the  ridge  above,  all  the  dorsal  latticed  ridges  and  a  nar- 


Dec.  i8o6.]      DVAR  :    LiFE-HlSTORIES   OF  N.   Y.   Sl.UG  CATERPILLARS.        177 

row  dorsal  line  on  the  second  to  eighth  plates  dark-brown  ;  hump  oppo- 
site fifth  plate  very  dark ;  glandular  centers  of  plates  also  dark  ;  a 
white  spot  in  the  ridge  at  the  eighth  plate  (joint  lo-ii)  and  a  little  one 
at  the  seventh  plate  best  seen  from  the  side.  First  dorsal  plate  and  all 
the  sides  dark  leaf-green,  the  glandular  centers  of  the  upper  plates  (7) 
dark.     Length  5.  6  to  7.  9  mm. 

Stage  VI. — Shape  and  markings  as  in  the  next  stage.  The  last 
four  stages  are  throughout  practically  alike.     Length,  7.3-12  mm. 

Stage  VII. — Elliptical,  ending  in  a  pointed  tail ;  dorsum  slightly 
concave  (Plate  VII,  fig.  6)  lowest  along  a  line  just  above  the  subdorsal 
ridge  where  the  dorsal  and  lateral  scaling  meets,  greatly  arched  ;  sides 
perpendicular,  concave,  diminishing  at  each  end  and  without  ridges, 
the  whole  shape  box-like.  Setae  fine  and  obscure,  a  single  one  on  the 
dorsal  and  lateral  aspect  of  the  ridge  and  a  few  microscopic  ones  on  the 
sides  near  the  spiracle,  the  latter  secondary.  Depressed  spaces  con- 
verted into  scarcely  sunken  angular  plates,  the  dorsal  ones  (Plate  VII,  fig. 
7)  suggesting  the  plates  of  a  tortoise.  A  row  of  ten  segmentary  glands 
on  the  lower  si(5e  of  the  subdorsal  ridge  secrete  an  odoriferous  fluid  when 
the  larva  is  irritated.  Plates  as  described  above,  the  latticed  ridges 
scaled,  the  two  directions  meeting  at  the  lowest  point  of  the  dorsum 
(Plate  VII,  fig.  11);  scales  arranged  as  if  overlapping  (Plate  VII,  fig.  12); 
plates  irregularly  finely  granular  (Plate  VII,  fig.  12).  Setae  weak, 
normal  (Plate  VII,  fig.  5).  Opposite  the  fifth  dorsal  plate  the  ridge  is 
thrown  into  a  prominence  more  or  less  distinct,  sometimes  also  one  at 
the  sixth  plate  (Plate  VII,  fig.  14).  These  humps  are  intersegmental, 
representing  the  incisures  of  joints  7-8  and  8-9.  A  white  spot  on  the 
ridge  at  eighth  plate.  Color  very  variable,  scarcely  two  specimens 
alike.  Ground  color  green,  more  or  less  replaced  on  the  dorsum  by 
brown  or  yellow  or  both,  variously  mottled  and  spotted,  the  latticed 
ridges  and  glandular  spots  darker  usually.  Sides  less  commonly  marked 
with  brown,  but  occasionally  so  and  independently  of  the  dorsum. 
The  order  of  appearance  of  the  dark  marks  is  from  the  hump  and  white 
spot,  spreading  on  the  dorsal  area,  and  from  the  middle  of  the 
subventral  edge  and  the  white  spot,  spreading  on  the  lateral  area.  I 
have  not  seen  either  an  entirely  green  or  entirely  brown  specimen. 
Length,  12  to  18  mm. 

Food-plants Various    shrubs   and   trees.     Oak,    chestnut,    wild 

cherry,  hickory,  sweet  gum,  bayberry,  linden,  witch  hazel  and  hop  horn- 
bean  have  been  noted  by  me." 


178  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi.  iv. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIL 

Fig.     I.  Larva  in  stage  I,  dorsal  view,  enlarged. 

2.  One  tubercle,  more  enlarged. 

3.  Stage  1,  side  view,  semidiagrammatic,  to  show  arrangement  of  tubercles. 

4.  Young  larva,  stage  IV,  enlarged. 

5.  Seta  of  subdorsal  ridge,  mature  larva, 

6.  Front  view,  stage  VI,  showing  the  high  ridge  and  hollow  dorsal  area. 

7.  Dorsal  view,  stage  VI,  showing  the  armor  plates  and  their  arrangement. 

8.  The  same,  side  view,  showing  the  plates  of  subventral  area. 

9.  Feeding  traces  on  a  small  white  oak  leaf. 

10.  Enlimacodes  scaplia. 

11.  Skin  on  dorsum,  a  portion  of  one  segment  showing  part  of  two  plates,  the 

latticed  ridge  between  and   the  addorsal  plate  as  far  as  the  subdorsal 

ridge. 
"      12.     The  joining  of  the  seeded  latticed  ridge  and  the  armor  plate,  more  enlarged. 
"      13.     Mature  larva,  slightly  enlarged.  Long  Island  form,  without  humps. 
"      14.     The  same,  two-humped  form  from  Fort  Lee. 

Phobetron  pithecium  Smith  &=  Abbot. 

797 — Phahoia  pitheciiiin  SMITH  &  ABBOT,  Lep.  Ins.  Georgia,  II,  pi.  74. 

827 — Phobetron  abbotana  HuBNER,  Verz.  bek.  Schmett.  398. 

841 — Ecnomida  pithecium  Westwood,  Nat.  Lib.  Exot.  Moths,  183. 

841 — Limacodes  pithecium  Harris,  Rep.  Ins.  Mass,  304. 

864 — Phobetron  pithecium  PACKARD,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  340. 

864 — Thyridopteryx  nigricatts  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  350. 

864 — Limacodes  hyalinus  Walsh,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IX,  299. 

864 — Limacodes  tetradactylus  Walsh,  Proc.  Boston  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IX,  300. 

869 — Limacodes  pithecium  Harris,  Ent.  Corr.  244.  ' 

885 — Phobetroji  pithecium  DiMMoCK,  Psyche  IV,  280. 

S94 — Phobetron  pitheciiim  Neumoegen  &  Dyar,  Journ.  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc.  II,  70. 

Larva. 
1797 — Smith  &  Abbot,  Lep.  Ins.  Georgia,  pi.  74. 
1841 — Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  304. 
1856— Fitch,  Third  Report  Ins.  N.  Y.  381. 
1858 — Duncan,  Nat.  Libr.  XX,  pi.  21. 
1862 — Morris,  Synop.  Lep.  N.  A.  127. 
1863 — Walsh,  Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  IX,  297. 
1870 — Riley,  Am.  Entomol.  II,  fig.  209. 
1872— LiNTNER,  26th  Rept.  N.  Y.  State  Cab.  Nat.  Hist.  149. 
1881 — Packard,  Ins.  Inj.  Forest  Trees,  47. 
1883 — Saunders,  Ins.  Inj.  Fruits,  112. 
1885 — Hubbard,  Ins.  Affecting  Orange,  143. 
1889 — LiNTNER,  5th  Rept.  N.  Y.  State  Entomol.  184. 
1893 — Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  97  and  loi. 
1894— Dyar,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  VIII,  218. 


Dec.  1896]   Dyar  :  LiFE-HisTORiEs  OF  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.       179 

Special  Structural  Characters. 

Outline  rounded  quadrangular,  exclusive  of  the  appendages,  dorsal 
space  broad,  even,  flat;  lateral  space  broad,  subventral  comparatively 
broad,  continuous  with  the  lateral  space,  not  retracted.  Ridges  prac- 
tically absent,  the  subdorsal  indicated  by  the  change  in  direction  of 
slope  between  back  and  sides.  Tubercles  greatly  modified  :  stage  I 
represents  a  primitive  first  stage,  but  tubercles  i  and  ii  on  abdomen,  ia 
and  ib,  iia  and  iib  on  thorax  are  completely  united  into  a  single  spine, 
probably  by  a  process,  such  as  is  indicated  by  the  Y-shaped  and  pronged 
setae  of  T.  pallida  and  T.  fasciola.  Tubercle  iii  of  joint  5  is  absent. 
After  stage  I  the  setae  reappear  double,  normal.  The  ultimate  structure  of 
the  warts,  which  appear  at  first  molt,  is  remarkable.  The  subdorsal 
series  are  attached  by  very  broad  bases,  greatly  encroaching  on  the  dor- 
sal and  lateral  spaces,  and  are  produced  laterally  into  fleshy  appendages 
of  different  lengths.  These  appendages  are  constricted  at  about  the 
center  of  the  attachment ;  the  basal  part  bears  seta  i  in  its  center;  the 
terminal  part  bears  seta  ii  at  the  apex.  The  lateral  row  of  warts  form 
small,  rounded,  button-like  structures,  concealed  for  a  long  time  beneath 
the  large  subdorsal  appendages.  These  warts  of  both  rows  are  composed 
of  soft  spongy  tissue  and  they  readily  become  detached  at  their  bases, 
leaving  a  small  denuded  area,  which  does  nut  bleed.  If  the  appendages 
are  detached  toward  maturity,  they  are  not  regenerated ;  but  if  early  in 
life  a  partial  regeneration  occurs  at  each  molt,  so  that  the  structure 
may  attain  nearly  its  normal  appearance.  The  subdorsal  warts  are  each 
pushed  a  little  forward  so  as  to  partially  cover  the  segment  in  front. 
The  warts  bear  at  first  stiff,  smooth,  pale  setse.  Gradually  a  series  of 
fine,  secondary,  branched  hairs  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  11)  appears,  and  in  the 
last  stage,  completely  replaces  the  primary  coating,  leaving  only  the 
primitive  setae  and  a  {&\\  club-shaped  black  hairs,  which  represent  the 
last  degenerate  form  of  the  original  coating.  In  the  case  of  the  lateral 
horns  the  change  from  simple  to  fine  branched  hairs  at  the  last  molt  is 
more  sudden.  The  skin  is  covered  with  a  sparse  coating  of  fine  black 
hairs  from  large  tubercles  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  15).  The  depressed  spaces 
are  hardly  represented  at  all ;  the  spiracular  series  (7)  only  is  faintly 
shown.  The  appendages  are  formed  by  the  subdorsal  horns  of  joints  4 
to  1 2  inclusive ;  all  the  others  form  warts  of  the  small  button-like  type. 

This  curious  larva  seems  to  mimic  a  dead  dry  leaf.  In  respect  to 
its  adaptive  characters  it  is  highly  specialized,  perhaps  the  most  highly 
specialized  of  any  Eucleid  ;  yet  in  respect  to  its  set^e  it  is  very  primitive. 
It  belongs  distinctly  to  the  section  of  spined  larvae  from  the  absence  of 


180  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

a  tubercle  of  the  lateral  row  on  joint  5,  and  the  moving  up  of  the  spir- 
acle ;  yet  it  is  without  stinging  spines,  the  warts  are  hairy,  a  primitive 
first  stage  is  present  as  in  no  other  spined  Eucleid,  and  the  arrangement 
of  the  warts  on  the  thorax  corresponds  strictly  with  that  of  the  smooth 
Eucleids,  there  being  three  well  developed  warts  on  joints  3  and  4.  It 
is,  therefore,  a  generalized  form,  a  connecting  link  between  the  groups 
of  Eucleid;"e  and  of  particular  interest.  If  we  disregard  its  special 
adaptation,  which  is  unique,  this  form  represents  the  early  stem  of  the 
spined  Eucleids,  at  a  time  before  the  primitive  first  stage  was  lost,  be- 
fore the  setce  had  become  poisonous  spines  and  while  the  original  num- 
ber of  warts  were  yet  present  on  the  thorax.  It  is  only  slightly  removed 
from  the  stem  of  the  smooth  Eucleids,  differing  from  them  in  the 
specialization  of  joint  5,  the  complete  coalescence  of  sette  land  ii  in  stage 
I,  and  in  the  only  partial  degeneration  of  the  original  setas*  of  the 
warts,  which  is  complete  in  the  smooth  Eucleids,  but  in  Phobetron 
advances  slowly  throughout  ontogeny.  The  number  of  larval  stages 
appears  to  be  abnormally  large.  I  have  not  specially  investigated  the 
constancy  of  this  number. 

Affinities,  Habits,  etc. 

The  allies  of  this  larva  are  to  be  found  in  South  America.  Stoll 
figures  the  larva  of  hipparchia  exactly  like  that  of  pitheciiim,  as  far  as 
can  be  seen  from  the  figure.  We  have  also  in  Florida  the  species 
beiitenmiielleri,  which  seems  nearly  allied,  though  the  larva  is  unknown. 
The  habits  are  in  general  similar  to  those  of  the  other  Eucleidre.  The 
eggs  are  laid  singly,  and  the  larvae  live  on  the  under  sides  of  the  leaves 
tilFthe  last  stage,  where  they  rest  on  the  upper  side  and  feed  fully  ex- 
posed. Full  grown  larvte  may  be  found  during  September  ;  the  eggs 
are  laid  in  July,  and  there  is  but  a  single  brood. 

The  full  grown  larva  strikingly  resembles  a  part  of  a  dead  leaf 
which  had  fallen  on  the  surface  of  the  foliage. 

For  material  I  am  indebted-  to  Miss  Morton  for  the  eggs  and  stages 
I  and  II,  which  she  obtained  from  moths  bred  from  cocoons  which  I 
sent  her  for  that  purpose.  I  have  also  found  the  larva  as  young  as  stage 
III,  at  Bellport,  Long  Island.  Mrs.  Knopf  kindly  made  the  original 
drawings  of  figures  2  to  7,  13  and  14  of  the  plate. 

*The  primary  setae  remain  on  the  warts,  single;  the  secondary  wart  hairs  de- 
generate and  almost  completely  disappear  in  the  last  stage  ;  the  final  coating  ot 
fine  hairs  is,  therefore,  tertiary,  and  belongs  to  the  special  adaptations. 


Dec.  1896.]   Dvar:  Life-Histories  of  N.  Y.  Slug  CATERriLLARS.      181 

Criticism  of  Previous  Descriptions. 

There  are  no  descriptions  of  the  youngest  stages  of  this  species. 
The  references  given  above  cover  descriptions  and  figures  of  the  mature 
larva,  many  of  them  inadequate.  Walsh  describes  a  larva  as  tetradac- 
tylus  with  but  four  pairs  of  long  appendages  instead  of  six.  I  think  he 
had  before  him  a  specimen  in  which  the  appendages  of  joint  8  were 
broken  off  on  both  sides,  which  would  leave  "the  third  and  sixth 
pairs"  long  as  he  describes,  if  the  missing  appendages  be  not  counted. 
This  is  very  probable,  as  I  often  find  larvae  in  various  degrees  of  dilapi- 
dation. A  specimen  occurred  in  which  all  the  appendages  were  absent 
except  the  last  two  pairs.  It  was  a  hardly  recognizable  object,  yet  alive 
and  healthy.  I  have  also  recorded*  an  example  in  which  the  third  ap- 
pendage (joint  6)  was  absent  on  both  sides. 

Dr.  Packard  described  a  larva  as  "  Fhobetron,  sp.,"  apparently  re- 
garding it  as  distinct  from  the  common  form ;  but  his  brief  description 
contradicts  pithecium  in  nothing.  This  larva  is  said  to  possess  some 
stinging  power,  but  Dr.  Packard  figures  no  stinging  spines  among  his 
excellent  plates  (Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc,  xxxi,  pi.  II  and  III,  figs.  11  and 
12),  and  I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  such  on  the  larva. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

Egg. — Flat,  circular,  not  elliptical  as  usual,  scarcely  shining,  dark 
ocher  yellow,  almost  brownish;  diameter  1.2  to  1.4  mm.,  height  about  .1 
mm.  Reticulations  rounded  hexagonal,  regular,  very  obscure  scarcely 
defined  lines  resembling  the  joinings  of  cells.  Laid  singly,  very  rarely 
two  overlapping.  The  developing  embryo  finally  causes  the  Qgg  to  turn 
dark  brown.     Hatches  in  10  days. 

Stage  I. — Rounded  elliptical,  the  spaces  proportioned  about  as  in 
the  mature  larva,  on  joints  3  and  4  are  three,  on  joint  5  one,  and  on 
joints  6  to  13,  two  each  of  long  spines,  subequal,  composed  of  a  taper- 
ing proximal  portion  with  enlarged  base  and  more  slender  tapering  dis- 
tal portion  (plate,  figs,  i  and  2).  Of  the  subdorsal  row,  those  on  joints 
7,  9  and  II  lean  outwardly,  alternating  with  the  others.  All  have  the 
bases  slightly  wrinkled.  Below  the  spiracles  a  series  of  setae  arise  from 
the  subventral  edge.  Color  dark  brown,  darkest  along  the  subdorsal 
ridges ;  a  broad  whitish  dorsal  line.  Spines  white  at  base,  the  ends  of 
the  proximal  part  (hypertrophied  tubercle)  black,  the  distal  part  (seta) 
dusky,  both  finely  spinulose.     Head  blackish,  especially  on  the  vertex. 

When  first  hatched,  the  tubercles  are  small  and  bear  only  the  dusky 

*  Ann.  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  VIII,  218,  note  2. 


182  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.  [Voi  iv. 

setae,  shorter  than  the  white  hairs  of  subventral  row  ;  but  soon  the 
tubercles  elongate,  forming  the  pale  basal  portion  of  the  spine.  Skin 
smooth,  slightly  shining.  The  larva  feeds  in  this  stage.  Length  1.2 
to  1.8  mm. 

Stage  II. — Instead  of  the  spines  of  the  subdorsal  row  are  now 
present  on  joints  4  to  12  a  series  of  laterally  extended,  short,  conic, 
fleshy  appendages,  projecting  about  half  their  length  beyond  the  sides ; 
those  on  joints  7,  9  and  11  much  shorter  than  the  others,  which  are  of 
equal  length  ;  all  densely  covered  with  coarse,  smooth,  pale  spines. 
The  other  setae,  namely  all  those  of  joint  3,  the  lateral  row  and  those  on 
joint  13  form  small  pale  tubercles,  with  a  single  hair,  inconspicuous, 
being  obscured  by  the  appendages  of  the  subdorsal  row.  Color  dead- 
leaf  brown,  the  tips  of  the  appendages  whitish,  the  outline  evenly 
fringed  by  the  white  spines.  Dorsal  space  narrow,  clothed  by  a  itw 
small  dark  setae,  On  the  sides,  owing  to  the  broad  attachment  of  the 
subdorsal  appendages,  the  lateral  space  occupies  but  one-third,  the  sub- 
ventral  space  two-thirds  of  the  area,  both  perpendicular.  Lateral  area 
brown;  subventral  dull  whitish.     Length  1.8  to  2.5  mm. 

Stage  III — (Plate  VIII,  fig.  3)  Elliptical,  the  back  flat,  produced 
by  laterally  extended  appendages  ;  side  area  small.  Appendages  as  be- 
fore, but  longer,  each  slightly  constricted  near  the  base,  rather  sparsely 
covered  with  stiff,  pale  setae,  arising  from  conical  bases.  Yellowish- 
brown,  a  double  blackish  spot  on  the  top  of  each  appendage,  the  tips 
pale ;  subventral  edge  white.  A  tuft  of  fine  short  hairs  in  the  center  of 
each  segment  of  dorsal  space.  Lateral  tubercles  with  single  seta ;  sub- 
ventral setae  double.  Head  testaceous,  the  eye  black.  Length  2.5  to 
3.5  mm. 

Stage  IV. — Appearance  as  before,  but  the  horns  are  more  densely 
covered  with  the  sharp  stiff,  pale-yellowish  setae.  The  basal  portion  of 
each  horn  is  divided  off  by  a  constriction,  approximately  bisecting  the 
short  horns.  The  horn  on  joint  11  is  proportionately  longer  than  be- 
fore ;  otherwise  as  in  the  previous  stage.  Color  brown,  fringed  by  the 
pale  spines,  the  long  horns  shaded  in  a  darker  tint.  Length  3.5  to 
5  mm. 

Stage  V. — (Plate  VIII,  fig.  4)  The  discrepancy  in  the  sizes  of  the 
horns  has  increased.  Those  on  joints  6,  8  and  10  are  elongated,  those 
on  joints  7  and  9  remain  short  and  that  on  joint  1 1  is  about  as  long  as 
the  one  on  joint  12.  The  lateral  tubercles  are  almost  invisible,  being 
covered  up  by  the  subdorsal  ones  ;  but  they  are  furnished  with  a  crown 
of  stiff  hairs  besides  the  central  seta.     Color  brown,  the  horns  darker 


Dec.  1896.]  Dyar  :  LiFE-HiSTORiES  OF  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.     183 

with  a  central  pale  line  and  pale  tip  ;  sette  pale,  simple  as  before,  but 
supplemented  by  many  very  fine  short  curved  hairs,  also  simple.  The 
primitive  setce  may  be  distinguished,  arranged  as  in  the  mature  larva,  i 
on  the  basal  portion,  ii  on  the  apex  of  the  subdorsal  horns.  Length  5 
to  7  mm. 

Stage  VI. — Long  horns  longer,  short  ones  shorter  in  proportion 
than  before,  the  second,  third  and  fifth  pairs  (joints  5,  6  and  8)  curved 
backward,  sickle-shaped  the  seventh  pair  (joint  10)  forward.  Nine  pairs 
visible  from  above,  first  and  eighth  short,  fourth  and  sixth  very  short. 
Each  has  a  distinct  constricted  basal  piece,  the  terminal  setge  of  both 
portions  arising  from  a  round  tubercle.  Horns  covered  with  large  stiff, 
smooth,  pale  setae  and  also  with  fine,  short,  broadly  branched  hairs 
which  become  very  dense  at  the  apices  of  the  long  horns,  giving  the  ap- 
pearance of  rusty  brown  tips.  On  the  short  horns  these  fine  setse  are 
few  or  absent.  A  few  dark  hairs  on  the  dorsum  as  before.  Lateral 
horns  and  the  lower  ones  of  thorax  short,  conic,  with  many  pale  spines 
and  a  pale  bare  tip.  Color  brown,  the  horns  darker  with  a  white  stripe 
up  the  middle.  Subventral  area  broadly  white.  As  the  larva  grows 
the  bases  of  the  subdorsal  horns  swell  up  on  the  lower  side.  Length 
6.5  to  8.5  mm. 

Stage  VII. — Shape  and  proportions  of  the  appendages  much  as  in 
the  mature  larva,  but  slenderer  and  the  posterior  ones  less  closely  applied 
to  each  other.  The  first,  second,  third  and  fifth  pairs  curve  backward, 
the  seventh  and  eighth  forward,  the  tenth  pair  is  just  visible  from  above. 
Clothing  of  the  horns  more  modified  than  before.  The  fine  brown 
branching  secondary  hairs  are  thick,  especially  along  the  anterior  edges 
of  the  long  horns  ;  the  coarse  pale  hairs  are  still  present  about  as  be- 
fore on  the  basal  pieces  and  short  horns,  but  on  the  long  horns  outwardly 
reduced  in  number  and  partly  converted  into  long  pale  seta^  irregularly 
spinulated  toward  the  tip  on  one  side.  Lateral  tubercles  with  a  bare 
tip,  from  which  arises  the  primitive  seta,  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  stiff 
hairs.  Color  brown,  the  horns  darker,  a  pale  gray  line  up  the  middle 
of  each,  furcate  on  the  basal  pieces  ;  subventral  edge  white.  The  long 
white  hairs  are  on  the  posterior  edge  of  the  horns,  away  from  the  greatest 
number  of  fine  brown  hairs.     Length  8  to  10  mm. 

Stage  VIII.  — All  pale  whitish  brown  with  scarcely  any  marks. 
Hair  clothing  almost  exactly  as  before,  except  for  the  addition  of  a  i^\i 
black,  club-shaped  spinulated  hairs  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  12)  on  the  long 
horns.  Seta  ii  of  subdorsal  row  on  the  long  horns  arises  from  a  bare 
cone  surrounded  by  a  brush   of  little  black  spines.     Lateral  row  well 


184  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

spined,  but  the  spines  all  simple,  the  seta  from  a  bare  cone  as  before. 
The  coarse  setae  on  the  horns  still  present,  rather  less  in  number  than  be- 
fore, and  the  fine  branched  hairs  are  more  numerous.  The  long  horns 
bear  six  kinds  of  hairs  in  this  stage:  (i)  the  primitive  set^,  (2)  the 
smooth  pale  setce,  (3)  the  long  pale  spinulated  hairs,  (4)  the  fine  felted 
secondary  hairs,  (5)  the  club-shaped  black  hairs  and  (6)  the  fine  spines 
on  the  tip.     Length  10  to  13.5  mm. 

Stage  IX. — (Plate  Vni,  figs.  5,  6  and  7)  Shape  as  described  above. 
The  third,  fifth  and  seventh  pairs  of  appendages  longest,  second  and  eighth 
next,  first,  fourth,  sixth  and  ninth  short.  l"he  side  view  (Plate  VIII,  fig. 
6)  shows  how  these  may  be  variously  elevated  by  the  larva.  The  body 
is  sparsely  clothed  with  fine  dark  setae  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  15),  the  appen- 
dages both  of  subdorsal  and  lateral  rows  covered  only  with  the  fine 
branched  secondary  hairs  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  11).  The  primitive  seta;  re- 
main and  at  the  tips  of  subdorsal  horns  a  circle  of  very  short  black 
branched  hairs  (Plate  VIII,  fig,  10).  These  are  absent  on  the  side  horns 
(Plate  VIII,  fig,  8).  The  black  club-shaped  hairs  also  remain,  irregu- 
larly scattered  toward  the  tips  of  the  long  horns ;  but  all  of  the  stiff  pale 
setse  are  absent.  Any  of  the  appendages  of  either  row  may  be  detached 
by  slight  force.  They  leave  a  bare  area,  and  the  subdorsal  ones  show  a 
double  attachment  (Plate  VIII,  fig.  9)  corresponding  to  seta;  i  and  ii. 
The  larva  is  quite  uniformly  colored,  varying  from  tan  color  to  purplish 
brown.  The  subventral  edge  is  usually  broadly  white  and  the  sides  and 
under  sides  of  the  horns  darker  than  the  upper  surface.  The  fine  hairs 
on  the  horns  are  so  dense  and  closely  felted  that  they  give  the  shape  to 
the  appendages  as  shown  in  the  figures  5,  6  and  7.  Length  of  larva 
13.5  to  22  mm. 

Cocoon. — As  usual  except  that  as  all  the  tubercles  are  shed  at  the  time 
of  spinning,  they  remain  on  the  outside  of  the  structure  and  give  it  a 
characteristic  appearance. 

Food-plants . — Various  low  shrubs  and  the  lower  branches  of  trees. 
I  have  records  of  oak,  chestnut,  sassafras,  dogwood  and  ash. 


Fit 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIIL 

Diagram  of  stage  I,  side  view,  showing  the  arrangement  of  the  setK. 

Stage  I,  two-thirds  view  X  J7-5- 

Stage  in,  dorsal  view  )<:  10. 

Stage  V,  dorsal  view  y'  5. 

Front  view  of  mature  larva  enlarged. 

Side  view  of  same. 

Dorsal  view  of  the  same    ■    2.5. 


Dec  1896.]  Dyar:  Life-Histories  of  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.      185 

Fig.  8.     One  of  the  warts  of  the  lateral  row  enlarged. 
"     9.     One  of  the  long  horns  (detached)  of  subdorsal  row,  enlarged,  ventral  view, 

showing  the  double  attachment. 
'•    10.     The  terminal  seta  (ii)  and  the  area  immediately  around  it  from  the  tip  of 

one  of  the  long  appendages. 
«   1 1.     One  of  the  branched  secondary  hairs  of  the  thick  coating  of  the  appendages 

X  175- 
"   12.     Apex  of  one  of  the  club-shaped  hairs  which  remain  on  the  long  appendages 

in  the  last  stage  X  200. 

"    13.      Male    moth,    Phobetron  pitheciuni. 

"    14.     Female  moth,  "  " 

"   15.     A  group  of  the  skin  selie  with  their  tubercles. 

Sisyrosea  textula  Herrich-Schaeffer. 
\%r^i^—Limacodes  textula  IIerkicii-Schaeffer,  Ausser.  Schmett.  irg.  184. 
1864— /f«  textula  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  347. 
1867 Litnacodes  inorimta  Grote  &  Robinson,  Ann.  Lye.  Nat.  Hist.  N.  Y.  VIII, 

372. 
1876 — Sisyrosea  inoniata  Grote,  Can.  Ent.  VIII,  112. 
1882 — Sisyrosea  inornata  Grote,  Check  List,  17. 
1891 — Isa  inornata  Dyar,  Ent.  News,  II,  156. 
1 89 1 — Isa  inornata  SMITH,  Check  List,  28. 
1892 — Sosiqsa  textula  KiRBY,  Cat.  T.ep.  Het,  I,  551. 
1894 Sisyrosea  inornata /Neu^oeges  Sc  Dyar,  Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc.  II,  70. 

LARVA. 

1869 — Harris,  Ent.  Corresp.  pi.  ii,  fig.  7  ;  pi.  iii,  fig.  6. 
1887— HULST,  Ent.  Amer.  Ill,  66. 
1889— Dyar,  Can.  EnL  XXI,  77. 

1893 — Beutenmuellek,  Bull.  Amer,  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.  V.  89. 
'  1893— Packard,  Proc.  Am.  Phil.  Soc.  XXXI,  97;  pi.  iv,  figs.  13,  14. 
1894— Dyar,  Ann.  N.  Y.  Acad.  Sci.  VIII,  219. 

Special  Structural  Characters. 
Dorsal  space  narrow,  especially  centrally,  lateral  space  broad,  very 
oblique,  subventral  space  very  small,  retracted;  form  much  flattened, 
the  principal  part  of  the  visible  surface  consisting  of  the  lateral  spaces. 
Outline  elliptical;  subdorsal  ridge  slight,  lateral  pronounced.  Horns 
of  both  ridges  extended  laterally,  those  of  the  subdorsal  ridge  reduced 
in  size,  flattened,  subequal,  those  of  joints  8  and  10  slightly  shorter, 
Lateral  horns  produced  and  flattened,  slender,  fringing  the  sides  and 
touching  the  leaf  when  the  larva  is  at  rest,  subequal,  those  of  joints  13 
slightly  longer.  The  spines  on  the  horns  are  of  the  normal  stinging 
type  after  stage  I,  but  not  strongly  developed  and  they  tend  to  degener- 


18G  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi  iv. 

ate  in  the  later  stages,  their  piercing  caps  being  partly  replaced  by  setae. 
Those  on  the  red  anterior  edge  are  shortened  and  darkened  by  black 
pigment.  The  arrangement  of  the  horns  is  normal  for  the  spined  Eu- 
cleids,  a  single  segmentary  subdorsal  row  on  joints  3  to  13  and  single 
lateral  row  on  joints  3,  4,  6  to  12.  In  stage  I  the  horns  are  surmounted 
by  a  central  swollen -tipped  seta  and  a  small  series  arranged  around  it  in 
a  radiating  circle.  Skin  covered  by  a  series  of  curious  wavy  folds  which 
extend  on  the  horns  also,  but  less  distinctly.  This  structure  is  unique 
and  its  origin  obscure,  though  it  seems  to  be  produced  by  the  ordinary 
skin  granules  becoming  concave  and  their  raised  edges  confluent. 

Depressed  spaces  represented  by  whitish  rings  with  dark  centers, 
fairly  well  developed;  (i)  and  (2)  are  situated  closely  in  line  in  the 
small  dorsal  space,  both  paired;  (4)  and  (6)  are  situated  on  the  pos- 
terior half  of  the  segment  in  the  lateral  space  in  two  small  areas  devoid 
of  green  pigment,  which  are  connected  narrowly  along  the  incisure;  (5) 
is  small  and  round,  situated  below  (6)  just  above  the  base  of  the  lateral 
horn  toward  the  front  edge  of  the  segment.  Subventral  space  without 
distinct  marking.  The  spiracle  on  joint  5  is  situated  above  the  line  of 
the  lateral  horns,  nearly  uniform  with  the  white  spots  (5);  those  on 
joints  6  to  12  are  below  the  horns,  well  hidden  in  the  retracted  sub- 
ventral  space.  No  caltropes  or  detachable  spines  are  present.  This 
highly  specialized  larva  departs  widely  from  its  congeners  in  many  re- 
spects. Its  form  is  unique  and  its  skin  structure  much  more  specialized 
than  any  of  the  other  spined  Eucleids.  The  horns  are  nearly  equally 
developed,  and  in  this  respect  the  larva  is  more  generalized  than  its 
allies,  as  also  the  presence  of  more  than  three  setas  on  the  horns  in  stage 
I,  indicating  less  advance  in  the  degeneration  of  this  stage.  The 
peculiar  lateral  direction  of  the  horns  is  somewhat  paralled  in  Phohetron, 
though  this  does  not  indicate  any  close  relation  between  these  insects, 
since  the  hairs  are  in  one  case  primitive  setae  and  in  the  other  degener- 
ating spines.  The  coloration  is  protective,  and  together  with  the  peculiar 
shape  enables  the  larva  to  escape  observation  to  a  sufficient  extent. 

Affinities,  Habits,  Etc. 

With  the  possible  exception  of  S.  ?iasoni,  the  larva  of  which  is  un- 
known, the  present  species  has  no  near  allies  in  our  fauna.  Belonging 
as  it  does  to  the  spined  Eucleids,  its  origin  may  be  traced  to  the  South. 
Not  improbably  this  type  of  larva  will  be  found  to  occur  in  the  tropics 
of  America,  but  at  present  I  know  of  none. 

S.  textiila  is  single  brooded.     The  moths  emerge  rather  late  in  the 


Dec.  1896]    DVAR  :     LlFE-HlSTORIES    OF    N.   Y.   SlUG    CATERPILLARS.       187 

season — during  July.  The  eggs  are  laid  singly  and  well  scattered.  The 
young  larvae  after  emergence  from  the  egg  rest  at  the  edge  of  the  leaf 
on  the  under  side  and  moult  at  once  without  feeding.  During  their  life 
history  they  remain  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  finally  falling  to  the 
ground  to  spin  their  cocoons  during  September.  They  occur  on  forest 
and  shade  trees,  not  usually  on  very  low  bushes. 

There  are  eight  larval  stages  normally,  occasionally  nine,  the  extra 
stage  being  interpolated  between  the  last  two  as  in  Eiiclea. 

The  present  life- history  was  worked  out  from  a  newly  hatched 
larva  which  I  found  on  a  white  oak  leaf  at  Bellport,  Long  Island,  rest- 
ing beside  its  t^g  shell. 

Criticism  of  Previous  Descriptions. 

Harris'  figures  are  good.  In  the  colored  one  the  yellow  subdorsal 
line  is  omitted,  while  in  the  structural  one  the  thoracic  region  is  not 
properly  segmented.  Dr.  Hulst  describes  the  head  zs>  "  strongly  bifid, 
etc.,"  evidently  referring  to  the  anterior  edge  of  joint  3  ;  otherwise  the 
description  is  excellent.  In  my  own  first  general  description  I  omitted 
to  mention  the  subdorsal  horns.  In  my  later  one  I  located  the  second 
and  third  subdorsal  pair  too  far  forward  (they  are  on  joints  4  and  5, 
not  on  3  and  4  with  a  gap  at  5  as  I  stated),  and  I  mistook  'the  lower 
lateral  segmental  glandular  dots  (5)  for  spiracles  on  joints  6  to  12,  thus 
placing  them  above,  instead  of  below,  the  lateral  horns.  Mr.  Beuten- 
mueller  locates  the  red  marks  on  segments  8  and  10  instead  of  9  and  11, 
probably  owing  to  a  failure  to  recognize  the  true  relations  of  the  anterior 
horns.  Dr.  Packard  treats  this  species  vvith  unusual  brevity,  confining 
his  remarks  to  an  explanation  of  the  figures  of  the  spines  of  the  lateral 
horns.  Yet,  curiously  enough,  an  error  has  crept  in,  for  the  figure  is 
stated  to  represent  ' '  one  of  the  lateral  tubercles  of  the  first  abdominal 
segment"  (joint  5),  which  really  bears  no  lateral  horn  at  all. 

The  attention  given  to  this  curious  larva  heretofore  is  far  less  than 
it  deserves.     The  early  stages  are  entirely  unnoticed. 

Description  of  the  Several  Stages  in  Detail. 

£gg^. — Elliptical,  flat,  reticulations  distinct  in  the  empty  shell, 
linear,  triangular,  quadrangular,  rarely  pentagonal,  irregular;  transpar- 
ent, colorless,  the  shell  white ;  size  1.6  X -9  rnm.  Laid  singly  on  the 
under  side  of  a  leaf. 

S/age  I. — (Plate  IX,  fig.  i)  head  whitish,  eye  black;  body  ellipti- 
cal, dorsal  space  broadest  anteriorly,  gradually  narrowed  to  the  tail,  not 


188  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [voi.  iv. 

narrower  centrally.  Segments  fairly  well  marked ;  skin  perfectly 
smooth.  A  subdorsal  and  a  lateral  row  of  thick  processes  with  an  api- 
cal seta  and  radiating  crown  (Plate  IX,  fig.  2)  the  terminal  half  of  each 
more  slender  than  the  basal  half  and  with  an  enlarged  tip.  There  are 
eleven  of  the  horns  in  the  subdorsal  row  (joints  3  to  13)  and  nine  in  the 
lateral  row  (joints  3,  4,  6  to  12),  all  about  alike  in  size.  The  subdorsal 
row  stand  at  about  45  -  with  the  body,  the  lateral  row  are  horizontal. 
Color  whitish,  a  faint,  more  opaque  yellowish  tint  on  joints  6  to  9 
centrally.     Length  i.i  mm.     The  larva  does  not  feed. 

Siage  II. — Horns  shaped  much  as  before,  but  covered  with  pale, 
black-tipped  spines  with  swollen  bases  as  in  the  mature  larva  (Plate  IX, 
fig.  6),  but  only  about  twelve  on  each  horn.  Skin  finely  clear  granular. 
Dorsal  depressed  spaces  (i)  double,  small  and  round.  Horns  of  sub- 
dorsal row  all  alike;  those  of  lateral  row  on  joints  3  and  4  a  little  lon- 
ger than  the  rest,  the  apical  spine  setiferous.  Dorsal  space  rather 
broad,  even,  rounded  at  joint  3  ;  lateral  space  rather  large,  diminishing 
at  the  ends;  subventral  space  very  small.  Ridges  marked  by  the 
moderate  rounded  horns,  the  subdorsal  row  projecting  rather  more  than 
45°,  but  not  horizontal.  The  larva  is  not  greatly  flattened,  both  the 
ridges  being  prominent.  Under  a  high  power  the  skin  appears  creased 
shagreened,  almost  scaly,  uniform.  Color  ground  glass  white,  immacu- 
late, except  the  black  tips  of  the  spines.     Length  i.i  to  1.8  mm. 

Stage  III. — Elliptical,  gently  flattened  ;  dorsal  space  rather  narrow, 
of  even  width,  lateral  space  broad,  oblique,  diminishing  at  the  ends; 
subventral  space  small,  contracted.  Horns  subequal,  slender,  tapering, 
conical,  the  subdorsal  ones  extending  at  about  60°,  the  lateral  hori- 
zontal ;  spines  slender,  short,  with  small  black  tips.  The  subdorsal 
horn  on  joint  13  and  the  lateral  ones  on  joints  3  and  4  are  a  little 
larger  than  the  others.  Skin  closely  shagreened,  as  if  the  granules  were 
appressed  and  concaved  instead  of  convex  as  usual.  Color  light  yel- 
lowish green,  the  horns  paler ;  a  pale  yellow  line  along  the  subdorsal 
ridge,  straight,  faint  at  the  ends,  the  pair  connected  by  a  faint  bridge 
on  joint  9.      Length  1.8  to  3  2  mm. 

Stage  IV. — Elliptical,  flattened;  subdorsal  horns  considerably 
shorter  than  the  lateral  ones,  all  slender,  tapering,  the  pair  on  joint  13 
larger.  Dorsal  space  narrow,  a  little  wider  at  both  extremities.  Color 
pale  green,  a  faint  yellow  line  along  the  subdorsal  ridge  with  a  little  red 
dot  in  the  bridge  at  joint  9.  Horns  paler,  the  subdorsal  on  joint  3  and 
lateral  on  3  and  4  have  reddish  tips.  There  is  some  light  green  pig- 
ment in  the  dorsal  space,  supplementing  the  color  of  the  blood.     An 


Dec.  1896.]  Dyar:  Life-Histories  of  N.  Y.  Slug  Caterpillars.     181) 

obscure  raised  area  down  the  anterior  side  of  each  segment ;  lateral  de- 
pressed spaces  (4)  and  (6)  show  as  white  dots.  Dorsum  evenly  sha- 
greened,  the  white  paired  dots  (i)  visible  on  joints  3  and  4,  and  4  and 
5.     Length  3.2  to  4.4  mm. 

Stage  V. — Similar  to  the  mature  larva  in  shape,  subdorsal  horns 
projecting  horizontally,  only  half  as  long  as  the  lateral  horns,  those  on 
joints  8  and  10  slightly  shorter,  that  on  joint  13  longest;  all  slender, 
fringed  by  the  black-tipped  spines.  Skin  wrinkled  shagreened,  the 
horns  also  wrinkly.  Yellowish  green,  the  yellow  subdorsal  line  broad, 
a  red  dot  on  joint  9  anteriorly.  Subdorsal  horns  of  joint  3  and  lateral 
of  3  and  4  red  throughout,  the  subdorsal  pair  on  3  connected  by  a  faint 
red  line.  Other  subdorsal  horns  yellowish  green,  the  one  on  joint  9 
more  distinctly  yellowish.  Lateral  (4)  and  lower  intersegmental  lateral 
(6)  dots  visible  as  before.     Length  4.4  to  6  mm. 

Stage  VI. — Flattened,  dorsal  space  narrowed  centrally  at  joints  7 
to  II.  Subdorsal  horns  one-third  the  length  of  the  lateral  ones,  those 
on  joints  8  and  10  shorter,  all  flattened,  projecting  horizontally.  Color 
green,  the  dorsal  space  pigmented.  Dots  of  depressed  spaces  (i) 
double  and  paired  on  joints  3  to  4,  elsewhere  scarcely  indicated.  On 
the  sides  a  green  line  on  the  anterior  side  of  the  segments,  the  posterior 
part  whitish  and  containing  a  large  reniform  glandular  spot  (4),  a  large 
round  green  centered  one  (6)  and  a  small  white  dot  (5)  on  the  green 
band  below.  A  yellow  line  on  the  subdorsal  ridge,  a  central  red  dot  on 
joint  9  surrounded  by  yellow.  Anterior  horns  dark  red  as  before,  joined 
by  a  red  stripe  and  armed  by  black  spines.  The  other  horns  pale  and 
armed  as  before.  The  black  spines  differ  only  in  color  from  the  others. 
Skin  covered  with  long  waved  ridges  instead  of  granules.  Length  6  to 
8.3  mm. 

Stage  VII. — Essentially  as  before,  and  also  closely  like  the  mature 
larva.  Color  green,  a  red  dot  on  joints  9  and  11  anteriorly  between 
the  yellow  subdorsal  lines ;  front  edge  red  as  before  with  short  black 
spines.  Some  of  the  spines  of  lateral  horns  bear  long  setae  instead  of 
short  tips,  and  thus  cause  a  more  fringed  appearance.  Length  8  to 
12.6  mm. 

Stage  VIII. — (Plate  IX,  figs.  3,  4,  5  and  7)  Shape  as  described 
above.  Green,  pigmented  in  dorsal  space  and  on  the  raised  bars  along 
the  anterior  edge  of  the  lateral  segments.  Glandular  dots  whitish,  the 
spots  on  the  sides  (4)  and  (6)  surrounded  by  some  green  pigment  and 
appearing  as  broken  whitish  rings  with  dark  centers.  Anterior  edge 
red,  rarely  also  the  tips  of  all  the  horns.     A  distinct  yellow  subdorsal 


100  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

line  running  onto  the  horn  of  joint  13.  Red  marks  on  joints  9  and  10 
usually  broken  into  paired  dots,  sometimes  supplemented  by  smaller 
dots  on  joint  12.  Dorsal  depressed  dots  (i)  and  (2)  small,  paired, 
distinct.  Spines  as  before,  the  skin  coarsely  creased  as  in  the  previous 
stages.     Length  12.  6  to  18.  5  mm. 

Food-plants. — Chestnut,  oak,  beech,  elm,  maple,  hop  hornbeam, 
hickory  and  linden  have  been  observed. 

EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 

Fig.  I.     Larva  in  stage  I,  side  view,  enlarged. 

"    2.     One  of  the  tubercles  of  stage  I,  further  enlarged. 

"    3.     Mature  larva,  side  view  enlarged. 

"    4.     The  same,  front  view. 

"    5.     The  same,  dorsal  view. 

"  6.  Portion  of  the  lateral  area  of  one  segment,  showing  the  skin  sculpture,  the 
three  depressed  spaces  (the  upper  one  (4)  only  in  part)  and  the  lateral 
horn  with  its  spines — enlarged ;  anterior  side  to  the  right. 

"  7.  Dorsal  view  of  the  mature  larva  showing  all  the  depressed  areas  except  (4), 
which  are  nearly  completely  hidden  beneath  the  subdorsal  horns. 

"    8.     Feeding  traces  of  the  larva  on  a  black  oak  leaf,  in  stages  II  and  III. 

"    9.     Sisyrosea  textula,  female. 

"  10.     The  same,  male. 


ADDITIONS  TO  THE  LIST  OF  LONG  ISLAND 
SPIDERS. 

By  Nathan  Banks. 

Since  the  publication  of  my  list  of  Long  Island  spiders  (Journ.  N. 
Y.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  76-93),  I  have  discovered  several  species 
not  previously  known  from  the  locality,  and  a  few  species  that  appear  to 
be  new.  These  bring  the  total  number  of  spiders  up  to  276.  Almost 
as  interesting  as  the  discovery  of  a  new  form  is  that  of  a  rare  one.  Of 
that  little  Oonipid,  Orchestina,  I  now  have  several  specimens  of  both 
sexes.  Gayenna  fraterna  is  now  known  to  me  by  another  $  .  Both 
sexes  of  Agrtvca  iiiinnta  have  been  taken  not  uncommonly  in  May  and 
June.  Another  male  has  been  taken  of  Corniciilaria  niiniita.  Hyctia 
pikei  is  not  very  rare  on  salt-grass  at  Bayville.  The  species  new  to  the 
list  are  as  follows  : 

DRASSID^. 

Prothesima,  sp?    An  immature  $  from  among  dead  leaves  in  Oc- 


Dec.  1896.]  Banks  :  Long  Island  Spiders.  191 

tober.  The  cephalothorax  and  legs  are  pale-yellow ;  the  anterior  tibiae 
rather  blackish ;  abdomen  pale,  with  black  marks  as  follows :  a  basal 
band,  a  broad  band  before  the  middle,  containing  four  pale  dots,  a  nar- 
row band  beyond  middle,  and  a  large  triangular  spot  before  the  tip, 
containing  some  small,  pale  chevrons  ;  the  first  three  bands  are  con- 
nected by  a  dark  medium  stripe. 

AGALENID^. 

Coelotes  longitarsis  Em. — Several  specimens  under  leaves  in 
Carpenter's  woods,  October. 

DICTYNID^. 

Dictyna,  sp  ? — Several  specimens  under  rubbish  on  the  beach,  at 
Bayville,  July.     Perhaps  it  is  D.  bostoniensis. 

THERIDID^. 

Spintharus  flavidus  Hentz. — Swept  from  herbage  in  woods, 
August ;  both  sexes. 

Theridium  globosum  Hentz. — In  low  herbage,  June. 

Teutana  triangulosa  Walck. — One  specimen  in  the  house. 

Crustulina  guttata  Reuss. — Under  dead  leaves,  June,  July. 

Ceratinopsis  interpres  Cambr. — Swept  from  an  old  field,  June; 
several  specimens. 

Lophocarenum  erigonoides  Em. — In  moss,  October. 

Tmeticus  tridentatus  Em. — Not  uncommon  under  leaves  in  wet 
woods,  October,  November. 

Tmeticus  plumosus  Em. — One  $  ,  October,  under  leaves. 

Tmeticus  flaveolus  Banks. — In  moss,  October. 

Tmeticus  pallidus  Em In  moss,  October. 

Qonatium  rubens  Blk. — One  $ ,  in  woods,  October. 

Microneta  viaria  Blk. — Under  dead  leaves,  October. 

EPEIRID.^. 

Larinia  borealis  Bks. — A  fine  2  of  this  northern  spider  was 
taken  from  a  mud-dauber's  nest,  in  June. 

Eugnatha  straminea  E?n Mill  Neck,  sweeping,  May. 

THOMISID.^. 

Philodromus,  sp.? — Two  young  specimens  were  taken  from  a  pine 
tree  at  Bayville,  perhaps  P.  robustus  Em. 


192  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

LYCOSID.'E. 

Lycosa  carolinensis  Hentz. — In  old  fields,  June. 

Lycosa  ocreata  Hentz. — In  fields,  June ;  some  are  very  pale, 
others  very  dark  colored. 

Pardosa  brunnea  Em.  / — One   $  from  Mill  Neck ;  the  palpus 
is  like  this  species,  and  the  legs  are  properly  marked,  but  the  cephalo- 
thorax  and  abdomen  are  wholly  dark,  and  very  hairy. 
Pardosa  littoralis,  sp.  nov. 

Length,  J  6  mm.,  $  5  mm.  Cephalothorax  pale  yellowish,  with  a  black  seam 
on  posterior  sides,  eyes  on  black,  a  broad,  brown,  straight  stripe  from  each  dorsal  eye 
to  the  hind  margin,  leaving  a  pale  median  area  broader  in  front ;  clypeus  and  man- 
dibles pale ;  legs  pale  yellowish  ;  sternum  and  venter  pale,  each  with  a  median  dark 
stripe,  abdomen  dark  brown  above,  a  pale  yellow  basal  spear-mark,  and  behind  this 
are  two  rows  of  geminate  palel  spots.  In  the  $  the  stripes  on  the  cephalothorax 
are  broader  and  black ;  the  clypeus  and  mandibles  dark ;  the  palpi  all  black ;  the 
femora  mostly  black,  except  at  tips ;  the  abdomen,  above  and  below,  and  the  ster- 
num, black ;  a  few  pale  spots  on  the  bases  of  hind  coxae.  The  cephalothorax  is 
not  very  long  and  not  much  narrowed  in  front,  the  legs  are  rather  short,  with  two 
pairs  of  long  spines  under  the  anterior  tibiie  and  metatarsi.  The  epigynum  shows 
a  triangular  depression,  one  and  a-half  times  longer  than  broad,  with  rounded  cor- 
ners, and  a  narrow  median  finger  which  broadens  in  the  posterior  third  to  occupy 
nearly  the  whole  cavity.  The  male  palpus,  from  the  side,  shows  three,  black, 
rounded  projections,  the  lower  one  the  smallest. 

Several  specimens  from  a  salt  marsh  near  Mill  Neck,  in  June. 

OXYOPID^. 
Oxyopes  salticus  Hentz. — From  an  old  field,  June. 

ATTID.^. 
Attus  palustris  Feck. — One  specimen.  Mill  Neck,  October. 

Icius  diminutus,  sp.  nov. 

Length,  f  2.  6  mm.  Cephalothorax  rather  shining  yellow-brown,  eye-region 
darker,  iridescent;  mandibles,  sternum  and  legs  yellow-brown,  tarsi  rather  paler; 
abdomen  brown  above  and  below,  with  many  scattered  pale  dots,  and  a  distinct 
white  band  around  base.  The  cephalothorax  is  rather  low,  with  parallel  sides  ;  eye- 
region  very  short,  very  much  broader  than  long,  as  broad  behind  as  in  front ;  legs 
short,  anterior  pair  not  much  stouter  than  others,  hind  metatarsi  spined  only  at  tip, 
anterior  coxae  separated  by  more  than  width  of  labium ;  sternum  pointed  behind. 
The  epigynum  shows,  in  a  triangular  area,  two  inverted  horseshoe -shaped  marks. 

One  female,  Bayville,  June,  under  dead  leaves.  Readily  known 
by  its  small  size,  and  white  basal  b;;ind. 


Dec.  1896.]  Banks:   A  New  Gomphus.  193 

Saitis  minusculus,  sp.  nov. 

Length,  9  2.3  mm.,  ^  2  mm.  Cephalothorax  reddish  biown,  blackish  in  eye- 
region  ;  mandibles  whitish  ;  legs  pale,  prominently  banded  with  black,  except  the  an- 
terior femora  in  the  9  which  have  a  dark  stripe  each  side,  and  the  femora  and  an- 
terior tibise  of  the  ^  which  are  wholly  dark ;  sternum  brown ;  abdomen  in  the  ^ 
black,  above  and  below,  in  the  9  gray,  with  two  rows  of  small,  indistinct  pale  spots 
above ;  venter  whitish  with  three  parallel  dark  stripes ;  body  mostly  clothed  with 
fine  white  hair;  ^  palpi  snow  white.  Eye-region  plainly  less  than  thoracic  region, 
broader  in  front  than  behind ;  legs  short,  third  pair  about  as  long  as  fourth ;  hind 
metatarsi  spined  at  middle  and  tip;  anterior  coxns  separated  by  more  than  width  of 
labium.  The  epigynum  shows  two  large,  connate  circular  spots ;  the  J*  palpus  has 
apparently  no  projection  or  a  very  small  one,  to  the  tibia,  the  bulb  is  large,  trans- 
versely divided,  part  of  the  basal  half  dark  colored,  a  short  straight  style  at  the  end 
of  the  upper  half. 

One  (? ,  one  $  ,  and  one  young  S ,  under  leaves,  Sea  Cliff,  N.  Y., 
May.  Easily  recognized  by  its  small  size,  banded  legs,  and  white  pal- 
pus of  the  S' . 


A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  GOMPHUS. 

By  Nathan  Banks. 

Perhaps  the  first  thing  to  do  in  describing  a  species  of  Gomphus  as 
new  is  to  apologize  for  doing  so.  Specimens  of  this  species  have  been 
sent  to  me  several  times  during  the  past  few  years,  and  I  have  been  un- 
able to  fit  it  to  any  of  the  numerous  species.  To  several  of  them  it  is 
closely  allied,  yet  appears  to  differ  from  them  more  than  some  of  them 
differ  from  each  other. 

The  species  of  the  genus  Gomphus,  as  restricted,  can  be  arranged 
in  several  groups.  One,  the  one  in  which  this  new  species  would  fall, 
may  be  characterized  as  follows :  apex  of  $  abdomen  not  dilated,  tenth 
segment  black  above ;  no  spines  on  the  vertex  of  the  9 .  In  this  sec- 
tion would  fall  G.  parvtilus^  fliivialis,  a/nnicola,  lividiis,  albistylus, 
ncBvms  and  brevis.  The  new  species,  which  is  from  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  is 
readily  separated  from  G.  parvuliis  by  several  characters,  such  as  larger 
size,  wholly  pale  front,  the  markings  on  thorax,  etc.  In  G.  fliivialis 
the  ninth  segment  of  the  $  is  nearly  four  times  as  long  as  the  tenth ; 
in  the  Ithaca  species  it  is  about  twice  as  long  ;  G.  fluvialis  also  differs 
in  the  shape  of  the  front,  in  various  markings,  and  in  shape  of  the  $ 
appendages.  G.  amnicola  is  compared  to  G.  fluvialis.  The  append- 
ages are  stated  to  be  the  same  ;  no  mention  is  made  of  a  difference  in 
the  length  of  the  tenth  segment  from  that  species ;  a  longitudinal  ridge 


194  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [Voi  iv. 

is  mentioned  on  the  center  of  tlie  vesicle ;  none  is  seen  in  the  Ithaca 
species ;  the  basal  fascia  of  the  front  is  said  to  be  triemarginate,  such 
cannot  be  affirmed  of  the  new  form  ;  nor  has  the  latter  a  black  margin 
on  the  labrum,  and  the  dorsal  carina  is  not  unusually  high.  However, 
G.  amtiicola  must  be  more  closely  related  than  any  of  the  preceding 
species.  G.  lividiis  differs  considerably  in  markings,  etc.;  it  is,  rather, 
a  southern  species. 

To  the  other  three  species,  G.  brevis,  albistyliis  and  ncevins,  the 
Ithaca  form  is  closely  allied.  The  last  two  of  these  are  known  only 
from  the  female.  But  they  are  all  too  small ;  G.  albistyliis,  which  is 
the  largest,  has  the  abdomen  of  29  mm.  long;  in  the  Ithaca  species  it  is 
33  to  35  mm.  long.  G.  albistyliis  has  various  black  markings  around 
front  and  mouth-parts,  also  a  yellow  spot  in  middle  of  vertex,  these  not 
present  in  the  new  species ;  besides  the  prothorax  is  differently  spotted, 
the  stripes  on  the  dorsum  of  thorax  different,  different  abdominal  mark- 
ings, and  the  vulvar  lamina  is  different.  G.  ncevius  is  similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  but  the  vulvar  lamina  is  still  shorter  and  rounded  at 
the  tips  ;  this  species  is  still  smaller,  abdomen  only  25  mm.  long  ;  other 
differences  the  same  as  in  G.  albistyliis.  G.  brevis  has  the  abdomen 
26  mm.  long,  the  pterostigma  pale  yellow,  various  markings  on  front  and 
near  mouth,  in  the  $  a  tooth  behind  the  eye  near  the  occiput,  the 
border  of  occiput  straight ;  none  of  these  apply  to  the  Ithaca  species, 
nor  will  the  markings  on  thorax  and  abdomen  agree  with  it. 

Qomphus  descriptus,  sp.  nov. 

Abdomen  $  and  9  32  to  35  mm.  long  (exclusive  of  appendages).  Hind  wing 
30  to  31  mm.  long.  Pterostigma  yellow  brown,  about  3  mm.  long,  over  3  to  4  cells 
in  $,  over  5  in  9  ;  two  rows  of  discoidal  cells;  12  to  14  antecubitals,  10  to  li  post, 
cubitals.  Front  and  mouth-parts  uniform  greenish,  except  brown  tips  to  mandibles, 
base  of  front  above  narrowly  black  ;  vertex  black,  sometimes  pale  near  base  of  occiput; 
occiput  yellowish  ciliated  with  black;  behind  eyes  yellowish,  black  toward  occiput 
vescicle  rounded,  slightly  rounded  and  elevated  at  each  end  ;  border  of  occiput  in  9 
slightly  concave  in  the  middle,  in  $  wholly  and  evenly  convex  ;  no  spines  on  vertex  oi 
9 .  The  prothorax  black,  a  long  spot  in  front,  a  double  one  in  middle,  and  a  larger  one 
on  each  side  yellowish.  Thorax  greenish,  more  yellowish  behind,  with  dark  brown 
stripes  as  follows :  a  median  one,  bifid  behind  where  the  carina  parts,  wider  in  front, 
narrowly  reaching  the  front  margin,  and  thus  connecting  to  the  antehumeral ;  there 
is  always  a  little  portion  of  the  dorsal  carina,  in  front  of  its  highest  point,  yellow ;  a 
broad  antehumeral  stripe  projecting  inwaids  above,  connecting  above  to  the  narrower 
humeral  stripe,  and  sometimes  below,  leaving  only  a  short  green  line  ;  aline  on  sides 
before  the  stigmata,  bent  above  ;  another  line  on  the  posterior  suture.  The  anterior 
femora  are  usually  greenish  behind,  and  in  the  9  the  posterior  ones  in  front.  The  ab. 
domen  is  black,  in  $  there  is  a  yellow  stripe  above  on  i  and  2,  a  line,  often  not  reach- 


Dec.  1896  J        LlNELL:     On    NoRTH    AMERICAN    ChRVSOMELAS.  195 

ing  the  ends  of  the  segments,  on  3  to  7,  sometimes  on  base  of  8 ;  membrane  at  base  of 
9  and  10  yellow ;  sides  of  i  yellow,  and  of  2,  except  behind  the  ears  and  on  posterior 
margin ;  yellow  on  base  of  3 ;  sometimes  on  4  to  7  a  basal  spot,  and  sometimes  an 
apical  one  on  7  ;  sides  of  8  mostly  yellow,  with  a  projection  above ;  border  of  9  yellow, 
and  lower  apical  portion  of  10;  10  about  one-half  as  long  as  9  ;  appendages  black; 
superior  pair  longer  than  10,  divaricate,  acute  at  tip,  at  half  their  length  on  inner  side 
below  is  a  large  sharp  pointed  tooth ;  inferior  pair  but  little  shorter,  and  with  the 
branches  more  widely  divaricate,  than  the  superior  pair,  upturned  at  tip.  In  the  9 , 
the  dorsal  stripe  on  i  and  2  is  much  broader  and  the  sides  of  i  and  2  wholly  yellow ; 
on  the  sides  of  3  to  7  is  a  long  yellowish  mark  with  its  tip  turned  down,  on  most  of 
the  segments  the  basal  portion  of  this  mark  is  separated  from  the  rest ;  sides  of  8  yel- 
low, with  projections  upward ;  sides  of  9  and  10  yellow,  and  a  narrow  median  stripe 
above  on  10;  superior  appendages  black,  rest  yellowish;  vulvar  lamina  black,  one- 
third  as  long  as  9,  apical  half  bifid  and  divaricate,  the  tips  acute. 

Described  from  six  males  and  two  females,  collected  at  Ithaca,  N.  Y., 
and  sent  me  by  Mr.  MacGillivray ;  May  21,  1890;  May  15,  1894; 
May  18,  1895. 


A  SHORT  REVIEW  OF  THE  CHRYSOMELAS  OF 
NORTH  AMERICA. 

Bv  Martin  L.  Linell. 

The  following  attempt  at  a  synopsis  of  the  species  entered  in  our 
check-list  under  the  generic  names  of  Doryphora  and  Chrysomela,  is 
based  principally  upon  the  material  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  but 
I  am  also  greatly  indebted  to  Messrs.  Schwarz  and  Hubbard  and  Mr. 
H.  Ulke  for  access  to  their  extensive  collections  as  well  as  for  valuable 
information. 

The  genera  may  be  separated  as  follows  : 

Last  joint  of  palpi  short,  truncate. 

Mesosternum  prominent,  tuberculiform  between  the  coxce.     Anterior  femora  of 

male  strongly  toothed Labidomera  Chevrolat. 

Mesosternum  not  surpassing  the  level  of  prosternum.     Femora  simple. 

Leptinotarsa  Stal. 
Last  joint  of  palpi  not  shorter  than  penultimate. 

Claws  parallel,  connate  at  base ZygOgramma  Chevrolat. 

Claws  divergent. 

Sides  of  thorax  not  incrassate.     Elytra  with  darker  markings  limited  by 

impressed  punctures Calligrapha  Erichson. 

Sides  of  thorax  incrassate.     Elytra  not  maculate. . .  .Chrysomela  Lintii. 

Genus  Labidomera  Chevrolat. 
Contains  only    L.  clivicollis   Kirby,   and  its  variety  L.  rogersit 


196  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [voi.  iv. 

Leconte.  It  is  dark  blue,  elytra  reddish  yellow  with  typically  a  common 
large  cruciform  post-scutellar  spot,  an  elongate  triangular  humeral  spot 
and  a  V-shaped  subapical.  The  humeral  and  scutellar  spots  are  often 
confluent,  forming  a  broad  transverse  band.  The  variety  has  the  spots 
broken  up  into  smaller  ones  and  occurs  principally  in  Texas  and  Kansas. 

Genus  Leptinotarsa  Stdl. 
■Elytra  unicolorous. 

Reddish  yellow ;  antennre,  palpi,  legs  and  scutellum  black  ;  elytra  punctate  in 
subgeminate  striae.     (Tex.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.,  Mex.)  " 

L.  rubiginosa  Rogers. 
Dark  cupreous  green,  very  large  ;  elytra  densely  confusedly  punctate ;  intervals 

aciculate.     (Southern  Calif.,  Mex.) L.  behrensi  Harold. 

Black;  elytra  green  or  blue,  finely  irregularly  punctate.     (Tex.,  Ariz.,  Mex.) 

L.  haldemani  Rogers. 
Elytra  vitiate. 

Thorax  immaculate. 

.(Eneous ;  elytra  yellow,  irregularly  bigeminately  punctate,  with  four  inter- 
rupted aeneous  vittce.     (Tex.,   Ariz.,  Mex.)  ....  L.  lineolata  Stal. 
yEneous  black  ;  ventral  surface  and  legs  pale ;  elytra  regularly  striate  with 
a  narrow  dorsal  and  a  marginal  vitta  yellow.     (Tex.,  Mex.) 

L.  dahlbomi  Stal. 

Rufescent;  elytra  pale,  with  suture,  two  discal  vittse  and  margin  piceous. 

(Lower  Cal.,  Ariz.     Collection  Ulke.)  . . . .  L.  petlinsularis  Hortt. 

Black;  elytra  pale,  regularly  striate,  each  with  four  dark  vitlae.     (N.  Mex,, 

Mex.) L.  melanothorax  Stdl. 

Thorax  maculate. 

Ventral  surface  and  legs  entirely  black. 

Elytra  with  suture,  five  vittre  and  epipleura  black  ;   siux  of  confused 
punctures.  (Southern  Calif,  Mex.)  L.  undecimlineata  Stal. 
Ventral  surface  and  legs  yellow,  maculate  with  black, 

Elytral  strise  of  confused  punctures ;  suture  and  five  vitta?  black. 

Epipleura  pale L.  decemlineata  Say. 

Epipleura  black  towards  apex  (Agua  Negra,  Tex.,  Mex.; 

L.  multitaeniata  Stal. 

Elytral  stria;  regular,  punctures  in  single  rows ;  epipleura  pale. 

Elytra  each  with  five  vittse,  third  and  fourth  approximate,  often 
united.     (Southern  States  west  to  Kansas.) 

L.  juncta  Germar. 
Elytra  each  with"  four  vittce,  more  or  less  abbreviated,  third  and 
fourth  not  approximate.     (Brownsville,  Tex.,  Mex. ) 

L.  defecta  Stal. 
Genus  Zygogramma  Chevrolat. 

Thorax  brown  with  anterior  angles  pale  ;  intervals  of  elytra  punctate. 

Oval,  brown ;  elytra  pale,  with    the  epipleura,  suture  and  four  vitlse  black  or 
brown,  the  first  vitta  free ;  the  second  interrupted  near  apex,  leaving  a 


Dec. 


Linell:  On  North  American  Chryso.melas.  197 


free  spot;  the  fourth  strongly  abbreviated,  with  a  free  spot  at  the  middle 
of  the  sides.     (Southern  States  to  Mont,  and  Ariz. 

Z.  exclamation  is  Fabricius. 

Oval,  brown,  smaller;  elytra  pale,  with  sutural  and  subsutural  vittce  confluent, 
the  second  and  third  joining  at  two-thirds  the  length,  a  free  spot  near 
apex  and  a  very  short  fourth  vitta  behind  the  humerus  ;  epipleura  pale. 
(Kans.,  Neb.,  Mont.,  Dak.) Z.  conjuncta  Rogers. 

Like  previous  form  but  generally  paler  in  color  and  the  elytral  vitlce  broken  up 
into  spots.     (Kans.,  Dak.,  Mont.) Z.  var  pallida  Bland. 

Oval,  brown,  of  medium  size ;  elytra  pale  with  brown  vittse,  the  subsutural  united 
with  the  sutural;  two  broad  discal  vittre  generally  connected  near  apex 
the  fourth  vitta  entirely  wanting;  epipleura  and  the  margin  posteriorly 

brown.     (Ariz.,  N.  Mex.,  Colo.,  Utah) ,.  .Z.  continua  Leconte. 

(syn.  /asciatipennis  JaCOBY.) 

Thorax  unicolorous,  brown  or  aeneous. 

Globosely  oval,  brown,  slightly  bronzed ;  elytra  pale  with  dark  vittae  ;  subsut- 
ural united  with  sutural,  two  confluent  discal  vittse,  no  isolated  spots, 
epipleura  pale  with  dark  margins.     (East  of  Rocky  Mts.). 

Z.  SUturalis  Fabricius. 
Like  previous  form,  but  the  subsutural  and  discal  vittae  free ,  var.  casta  Rogers.* 
Globosely  oval,  brown,  slightly  bronzed;  elytra  pale  with  narrow  vitta; ;  the 
subsutural  free,  slightly  abbreviated ;  the  second  and  third  sinuous,  ab- 
breviated and  united  at  two-thirds  the  length;  the  fourth  very  short, 
confluent  at  base  with  the  third  ;  two  or  three  isolated  spots  posteriorly ; 
epipleura  pale  with  brown  margins.     (Tex.,  Kans.,  Ariz.) 

Z.  disrupta  Jiog-ers. 
Like  previous  form,  but  smaller  and  still  more  globose ;  the  second  vitta  twice 
interrupted,  the  fourth  represented  by  a  spot  only.     (Tex.,  Col.) 

Z.  heterothecae  sp.  nov.* 
Oval,  dark  aeneous  ;  elytra  pale  with  a  sinuous  vitta  extending  from  the  humerus 
to  near  the  suture  one-fourth  from  apex,  thickened  at  middle,  hooklike  at 
apex  and  with  a  short  humeral  stripe  attached  to  its  base  ;  an  oval  spot 
near  the  scutellum  and  three  smaller  ones  posteriorly  near  the  lateral  mar- 
gin ;  sutural  vitta  striatopunctate,  trifid  at  base ;  epipleura  and  margin 

pale.     (Tex.;  Southern  Ariz.,  Mex.) Z.  malvae  Stal. 

Oval,  ferruginous ;  elytra  yellow  with  markings  as  in  Z.  mahnz,  but  subsutural 
vitta  free  for  at  least  half  the  length  and  the   epipleura  margined  with 

brown.     (Ariz.,  N.  Mex.) Z.  tortuosa  Rogers 

Oval,  brown,  more  or  less  bronzed  ;  elytra  pale  with  a  broad  sutural  vitta,  rami- 
fied before  and  behind  the  middle,  a  broad  arcuate  band  from  the 
'  *  Chrysomela  /estiva  Fabricius.  "  Nigrosenea,  elytris  lineis  tribus  suturaque 
antica  flavis.  Statura  C.  fastuosce  at  duple  minor.  Habitat  America."  Suffrian 
suggests  that  this  may  be  identical  with  casta  Rogers,  but  I  can  not  see  that  the 
description  fits  this  or  any  other  North  American  species. 

f  Mr.  E.  A.  Schwarz  informs  me  that  he  collected  this  species  in  abundance  at 
Columbus,  Texas,  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  Composite  plant,  IJeterotheca  scabra. 


198  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

humerus  to  behind  the  middle,  a  small  round  spot  on  the  side  of  the  disc 
and  another  one  near  apex  ;  epipleura  and  an  elongate  marginal  spot  just 
behind  the  middle  also  dark.     (Southern  Ariz.) Z.  opifera  Stal. 

Elongate  oval,  feebly  convex,  brown,  slightly  bronzed ;  elytra  pale  with  a  broad 
sutural  vitta,  epipleura  and  spots  aeneous ;  two  larger  basal  spots,  the 
exterior  one  emarginate  behind,  a  small  spot  at  the  suture  before  middle, 
a  larger  one,  strongly  arcuate,  behind  the  middle  and  many  smaller  ones 
posteriorly.     (Tex.,  N.  Mex.,  Ariz.) Z.  piceicoliis  Stal. 

Elongate  oval,  feebly  convex,  greenish  black.  Elytra  pale ;  epipleura,  a  broad 
sutural  vitta,  twice  ramified  posteriorly,  an  oblique  humeral  vitta,  con- 
nected with  the  sutural  band  at  middle,  an  oval  spot  between  humerus 
and  scutellum,  four  or  five  discal  spots  on  posterior  half  and  the  lateral 
margin  behind  the  middle,  aeneous.     (Mex.,  Ariz.     Collection  Ulke.) 

Z.  slgnatipennis  StaL 

Genus  Calligrapha  Erichson. 
Elytra  vittate. 

Thorax  uniformly  brown.     Epipleura  dark. 

Oval,  ferruginous.  Last  joint  of  palpi  strongly  dilated.  Sides  of  thorax 
coarsely  punctate.  Elytra  yellow  with  broad  sutural  and  discoidal 
ferruginous  bands  ;  the  latter  longitudinally  more  or  less  divided  by 

yellow.     (East  of  Rocky  Mts.) C.  lunata  Fabricius. 

Oval,  convex,  brown,  slightly  bronzed.  Elytra  pale  with  a  broad  sutural 
and  dorsal  vitta  bronzed,  the  latter  angularly  incised  at  middle  ex- 
teriorly.    (East  of  Rocky  Mts.) C.  similis  Rogers. 

Like  the  preceding  but  globosely  oval,  with  the  sutural  vitta  truncate  at  base 
and  dilated  at  apical  third  and  the  discal  vitta  abbreviated  posteriorly. 

(Kans.,  Neb.) C.  incisa  Rogers. 

Regularly  oval,  convex,  brown.      Elytra  pale  ;  an  entire  sutural  and  two 
discal  vittae  of  subequal  width  and  parallel,  brown;   the  inner  discal 
vitta  somewhat  shorter.    (Capron,  Fla.).  .C.  cephalanthi  Schwarz. 
Thorax  brown  with  apical  and  lateral  margin  pale.     Epipleura  pale. 

Oval,  convex,  dark  brown.  Elytra  pale  with  sutural  and  one  discal  vitta 
brown,  the  latter  abbreviated  behind.     (Kans  ,  Neb.) 

C.  priecelsis  Rogers. 
Thorax  pale  with  dark  discal  mark.     Epipleura  pale.     Elongate  oval,  less  con- 
vex, seneous  black. 
Elytra  pale  with  sutural  and  one  discal  vitta  black;  the  latter  more  or  less 
sinuate  exteriorly.     (Atl.  to  Pac  States.)  ....C.  elegans  Olivier. 
As  the  preceding,  but  the  discal  vitta  of  elytra  obliquely  divided  behind 
middle.     (Los  Angeles  Co.,  Cal.) . . , .  var.  californica,  subsp.  nov. 
Elytra  irregularly  maculate. 

Epipleura  of  prothorax  not  impressed. 
Legs  red,  epipleura  of  elytra  pale.* 

*I  have  seen  only  a  single  specimen  of  C.  scalaris  (from  Bethlehem,  Pa.),  with 
seneous  epipleura. 


Dec.  1896.]         LiNELL:    On    NoRTH    AMERICAN    ChRYSOMELAS.  199 

Thorax  entirely  green. 

Oval,  green.  Elytra  pale  with  a  broad,  three  or  four  times  rami- 
fied sutural  vitta ;  a  larger  curvate  humeral  and  many 
smaller  spots,  one  of  which  is  placed  close  to  lateral  margin 
at  middle.     (East  to  Neb.  and  Tex.) 

C.  scalaris  Leconte. 

Like  preceding  but  elytral  markings  narrow  and  subsutural  stripe 

free.    ( Eastern  States  to  Neb.) .  .  C.  philadelphica  LinnL 

Markings  broader, especially  the  humeral  stripe,  .var.  spirese  Say. 

Thorax  pale,  at  least  in  part,  lateral  margin  of  elytra  unspotted. 

Oval  ferruginous.  Thorax  pale  with  ferruginous  spots.  Elytra 
with  numerous  small  black  spots.     (Mo.  to  Wash.) 

C.  multipunctata  Say. 

Oval,  green.     Thorax  green  or  brown  with  pale. apical  and  lateral 

margins.     Elytra  pale  with  slender  sutural  ahd  subsutural 

lines  and  numerous  small  spots,  green.     (Eastern  States  to 

Ore.) C.  bigsbyana  Kirby. 

Legs  and  epipleura  black. 

Oval,  convex,  greenish  black.  Elytra  with  heavy  black  markings  con- 
nected, and  enclosing  angular  pale  spots.     (Canada.) 

C.  pnirsa  Stal. 
Epipleura  of  prothorax  canaliculate. 
Epipleura  of  elytra  pale. 

Oval,  convex,  bluish  black.  Elytra  pale  with  narrow  black  markings ; 
sutural,  subsutural  and  two  parallel  sinuous  stripes  from  the 
humeral  region  to  beyond  middle,  the  exterior  one  connected 
with  a  humeral  spot;    several  smaller  spots  posteriorly.     (El 

Paso,  Tex.,  Ariz.,  N.  Mex.,  Mex.) C.  dislocata  Rogers. 

Like  the  preceding  but  the  markings  of  elytra  much  broader  and  the 
subsutural  confluent  with  the  sutural   stripe.     (Pac.  States  to 

Neb.) C.  sigmoidea  Leconte. 

Epipleura  of  elytra  black. 
Legs  ixd. 

Elongate  oval,  bluish  black.  Elytra  pale  with  strong  black  mark- 
ings ;  a  sutural  vitta  trifid  in  front ;  a  long  stripe  from  the 
humerus  arcuate  towards  suture  before  the  middle,  abruptly 
parallel  with  suture  to  behind  middle  and  again  arcuately 
bent  and  reflexed  towards  the  margin  ;  an  oval  spot  between 
the  humerus  and  scutellum,  a  V-shaped  one  at  apex  and  sev- 
eral on  the  sides  of  the  disc  ;  also  a  marginal  spot  at  middle. 

(Ariz.,  N.  Mex.) C.  serpentina  Rogers. 

Legs  black. 

Very  small,  globosely  oval,  black.  Elytra  with  a  broad  black  sut- 
ural vitta>  abreviated  at  base,  and  with  about  9  large  pale 
spots  surrounded  by  black  rings ;  a  small  marginal  spot  at 
middle.  Kans.  (Collection  Ulke),  Mex. 

C.  multiguttata  Sthl. 


200  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

Size,  form  and  elytral  markings  resembling  C.  scalaris,  Leconte 
but     lateral    margin     unspotted.        (Mex.)     (Ariz.,    fide 

Crotch.) C.  Sylvia  Sial* 

Genus  Chrysomela  Linne. 
Marginal  groove  of  thorax  not  reaching  to  apex. 

Ovate,  green  or  blue,  apterous.      Elytra  sulcate,  finely  punctate  in  regular  striae. 

(Alaska) C.  subsulcata  Mannerheim. 

Oblong,  black,   winged ;  elytra   margined    with    fulvous,    intervals   irregularly 

punctate.     (Colo.,  Kans.,  Neb.,  Dak.) C.  flavomarginata  Say. 

Like  preceding  but  without  yellow  elytral  margin.     (Col.  to  Ore.) 

C.  basilaris  Say. 
Marginal  groove  of  thorax  entire. 

Oval,  convex,  winged,  violaceous ;  elytra  golden  green  or  purple,  more  or  less 

irregularly  striato-punctate.     (Tex.  to  Neb.) C.  auripennis  Say. 

Like  preceding  but  entirely  bluish  black.    (Tex.,  Idaho,  Cal.) 

C.  inornata  Rogers. 
Oval,  bluish  black,  apterous.     Lateral   margin  of  thorax   more   incrassate  and 

strongly  rounded.    (Rocky  Mts.) C.  montevagans  Leconte. 

Globosely  oval,  iTeneous  black,  subopaque,  winged.     Elytra  finely  alutaceous  be- 
tween the  punctures.     (N.  Y.  to  Fla.,  Tex.  and  Mo.) 

C.  subopaca  Rogers. 


THE  DOG'S  HEAD  BUTTERFLY  ON  STATEN 

ISLAND. 

By  W.  T.  Davis. 

In  the  "Canadian  Entomologist"  for  last  July  and  August  the 
fact  is  recorded  that  Colias  ccesonia,  the  Dog's  Head  butterfly,  had  been 
taken  last  June  near  Toronto  and  in  Southern  Manitoba.  This  southern 
butterfly  has  never  been  recorded  from  the  vicinity  of  Nevi^  York  City 
and  its  name  does  not  occur  in  any  of  the  local  lists.  Its  appearance 
during  the  past  summer  on  parts  of  Staten  Island  is,  therefore,  of  con- 
siderable intercbt.  A  single  specimen  was  taken  in  June  at  Eltingville 
by  Capt.  Robert  D.  Wainwright,  and  on  July  nth  the  writer  saw  quite 
a  number  flying  across  a  sandy,  over-grown  field  near  Rossville.  There 
was  a  strong  wind  blowing  and  very  few  of  the  butterflies  tarried  on  the 
Asclepias  flowers.  The- next  day  there  was  less  wind  and  several  were 
captured,  though  they  were  not  so  common  as  on  the  nth.  By  the 
25th  of  July  they  had  ceased  flying.  It  may  be  of  interest  to  add  that 
Thecla  titus  was  common  this  year  on  the  flowers  of  Asclepias  tiibefosa 
in  certain  sandy  portions  of  the  island. 

*From  Crotch's  remarks  ( Proc.  Ac.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.,  XXV,  ji.  50).  I  suspect 
that  he  has  wrongly  identified  this  species  and  that  tlie  C.  sylvia  of  Sti\I  does  not  be- 
long to  our  fauna. 


Dec.a896.]  CoCKERELL  :    NeW    InSECTS    FROM    NeW    MeXICO.  201 

DIABROTICA  IN  NEW  MEXICO. 

The  Table  of  the  distribution  of  Diabrotica  given  by  Prof.  Web- 
ster on  p.  67  has  gone  wrong  either  in  copying  or  priming.  The  altitude 
of  the  Mesilla  Valley  is  3800  ft.  D.  tricincta  was  not  taken  at  Juarez, 
but  in  the  Mesilla  Valley  ;  Mr.  Wickham  says  it  is  also  found  in 
Northern  Arizona,  and  at  Albuquerque,  N.  M.  D.  longicorms  (not 
lemniscata)  was  found  by  Mr.  Wickham,  at  Albuquerque.  D.  lem- 
niscata  is  from  Socorro  (Snow).  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 

-•- 
NOTE    ON    SAMIA    CALIFORNICA. 
By  a.  R.  Grote. 
Mr.  Beutenmiiller  writes  to  me  that,  as  to  Samia  calif ornica,  this 
name  is  the  first  published  (1865)  with  description  and  must  have  pref- 
erence for  the  species.     Dr.  Behr  writes  to  Mr.  Beutenmiiller  that  the 
name  ^' ceanothV'  was  by  mistake  left  out  of  the  original  description, 
and  that  no  such  name  as  "  Samia  rubra  Behr,"  to  which  specific  title 
Neumoegen  and  Dyar  give  preference,  was  ever  published  by  him.     I 
stated   in   the  '^  Saturniiden;'   that    no   description    under   the   name 
''  rubra''  is  known  to  me.     The  descriptions  of  the  species  under  the 
name  ^Ueanothi''  (1868)  and  ^Uuryalus''  (1875)  are  both  later  than 
its  description  ?&  calif  ornica  ;  although  the  two  first  names  were  m  use 
in  collections,  as  it  now  appears,  they  were  neither  of  them  sanctioned 
by  description  at  the  time  my  original  paper  appeared. 


NEW    SPECIES    OF    INSECTS    TAKEN    ON     A    TRIP 
FROM  THE  MESILLA  VALLEY  TO  THE  SAC- 
RAMENTO MTS.,  NEW  MEXICO. 
Bv  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell. 
From  September  27  to  October  7,  1896,  the  writer  went  on  a  trip 
to  the  Sacramento  Mts.,  in  company  with  Prof.  C.  H.  T.  Townsend. 
Among  the  insects  obtained  are  several  new  species,  some  of  which  are 

described  herewith  : 

COCCID.'E. 

Icerya  (Crypticerya)  townsendi,  sp.  nov. 

9.     Long.   5,  lat.  4,  alt.  3.5  mm.,  subglobose,  dark  pink  becoming  dark  pur- 
plish, thinly  covered  with  white  mealy  secretion,  which  forms  dorsal  and  sublateral 


202  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

longitudinal  series  of  wartlike  white  prominences.  Viviparous  (ovoviviparous),  the 
young  leaving  the  egg  before  being  excluded  from  the  body  of  the  parent. 

Legs  and  antennee  dark  brown,  the  distal  margins  of  the  antennal  joints  broadly 
pallid.  Antennae  ii-jointed,  slender,  joints  i,  2  and  11  subequal  in  length  and 
longest,  the  others  subequal  and  shorter,  3  about  as  long  as  troad;  4  and  5  shorter 
than  3  and  broader  than  long,  5  shortest ;  6  to  10  longer  than  broad.  3  may  be  as 
long  as  2.  Femur  rather  stout.  Tibia  longer  than  femur.  Tarsus  curved,  about 
half  as  long  as  tibia.     Claw  pallid,  broad,  narrowing  to  a  point.     Mouth  parts  small. 

Larva  at  period  of  hatching  i  mm.  long,  bright  red,  sparsely  powdered  with  white 
meal,  legs  and  antennae  black.  Antennre  6-jointed,  6  much  longest;  formula  6(21)* 
3(54).  End  of  body  with  6  long  hairs  on  each  side,  of  which  the  first  three  and  last 
are  about  equal,  and  the  other  two  very  much  longer.  The  two  especially  long  ones 
are  very  close  together. 

Habitat:  Mescalero  Reservation,  a  short  distance  below  the 
Agency,  at  base  of  stems  of  Gntierrezia  sarothrcs,  October  2.  Orthezia 
nigrochicta  Ckll.,  occurred  in  numbers  on  the  same  plants.  On  July 
26,  1S92,  Prof.  Tovvnsend  found  a  single  specimen  q>{  Jcerya  on  Gntier- 
rezia tnicrocephala  about  10  miles  south  of  Navajo  Springs,  Arizona.  I 
did  not  see  the  specimen  which  was  sent  to  Dr.  Riley,  but  it  was  very 
possibly  /.  townsendi. 

A  tew  weeks  ago  Prof.  Townsend  discovered  at  Mesilla  an  Icerya 
on  stems  of  PliicJiea  borealis,  while  collecting  PJienacocciis  heiianthi, 
which  abounds  on  the  same  plant.  This  is  larger  than  /.  to^vnsendi 
(long.  6.5,  lat.  5.5,  alt.  5  mm.),  dark  purplish  grey,  speckled  with 
white  secretion,  with  very  distinct  longitudinal  rows  of  yellow-white 
mealy  protuberances.  These  wart-like  protuberances  number  about  8 
in  the  dorsal  row ;  the  sublateral  row  is  anteriorly  single,  of  three,  then 
giving  way  to  two  rows,  of  about  6  each.  There  is  also  a  lateral  row  of 
about  9.  The  legs  and  antennae  resemble  those  of  tozvnsendi.  On 
breaking  open  the  body,  I  found  a  quantity  of  orange-yellow  fluid,  in 
which  the  larvae  had  not  yet  reached  the  hatching  stage,  and  so  could 
not  "be  compared  with  those  of  townsendi.  This  Icerya  on  Pluchea  I 
propose  to  call  /.  townsendi  var.  pluchece,  as  its  characters  scarcely  war- 
rant us  in  regarding  it  as  a  distant  species.  /.  tozvnsendi  is  closely 
allied  to  /.  roscB;  and  especially,  it  would  seem,  to  /.  aiistralis,  which 
Maskell  regards  as  a  variety  of  rosoi. 

It  may  be  remarked  here  that  Icerya  {Froticerya)  rileyi  Ckll,, 
was  found  in  abundance  on  mesquite  a  few  miles  south  of  Tularosa  ;  a 
new  locality. 

Dactylopius  dasylirii,  sp.  nov. 

9.     Length  4  mm.  or  slightly  less,  dark  olivaceous,  covered  with  white  meal. 


Dec.  1896.]         COCKERELL  :    NeW    InSECTS    FROM   NeW    MeXICO.  203 

No  lateral  tufts,  but  sides  very  mealy ;  thick  caudal  tufts  like  those  of  D.  virgatus, 
not  very  long.  Antennas  very  slender,  8-jointed.  Formula  83(12)  (456)7.  All  the 
joints  longer  than  broad.  8  with  three  whorls  of  hairs.  3  very  slender,  nearly  as 
long  as  8.  I  longer  than  its  breadth  at  base,  8  about  or  nearly  as  long  as  6-(-7. 
Joints  with  sparse  whorls  of  long  hairs.  Color  of  antennae  brown.  Legs  ordinary, 
small,  slender,  pale  brown.  Tarsus  about  half  as  long  as  tibia.  Claw  short,  moder- 
ately curved.  Tarsal  digitules  extremely  slender,  filiform,  with  minute  knobs.  Digi- 
tules  of  claw  about  as  long  as  claw,  stout,  bulbous  at  base.  Tibia  with  four  strong 
bristles  on  outer  margin.  Caudal  tubercles  low,  rounded,  with  a  rather  long  bristle, 
some  short  bristles,  and  a  couple  of  short  stout  spines.  The  9  does  not  stain  the 
liquid  in  which  it  is  boiled.     Young  larva  light  yellow. 

Habitat :  Organ,  N.  M.,  5,100  ft.,  in  great  numbers  at  bases  of 
leaves  of  Dasylirion  wheeleri.  The  larvae  live  at  the  extreme  base  of 
the  leaf,  which  is  pallid;  the  adults  a  little  further  up.  This  is  a  typ- 
ical Dactylopius ,  and  quite  different  from  D.  olivaceus  CklL,  which 
lives  "  in  cavities  in  leaves  "  of  Yucca. 

Dactylopius  gutierrezise,  sp.  nov. 

9.  Slate  color,  small  (when  boiled  and  flattened  under  cover-glass,  long.  2, 
lat.  I  mm.),  forming  a  long  firm  snow-v/hite  ovisac,  4  to  6  mm.  long,  about  i  mm. 
broad,  on  the  narrow  leaves  of  the  Gzitierrezia. 

9 .  Elongato-oval,  does  not  stain  the  liquid  in  which  it  is  boiled ;  antennae  and 
legs  pale.  Antennee  8-jointed,  of  the  usual  Dactylopiine  type.  Formula 
812(37)  (46)5.  5  is  broader  than  long.  3  is  conspicuously  shorter  than  2.  I  is  very 
large.  8  has  three  whorls  of  hairs.  Anal  ring  with  the  usual  6  hairs.  Caudal 
tubercles  very  low,  with  the  usual  hairs,  the  longest  a  little  longer  than  those  of  the 
anal  ring.  Legs  ordinary.  Trochanter  with  a  rather  short  bristle.  Tibia  almost  as 
long  as  femur,  tarsus  rather  more  than  half  as  long  as  tibia.  Claw  small,  not  much 
curved.  Tarsal  digitules  filiform,  without  knobs.  Digitules  of  claw  stout,  but  very 
short,  shorter  than  claw. 

Habitat :  Mesilla  Valley  between  Las  Cruces  and  Organ,  abun- 
dant on  Giitierrezia  sarothrce,  var.  Also  abundant  on  G.  sarothrce 
near  the  Muscalero  Agency,  at  the  type-locality  of  Icerya  townsendi. 
This  is  not  a  typical  Dactilopius,  but  is  allied  to  such  forms  as  D.  town- 
sendi and  D.  steelii.  Its  ovisac  is  exactly  like  that  of  Phenacoccus.  It 
has  a  chalcidid  parasite. 

Ceroplastes  irregularis  CklL,  var.  rubidus,  var.  nov. 

9  .  Scale  very  dark  madder  red  or  pinkish-brown,  with  the  short  dorsal  line  of 
secretion  showing  up  conspicuously  white.  Margin  of  waxy  scale  dull  white. 
Boiled  in  caustic  soda,  the  liquid  is  turned  claret  color. 

Habitat :  Whitewater,  abundant  on  Atriplex  canescens.  At  this 
time  (beginning  of  October)  the  scales  were  full  of  the  pink  eggs.  The 
dark  pink-brown  wax  of  this  insect  is  very  peculiar,  and  was  perfectly 
constant  in  the  locality,  the  typical  form  not  being  observed  anywhere 
in  the  vicinity. 


204  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  iv. 

CECIDOMYIID^. 

Cecidomyia  neomexicana,  sp.  nov.'^^ 

$  .  Length  3  mm.  Dark  slate  grey.  Sutures  of  abdominal  segments  reddish 
two  longitudinal  hairy  bands  on  thorax ;  abdomen  hairy.  Halteres  dull  white. 
Antennas  2-f-i2  jcinted,  very  dark  grey,  sometimes  pale;  legs  grey,  paler.  Wings 
greyish,  venation  normal;  vii  (following  Comstock's  nomenclature)  very  weak;  fold 
representing  v  distinct,  iii  2J-5  reaching  margin  a  little  above  tip  of  wing;  lower 
margin  with  a  fringe  of  hairs.  Antennal  joints  elongate,  cylindrical,  not  moniliform 
with  sparse  whorls  of  short  hairs  ;  joint  3  much  longer  than  4.    Pupa-shell  red-brown* 

Galls  numerous,  many  together,  on  twigs  of  Atriplex  canescens  ;  globular,  8  to 
12  mm.  diam.,  yellowish-white.  Composed  of  loose  felted  hairs,  so  that  the  outside 
is  soft,  wool-like  in  appearance,  yielding  to  pressure.  The  cell  within  is  green,  not 
at  all  woody.     Flies  issued  from  September  30  to  October  i. 

Habitat:  Organ,  N.  M.,  5100  ft.  Also  common  on  Tularosa 
Creek.  The  fly  resembles  C.  atriplicis,  Twns.,  but  the  gall  is  quite 
different.  Prof.  Townsend  has  known  the  galls  of  C.  neofiiexicana  for 
several  years,  but  had  failed  to  obtain  the  fly. 

APID.^. 
Perdita  townsendi,  sp.  nov. 

9.  Length  about  7.5  mm.,  shining,  fairly  pubescent.  Head  dark  prussian 
green,  area  between  clypeus  and  antennae  black.  Vertex,  occiput  and  cheeks  with 
conspicuous  white  pubescence,  sides  or  front  also  pubescent.  Front  minutely  granu- 
lar, with  sparse  small  punctures.  Clypeus,  sparsely  but  distinctly  punctured,  moder- 
ately high,  rounded  at  top,  notched.  Eyes  very  dark  brown.  Clypeus  except 
the  usual  black  dots,  lateral  face-marks,  two  spots  representing  supraclypeal  marks^ 
scape  except  a  black  streak  at  and  above,  and  basal  half  of  iriandibles,  prim- 
rose yellow.  Lateral  face-marks  shaped  almost  exactly  as  in  P.  rectmigulata,  but 
separated  from  clypeus  by  a  black  line,  and  the  narrowing  about  level  with 
the  lower  part  of  the  antennal  sockets,  the  linear  upward  extension  very  short. 
Flagellum  dark  sepia  brown  above,  yellow  beneath.  Thorax  with  moderately 
dense  white  pubescence,  shining  dark  greenish-blue  or  bluish-green,  the 
mesothorax  more  green,  the  metathorax  more  blue.  Mesothorax  smooth,  sparsely 
punctured  ;  metathorax  minutely  granular,  or  rather  tessellate.  Tubercles  and  hind 
boi'der  of  prothorax  narrowly,  very  pale  yellow.  Tegulos  hyaline  with  a  yellow  basal 
mark.  Wings  milky-hyaline.  Stigma  and  nervures  colorless.  Marginal  cell  with 
the  poststigmatel  portion  slightly  the  longer.  Second  submarginal  large,  narrowed 
about  half  to  marginal.  Third  discoidal  distinct.  Legs  primrose  yellow ;  patch  on 
anterior  and  middle  tibife  behind,  and  hind  tibioe  except  extreme  base,  black.  Small 
joints  of  hind  tarsi  darkened.  Abdomen  broad  and  flat,  very  pale  yellow,  with  con- 
tinuous brown-black  bands,  occupying  the  adjacent  apices  and  bases  of  segments, 
1-2,  2-3,  3-4,  and  4-5,  the  first  two  of  these  four  bands  being  broader  than  the 
others.     Segment  i  has  also  its  base  black,  leaving  only  a  rather  narrow  transverse 

*  Mr.  Coquillett  refers  C.  neomexicana  to  Asphondylis,  where  I  suppose  C. 
atriplicis  should  also  go.     T.  D.  A.  C. 


.]     Cockerell:  New  Insects  from  New  Mexico. 


205 


band  of  light  yellow,  broken  in  the  middle.     Venter  very  pale  yellow  without  marks. 
The  mandibles  are  notched  within  near  the  end. 

$ .  Length  about  6.5  mm.  The  yellow  color  darker ;  flagellum  orange  beneath. 
Margin  ofstigma  and  adjacent  nervures  brownish,  marginal  cell  therefore  very  dis- 
tinct. 3d  discoidal  excessively  weak.  Face  all  yellow  beneath  level  of  antenns:,  ex- 
cept clypeal  dots,  and  small  triangles  at  junction  of  clypeus,  supraclypeal  mark,  and 
dog-ear  marks.  Supraclypeal  mark  slightly  notched  or  depressed  in  median  line 
above,  not  at  all  produced  upwards.  Lateral  marks  running  obliquely  from  antennal 
sockets  to  a  point  on  the  margin  of  the  eye,  forming  an  angle  of  about  45°  thereat- 
Mandibles  yellow  except  tips.  Labrum  yellow  with  a  dark  spot  on  upper  border 
medially.  Prothorax  yellow  with  a  dark  transverse  band.  Legs  wholly  yellow,  ex- 
cept a  dark  stripe  on  hind  tibi^,  and  dark  last  three  joints  of  hind  tarsi.  Abdomen 
with  five  bands  instead  of  four,  some  presenting  square  sublateral  bulgings  on  anterior 
edge,  not  always  obvious. 

Habitat :  White  Sands  by  Whitewater,  N.  M.  Many  of  both  sexes 
found  by  Prof.  Townsend  visiting  flowers  of  Bigelovia,  October  6th. 
On  the  same  day  we  found  a  purple-flowered  Aster  at  Whitewater 
visited  by  P.  townsendi,  1  S,  1  9,  one  P.  /a//ax,  Ckll.,  and  one  F. 
semicrocea,  Cicll.  The  $  townsendi  from  the  Aster  has  the  abdomen 
more  darkened,  so  that  it  might  be  said  to  be  black  with  light  bands.  ^ 
F.  townsendi  is  allied  to  P.  bigelovia^,  but  very  distinct.  The  9  is 
larger,  and  the  femora  are  entirely  yellow,  etc.  In  my  table  of  Perdita 
(Proc.  Phil.  Acad.,  1896)  it  runs  down  to  77.  The  $  in  the  table 
runs  down  to  42.  ^  bigelovice  differs  at  once  from  it  by  the  yellow  of 
the  face  extending  above  level  of  antennae  in  the  median  line. 

Perdita  stottleri,  sp.  nov. 

9  .  About  6  mm.  long.  Differs  from  townsendi  in  its  small  size,  and  in  hav- 
ing the  front  femora  with  a  large  black  patch  behind,  the  middle  femora  with  a  black 
speck  near  the  end,  and  the  hind  femora  with  the  upper  hind  edge  broadly  black  for 
the  apical  three-fifths.  The  clypeus  is  hardly  so  high  as  in  townsendi,  and  the  lateral 
face-marks  run  gradually  to  a  point,  the  angulation  being  barely  perceptible.  The 
supraclypeal  spots  are  present  as  in  townsendi. 

Difl"ers  at  once  from  bigelovice  by  the  pale  yellow  venter  of  abdo- 
men, as  in  townsendi,  that  of  bigelovice  being  dark  brown.  The  abdo- 
men above  also  is  marked  just  as  in  townseiidi.  The  femora  in  bigelovm 
are  all  black  except  at  their  distal  ends,  in  stottleri  only  marked  with 
black,  in  totunsendi  without  any  black. 

Habitat :  By  Tularosa  Creek  at  the  st^re  on  the  edge  of  the  Mesca- 
lero  Reservation,  October  ist.  One  specimen  on  flowers  of  Bigelovia 
graveolens  wax.  glab rata, "^  a  few  feet  withinjhejoundary-line  of  the 

^rfhe  Bigelovia  grave^ns  var.,  along  Tularosa  Creek  is  very  attractive  to  flies. 
Prof.  Townsend  will  report  elsewhere  on  those  of  the  families  in  which  he  is  inter 


206  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.         [Voi.  vi. 

reservation.  The  species  is  named  after  Lieut.  Stottler,  the  Indian 
Agent,  whose  work  among  the  Mescalero  Apaches  excited  our  strongest 
admiration.  P.  stoitleri  is  very  near  to  townsendi  (which  occurs  on  a 
different  Bigelovice),  but  six  9  townsendi  were  compared  with  it,  and 
none  show  any  tendency  to  intergrade. 

Perdita  chrysophila,  sp.  nov. 

J'.  Length  5.5  mm.  Head  and  thorax  very  dark  bhiish  green,  scutellum  and 
clypeus  black,  supraclypeal  area  feneous.  Abdomen  piceous-brovvn  above  and  below, 
the  hind  margins  of  the  segments  rather  broadly  hyaline;  apex  orange.  Labrum 
dark  brown.  Mandibles  black  with  the  tips  dark  rufous.  Scape  black,  flagellum 
very  dark  brown.  Teguloe  pale  brown.  Wings  milky-hyaline  ;  costal  nervure,  mar- 
gin of  stigma,  and  radial  nervure  sepia-brown;  the  other  nervures  pallid.  Pubes- 
cence dull  white.     Legs  piceous  black,  the  tarsi  becoming  brown. 

Head  very  large,  subquadrate;  cheeks  unarmed,  shining,  not  very  pubescent. 
Front  shining,  microscopically  tessellate,  with  distinct  but  very  sparse  punctures. 
Face  tolerably  hairy.  Thorax  shining,  tolerably  hairy.  Mesothorax  and  scutellum 
with  distinct  but  very  sparse  punctures.  Metathorax  shining,  very  obscurely  sculp- 
tured. Marginal  cell  with  its  poststigmatal  portion  much  the  longest  ;  its  end 
squarely  truncate.  Second  submarginal  narrowed  more  than  half  to  marginal 
Third  discoidal  excessively  weak  or  wanting. 

Habitat :  Organ,  N.  M.,  5100  ft.,  September  2Sth,  on  flowers  of 
Verhesina  encelioides,  one  taken  others  seen.  Near  to  P.  arcuata  Fox, 
to  which  it  runs  in  table  of  Perdita,  but  it  does  not  have  the  pale  color 
on  mandibles  and  anterior  tibife. 

Two  other  species  of  Perdita  were  taken  on  the  trip,  namely  :  P. 
albovitlata,  Ckll.,  Parker's  Well,  October  7th.  Three  9  9  visiting 
flowers  of  Baileya  multiradiata. 

P.  sphczralcece  Ckll.  Whitewater,  October  6th,  one  9  on  Sphcs- 
ralcea  angustifolia.  Organ,  September  28th,  three  9  9  at  flowers  of 
Mentzelia,  with  no  Sphceralcea  near.  The  occurrence  of  this  species  on 
Mentzelia  is  contrary  to  all  previous  experience,  and  surprised  me  much. 

I  will  take  this  opportunity  of  stating  that  the  flowers  visited  by  P' 
callicerata  and  P.  solitaria  have  now  been  examined  with  care;  the 
former  visits  Baileya  multiradiata  at  Las  Graces,  the  latter  Pedis  pap- 
posa  in  Soledad  Canon. 

ested,  but  I  may  as  well  give  a  list  of  determinations  just  received  from  Mr.  Coquil- 
lett  through  Mr.  L.  O.  Howard,  (i)  On  the  Bigelovia  at  store  below  Agency,  with 
Perdita  slot  fieri:  Exoprosopa  sp.,  Phorbia  sp.  (2)  On  the  Bigelovia  at  camp  just 
below  Agency,  Oct.  2 :  Sparnopolius  fulvus  Wied.,  Phtkiria  diversa  Coq.,  Lordo- 
ius  diversus  Coq.,  Exoprosopa  caliptera  Say,  Anthrax  syrtis  Coq.,  Odofttomyia  ni- 
grirostris  Loew,  Pegomyia  communis  Walk.,  Sapromyza  vulgaris  Fitch,  and  Sar- 
cophoga  sp.  Mr.  Linell  has  also  identified  an  QLcanthus,  which  was  rather  common 
on  the  Bigeloviis  just  below  the  Agency,  October  2d,  as  CE.  fascia tiis.    T.  D.  A.  C. 


Dec.  1896.]        COCKERELL  :     NeW    InSECTS    FROM    NeW    MeXICO.  20T 

ALEURODID^. 
Aleurodes  berbericola  sp.  nov. 

Empty  pupa-case  .75  mm  long,  oval,  colorless,  without  a  fringe,  margin  radiately 
striate ;  vasiform  orifice  an  elongated  triangle,  the  base  cephalad,  the  sides  nearly 
twice  as  long  as  the  base ;  operculum  hemispherical  or  semilunar,  its  base  being  con- 
cave; lingua  elongate  subspatulate,  extending  nearly  as  far  beyond  the  operculum  as 
the  breadth  of  the  latter,  but  not  to  the  tip  of  the  orifice.  No  conspicuous  submar- 
ginal  orifices. 

Adult  9  .60  mm.  long,  anterior  wing  1.25  mm.  Head  and  body  entirely  deep 
orange  yellow,  legs  pale  lemon  yellow,  wings  pure  white  without  marks.  Eyes  jet 
black,  each  one  completely  divided.  Genitalia  ordinary,  the  usual  two  bristles  on 
each  side  of  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

Habitat:  On  a  shrubby  Berberis,  the  pupse  on  the  leaves,  the 
adults  flying  about  the  plants.  Mescalero  Reservation,  Tularosa  Creek, 
below  the  Agency,  October  2d. 

This  is  surely  a  distinct  species,  though  the  adult  is  much  like  sev- 
eral others.  The  vasiform  orifice,  etc.,  present  some  similarity  to  those 
of  the  larva  of  A.  decipiens  Maskell,  but  in  other  respects  there  is  no 
resemblance  between  the  species. 


PROCEEDINGS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  ENTOMO- 
LOGICAL SOCIETY. 

Meeting  on  March  17,  1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleven  memt^ers  present. 

Mr.  Birnbaum  read  a  paper  on  Phosphorescent  Insects  and  Plants, 

illustrated  by  insects  and  figures.      Discussion  by  Messrs.  Dyar,  Loos, 

Beutenmiiller  and  Zabriskie.     Mr.  Beutenmiiller  exhibited  some  branches 

from  the  United  States  of  Colombia  with  the  borings  of  a  large  carpenter 

bee  with  live  larva  and  imagos,  the   tunnels  being  about  an  inch  in 

diameter. 

Meeting  of  April  7,  1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zabriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleven  members  present. 

Dr.  Love  spoke  on  the  larva  of  the  Bot-fly. 

Dr.  Lagai  exhibited  some  entomological  preparations,  preserved  in 
formaline,  which  included  some  interesting  life-histories  of  insects.  Af- 
ter discussion  the  meeting  adjourned. 


208  Journal  New  York  Entomological  Society.        [\^o1.  iv. 

Meeting  of  April  22,  1896. 

An  auction  sale  of  insects  was  held  for  the  benefit  of  the  Journal. 
The  specimens  for  this  purpose  were  donated  by  Mrs.  Slosson,  and 
Messrs.  Palm,  Bradford,  Dyar,  Ottolengui,  Schaeffer,  Miinch,  Loos 
and  Joutel.  Many  of  the  species  brought  good  prices ;  the  total  amount 
realized  being  ^77.35.  Dr.  Ottolengui  and  Mr.  Beutenmiiller  acted  as 
auctioneers. 

Meeting  of  May  5,   1866, 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

In  the  absence  of  the  President,  Mr.  Beutenmiiller  was  elected 
chairman /r^?  tern.     Nine  members  present. 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  spoke  of  the  4th  of  July  field  meeting  to  be  held 
at  Hemlock  Falls,  N.  J.,  to  which  the  Society  had  been  invited. 

Dr.  Love  moved  to  appoint  a  committee  of  three,  of  which  the 
chairman  of  this  meeting  shall  be  chairman.     Accepted. 

Mrs.  Louise  Moschell  was  proposed  as  an  active  member  by  Mr.  L. 
H.  Joutel. 

Mr.  Dyar  exhibited  examples  of  the  Callemorphas  of  our  fauna  and 
showed  some  larva  of  C.  falvicosta  from  Maryland. 

Dr.  Love  gave  a  few  notes  on  the  field  meeting,  made  by  the  So- 
ciety to  St.  Mary's  Lake. 

Adjournment. 

Meeting  of  May   19,   1896. 

Held  at  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

President  Zarbriskie  in  the  chair.     Eleveu  members  present. 

Mr.  Beutenmiiller  spoke  on  theadvisibility  of  sending  the  Journal 
to  the  different  Entomological  Societies  with  a  view  to  exchange.  After 
discussion  Dr.  Love  moved  that  the  publication  committee  be  author- 
ized to  send  out  vols.  3  and  4  at  its  discretion,  not  to  exceed  25  copies. 

Mrs.  Louise  Moschell  was  elected  an  active  member. 

A  vote  of  thanks  was  given  to  Mr.  Miller,  of  No.  141  E.  40th  St., 
for  giving  the  use  of  his  hall  to  the  Society  to  hold  the  auction  sale  of 
insects. 

Mr.  H.  Loos  read  an  interesting  paper  on  the  stridulating  and  hear- 
ing organs  of  insects  in  which  he  gave  the  different  ways  of  producing 
sound  and  explained  the  sound-producing  organs  of  the  different  in- 
sects.    Illustrated  by  plates,  microscopical  slides  and  insects. 

Dr.  Love  exhibited  an  interesting  series  of  slides  illustrating  the 
mechanism  of  the  drum  of  the  Cicada. 


Index  to  Volume   IV 


Acamptus    rigidus,   larva 

of,  122 

Acanthoderes,  food  of,        78 
Acidalia  contiguaria,  1 1 1 

Aclytia  terra,  sp.  nov.,        133 
Agalena    californica,    sp. 
nov. ,  89 

pacifica,  sp.  nov.,  89 

Agroeca  minuta,  190 

Agronoma,  note  on,  85 

Aidos  castrensis,  sp.  nov.,  56 
Alypia  langtoni,  note  on 

larva  of,  50 

Aleurodes  berbericola,  sp. 

nov.,  206 

Amara,  synopsis  of,  33 

species  of,  35 

Amaxia  dyuna,  sp.  nov.,    135 

juvenis,  sp.  nov.,  135 

Anthocharis  belia,  109 

notes  on,  114 

Anthophilax  mirificus,         77 
Anisota      consularis,     sp. 
nov.,  200 

larvae  of,  201 

Apatela,  notes  on,  98 

funeralis,  81 

Apatelodes     corema,    sp. 
nov.,  53 

sericea,  sp.  nov.,  53 

velutina,  sp.  nov.,  53 

Apatura,  notes  on,  116 

Argynnis,  notes  on,  115 

Argyrceides  sanguinea,       132 
Arhopalus  fulminans,  76 

Arpia,  gen.  nov.,  148 

janeira,  sp.  nov.,  I48 

xanthoptera,  sp.  nov.,  148 
Artace  manoba,  sp.  nov.,  145 
Asemum  atrum,  74 

mcEstum,  74 

Ataxia  crypta,  80 

Atimia  confusa,  77 

Attelabus  rhois,  96 

Attus  palustris,  192 

Atypoides  californica,  sp, 

nov.,  88 

Badister,  synopsis  of,  47 

Banks,  D.,  articles  by,        88, 

190,  193 


Bellamira  scalaris,  77 

Bertholdia,  gen.  nov.,         137 

albipuncta,  sp.  nov.,        137 
Beutenmiiller,  W.,  articles 
.      by,  73.  146 

Caco]5lia  pullata,  78 

Callichroma  splendidum,    75 
Callidium,  food  of,  75 

Callidryas  senna;.  1 14 

Calligenia  marmorata,  sp. 
nov.,  151 

erminea,  sp.  nov.,  151 

Calligrapha,  synopsis  of,   198 
Calloides  nobilis,  76 

Caloptenus  italicus,  20 

Carama  grisea,  sp.  nov.,      57 

flavescens,  sp.  nov.,  57 

parva,  sp.  nov.,  57 

Castnia  corrupta,  sp. 

nov.,  147 

granivora,  sp.  nov.,         147 

veraguana,  sp.  nov.,  147 
Castrica,  gen.  nov.,  136 

ow^eni,  sp.  nov.,  136 

Catocala,  notes  on,  98 

Cerambycidse,  food  of,         73 
Cecidomyia  neomexicana, 

sp.  nov.,  203 

Cemonus  inornatus, 

larva  and  pupa  of,  159 

Ceratinopsis  interpres,       191 
Ceroplastis  irregularis, 

var.  rubidus,  var.  nov.,  203 
Chffitoloma   dissimilis,  sp. 

nov.,  141 

Chalybion  coeruleum,  lar- 
va of,  156 
Charidea  katima,  sp.  nov.  ,133 
Chion  cinctus,  75,  75 
Chionobas,  note  on,  117 
Chlorospinus  senetus,  sp. 

nov.,  131 

Chrysomela,   synopsis    of 
species,  200 

synopsis  of  genera,  195 
Chrysophanus,  notes  on,  117 
Circotettix  verruculatus,  17 
Citheronia  arce,  sp.  nov.,     59 

azteca,  sp.  nov.,  59 

Cockerell,  articles  by,  200,201 


Coelotes  longitarsis,  191 
Colabata  dora,  sp.  nov.,       52 
Coleoptera,  N.  E.  Amer- 
ica, 33 
Colias,  notes  on,  1 14 

csesonia,  200 
Cornicularia  minuta,  90 

Cosmosoma    dukinfieldia, 

sp.  nov.,  132 

durca,  sp.  nov.,  132 

lucia,  sp.  nov.,  132 
Crambidia     parvita,     sp. 

nov.,  151 

Criocephalus  nubilus,  74 

Crustulina  guttata,  91 

Cyclara,  gen.  nov.,  57 

ovata,  sp.  nov.,  57 

Cyllene,  food  of,  76 

Cyrtinus  pygmseus,  78 

Cyrtophorus  verrucosus,  77 
Clytanthus  albofasciatus,  77 
Dactylopius   dasylirii,   sp. 

nov.,  202 

gutierrezise,  sp.  nov.,  203 
Dalcera  citrina,  sp.  nov.,      57 

obscura,  sp.  nov.,  57 

Danais  strigosa,  115 
Dectes  spinosus,  79 

Dendrolimus    how^ardi, 

sp.  nov.,  22 

life-history  of,  24 

synopsis  of  species,  23 

Desmocerus,  food  of,  77 

Deva  purpurigera,  larva  of, 

145 
Diabrotica,  notes   on  spe- 
cies of,  67,  200 
Dianthoecia  carpophaga,    III 
Dicaelus,  synopsis  of,      44,  45 
Dictyna,  19 1 
Diplochila,  synopsis  of,        43 
Dorcaschema,  food  of,  78 
Dirphia  bertha,  sp.  nov.,     60 
taglia,  sp.  nov.,                 60 
Distenia  undata,  77 
Dryobius  sexfasciatus,  75 
Dyar,  H.  G.,  articles  by,  I,  22, 
68,  72,  87,  92,  125, 
145,  166,  167 
Eacles  masoni,  sp.  nov.,     154 


210 


Index. 


Eburea  4-geminata,  75 

Elaphidion,  food  of,  75 
Ensemia  crassinervella, 

note  on,  86 

Encoptolophus  sordidus,  19 

Epeiia  excelsa,  sp.  nov.,  90 

Ephialtias  tryma,  sp.  nov.,  154 


Ergates  spiculatus, 
Erilhales  capsica,  sp.  nov. 


73 

134 

Eucreon  amadis,  sp.  nov.,  133 
cinctuni,  sp.  nov.,  134 

patrona,  sp.  nov.,  134 

velutina,  sp.  nov.,  134 

Euclea  delphinii,  life-his- 
tory of,  125  I 
Euderces  picipes,  77  I 
pini,  77 
Eugnatha  straminea,          191 
Euhalisidota  .sablona,  sp. 

nov.,  140 

Eulimacodes  scapha,  life- 
history  of,  172 
Eupoeya  jamaicensis,  sp. 

nov.,  57 

Eupogonius,  food  of,  80 

Eupyra      albicincta,      sp. 
nov.,  131 

ferens,  sp.  nov.,  131 

sylva,  sp.  nov  ,  131 

Eurata  helena,  sp.  nov.,     130 
maritana,  sp.  nov.,  130 

Fox,  W.  J.,  article  by,         10 
Gaurotes  cyanipennis,  77 

Gayenna  fraterna,  190 

Gloveria,  synopsis  of  spe- 
cies of,  23 
Gomphus      scriptus,      sp. 

nov.,  194 

Gnophos  obscuraria,  1 1 1 

Goes,  food  of,  78 

Gonatium  rubens,  191 

Gracilia  minuta,  75 

Grapta,  note  on,  116 

Grote,  A.  R.,  articles  by, 

81,  85,  201 

Gymnetron  teter,  50 

Halisidota    margona,    sp.    , 

nov.,  139 

pectina,  sp.  nov.,  139 

pulverea,  sp.  nov.,  138 

quanta,  sp.  nov.,  139 

ros.etta,  sp.  nov.,  139 

thyophora,  sp.  nov.,        140 

Harrisina,  note  on,  50 

Heliconisa   catherina,   sp. 

nov.  60 

Heterachtes  4-maculatus,     75 


Heterocera,  New  Species        1 
of,  51,  130 

Hetcemis  cinerea,  78 

Hexarthrum  ulkei,  97 

Hipparchia  ridingsii,  116 

Hippopsis  lemniscata,  80 

Homo^sthesis    emargina- 

tus,  74 

Hoplosia  nubila,  80 

Hyctia  pikei,  190 

Hydrias     amaryllis,      sp. 

nov.,  143 

boresa,  sp.  nov.,  144 

chamycuros,  sp.  nov.,     144 

chera,  sp.  nov.,  144 

funerea,  sp.  nov.,  144 

marna,  sp.  nov.,  143 

mediana,  sp.  nov.,  144 

venalia,  sp.  nov.,  143 

vitripuncta,  sp.  nov.,       143 

Hylotrupes,  food  of,  74 

Hymenorusobscurus,  larva 

^  of,  121 

Hyperplatys,  food  of,  79 

Iceryatownsendi,  sp  nov.,  201 

Icius  diminutus,  sp.  nov.,    192 

mice  subfulgens,  sp.  nov.,  151 

Ipochus  fasciatus,  78 

Labidomera,  synopsis  of,   195 

Lampyris,  phosphorescence 

of,  63 

Larinia  borealis,  191 

Laspeyria,  note  on,  85 

Lepinotarsa,  synopsis  of,    196 
Leptostylus,  food  of,  79 

Leptura,  food  of,  77 

emarginarta,  95 

Lepturges,  food  of,  79 

Libythea,  notes  on,  117  1 

Licinus  silphoides,  47 

Liopus,  food  of,  79 

Lithosia  sadima.  sp.  nov.,  151 
Locust  stridulation,  16 

Lophocampa  andensis,  sp. 

nov.,  138 

Lophocarenum     erigonoi- 

des,  191 

Loxandrus,  synopsis  of,        42 

Luciola,  62 

Lycaena,  notes  on,  1 17 

artaxerxes,  109 

agestis,  109 

Lycosa  carolinensis,  192 

ocreata,  192 

Macromphalia    arpia,   sp. 

nov.,  145 

Msepha  coresa,  sp.  nov.,     148 
Mallodon,  food  of,  73,  74 


Mazceras  francki,  sp,  nov.,  141 

rusca,  sp.  nov.,  141 

Megaderus  bifasciatus,         76 

Mecas  inornata,  81 

Mecostethus,  18 

Megalopyge     fieldia,     sp. 

nov.,  58 

lapena,  sp.  nov  ,  58 

trujillo,  sp.  nov.,  58 

vipera,  sp   nov.,  58 

Megeleates      sequoiarum, 

larva  of,  118 

Megobrium  edwardsii,         75 
Melitaea,  notes  on,  116 

Meracantha  contracta,  larva 

of,  119 

Microclytus  gazellula,  77 

Microneta  viaria,  191 

Mieza  igninix,  86 

Misumena  californica,  sp. 
nov.,  91 

pictilis,  sp.  nov.,  91 

Molorchus  bimaciilatus,       65 
Monilema,  food  of,  78 

Monohammus,  food  of,         78 
Morse,  A.  P.,  articles  by, 

16,  20,  49 
Motada  amarylli.s,  sp.  nov.,  142 
bergi,  sp.  nov.,  142 

dukinfieldia,  sp.  nov.,     142 
honora,  sp.  nov.,  142 

paula,  sp.  nov.,  142 

variegata,  sp.  nov.,         143 
Nemobius  ambitiosus,       104 
aterrimus,  sp.  nov.,         105 
canus,  sp.  nov,,  103 

carolinus,  107 

cubensis,  105 

distinguendus,  sp.  nov., 

lOI 

ensifer,  sp.  nov.,  10 1 

fasciatus,  102 

mexicanus,  106 

mormonius,  sp.  nov.,  106 
neomexicanus,  sp.  nov., 

104 

socius,  sp.  nov.,  103 

toltecus,  sp.  nov.,  106 

trinitatis,  sp.  nov.,  104 

utahensis,  sp.  nov.,  103 

Neoclytus,  food  of,  76 

Nezula,  gen.  nov.,  137 

grisea.,  sp.  nov.,  137 

Nisoniades,  note  on,  118 

Nodoza,  gen.  nov.,  150 

tristi?,  sp.  nov.,  150 

Nola  arana,  sp.  nov.,  152 

divisa,  sp.  nov.,  152 


Index. 


211 


garuba,  sp.  nov., 
hermana,  sp.  nov., 
natama,  sp.  nov., 
pantherea,  sp.  nov., 
rodea,  sp.  nov., 


desiderata 


152 
153 

152 


93 

20 

'5 

14 

81 

144 

150 
149 

150 
149 


146 

153 

74 

192 


Notodontidoe, 

of, 
Nysson,    synopsis    of   N. 
Am.  species, 
simplicicornis,  sp.  nov., 
subtilis,  sp.  nov., 
Oberea,  food  of, 
Ocha  drucei,  sp.  nov., 
Odozana       cuprea,      sp 
nov., 
olivacea,  sp.  nov., 
pascuala,  sp.  nov., 
varda,  sp.  nov., 
Odynerus   albophaleratus, 
larva   and    pupa    of, 

163,  164 
CEdipoda  fasciata,  20 

Oeme  gracilis,  75 

Oiketicus  jonesi,  sp.  nov.,  156 
Oncideres,,  food  of,  80 

Ottolenguia,  gen.  nov., 

reticulina,  sp.  nov., 
Orgyia  falcata,  sp.  nov., 
Orthosoma  brunneum, 
Oxyopes  salticus, 
Packard,    A.    S.,    articles 

by,  26,61,93,155 

Palustra  sericea,  sp.  nov.,  142 
Pamphila  egeremet,  117 

Papilio,  notes  on,  113 

Pardosa  brunnea,  sp.  nov., 

192 
littoralis,  sp.  nov.,  192 

Passalsecus    mandibularis, 

pupa  of,  161 

Pelopaeus  cementarius,  pupa 

Pericopidse,  origin  of,  68 

Perdita    chrysophila,  sp. 

nov.,  206 

stottleri,  sp.  nov.,  205 

townsendi,  sp.  nov.,  204 

Perola  platona,  sp.  nov.,      56 

sucis,  sp.  nov.,  56 

Perophora     deprava,  sp. 

nov.,  52 

funebris,  sp.  nov.,  51 

grisea,  sp.  nov.,  52 
melsheimeri,  note  on,       92 

musa,  sp.  nov.,  51 

nigrescens,  sp.  nov.  51 

olivia,  sp.  nov.,  52 

pulverula,  sp.  nov.,  52 


Phsegoptera  aurogutta,  sp. 
nov.,  141 

chorima,  sp.  nov.,  140 

nexoides,  sp.  nov.,  140 

rizoma,  sp.  nov.,  140 

Phasismeridiana,  sp.  nov.,  148 
Philoros  marita,  sp.  nov.,  133 
Philodromus,  191 

Phobetron  pithecium,  life- 
history  of,  178 
Phosphorescent  Organs  of 

Insects,  61 

Photinus,  64 

Phyciodes,  notes  on,  1 16 

Phymatodes,  food  of,  74 

Pliysocnemum  brevilineum, 

74 
Phyton  pallidium,  75 

Pieris,  notes  on,  109,114 

Plectodera  scalator,  78 

Plagionotus  speciosus,  76 

Poecilochroa   pacifica,  sp. 

nov.,  89 

Pogonocherus  mixtus,  80 

Pompilus   funereus,  larva 

°f»  155 

Prionus,  food  of,  74 

Proceedings,  N.  V.    Ent, 

Soc,  50,  95,  207 

Prolimacodes,  gen.  nov.,      56 

triangulifera,  sp.  nov.,  56 
Prothesima,  190 

Prumala,  gen.  nov.,  137 

jamaicensis,  sp.  nov.,  137 
Psenocerus  supernotatus,  78 
Pseudalis,  gen.  nov.,  135 

limona,  sp.  nov.,  135 

Purpuricenus  humeralis,  76 
Pygoctenucha      dukinfiel- 

dia,  sp.  nov.,  133 

Pyrophorus  noctilucus,  63 
Rhagium  lineatum,  77 

Rhopalocera,  studies  of,  107 
Rhopalum     pedicellatum, 

larva  and  pupa  of,      162 
Rhosus      unipuncta,     sp. 

nov.,  153 

Romaleum  atomarium,  75 
Saitis  minusculus,  sp.  nov.,  1 93 
Samia  californica,  201 

Sansaptera,  gen.  nov.,         132 

cocho,  sp.  nov.,  132 

Saperda,  food  of,  80 

Satyrus,  notes  on,  117 

Schaus,  W.,  articles  by, 

51,  130,  147 
Schizax  senax,  76 

Scotura  nervosa,  sp.  nov.,  154 


Scudder,  S.  H.,  article  by,  99 
Sibine     auromacula,     sp. 
nov.,  56 

extensa,  sp.  nov.,  55 

plora,  sp.  nov.,  55 

stimulea,  life-history  of,  i 
Sisyrosea  textula,  life-his- 
tory of,  185 
Skinner,  H  ,  article  by,  107 
Slosson,  A.  T.,  article  by,  86 
Slug  Caterpillars,  N. v.,  i,  167 
Smodicum  cucujifornie,  74 
Sparaloma      sexpunctata, 

larva  of,  145 

Sphecosoma    melisa,     sp. 

nov.,  131 

Sphex  tibialis,  larva  and 

pupa  of,  158 

Spiders,  New  Species  of,     88 
Spiniharus  flavidus,  191 

Stigmus     fraternus,   larva 

and  pupa  of,  159 

Stenophenus  notatus,  76 

Synchloe  adjutrix,  116 

Symphlebia     aryllis,     sp. 

nov.,  136 

Syntomeida       broadwayi, 
sp.  nov.,  130 

epilais,  larva  of,  72 

Syntrichura     drodea,     sp. 

nov.,  132 

Talara  barema,  sp.  nov.,    149 

bombycia,  sp.  nov.,         149 

domina,  sp.  nov.,  149 

grisea,  sp  ,  nov.,  149 

obscura,  sp.  nov.,  149 

rosacea,  sp.  nov.,  148 

ruficollis,  sp.  nov.,  149 

Tarema,  gen.  nov.,  55 

rivara,  sp.  nov.,  55 

Tegenaria  californica,  sp. 

nov.,  90 

Tentana  triangulosa,  191 

Tettiginse,    North   Ameri- 
can, 49 
Tetraopes,  food  of,  81 
Thalesa,  gen.  nov.,              139 
Thecla,  notes  on,                 1 17 
Thelosia,  gen.  nov.,  53 
camina,  sp.  nov.,               54 
phalaena,  sp.  nov.,  54 
tropea,"sp.  nov.,  54 
truvena,  sp.  nov.,               54 
Theridium  globosum,          191 
Tillomorpha  geminata,         77 
Titya  lanuginosa,  sp.  nov.,  143 
Tmeticus,    Long     Island 
Species  of,                   191 


212 


Index. 


Tortricidia    pallida,    life- 


history  of 
Tragidion,  food  of, 
Tragosoma  harrisii, 
Trichomelia    parima, 

167 
76 

74 
sp. 

nov., 

151 

placida,  sp.  nov., 
Trichromia    pandera, 

151 

sp. 

nov., 

137 

Trochuda  impura,  sp.  nov.,  58 
Tylonotus  bimaculatus,  75 
Typocerus  zebratus,  77 

Urographus,  food  of  79 

Vanessa  antiopa,  109 

Wickham,   H.  F.,  articles 

by,  33.  118 

Webster,    F.    M.,  articles 

by,  67 


Xylotrechus,  food  of,  76 

Yuccaborus,  larva  of,         123 
Zagymnus  clerinus,  77 

Zanoda,  gen.  nov.,  150 

dives,  sp.  nov.,  150 

fasciata,  sp.  nov.,  150 

Zilla  californica,  sp.  nov.,    90 
Zygogramma,  synopsis  of,  196 


Jo  urn.  i\^.   y.  E/if.  So 


Vol.  /v.  J 'I.  I. 


Life-History,  of  Sibine  stimulea. 


Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc 


Voi.  71'.  ri.  II. 


North  American  Tettiginie. 


Joiirn.  N.   Y.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  PL  III, 


Larvce  of  Composia  fidelissima  and  Syntomeida  epilais. 


Journ.  N.   V.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  PL  IV. 


Life-History  of  Euclea  delphinii. 


Journ.  N.  Y.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  PL  V. 


H.m 


Coleopterous  Larvae. 


Journ.  N.  V.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  PL  VL 


Life-History  of  Tortricidia  pallida. 


Joitr/i.  A'.   Y.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  Pi   VII. 


11 


12. 


Life- History  of  Eulimacodes  scapha. 


foitrn.  N.   V.  Ent.  Sot 


Vol.  IV.  PL   VI 11. 


Life-History  of  Phobetron  pithecium. 


Joitrn.  N.   V.  Ent.  Soc. 


Vol.  IV.  PL  IX. 


Life-History  of  Sisyrosea  textula. 


Vol.  IV. 


No.  I. 


JOU  RN AL 


OF  THE 


NEW  YORK 


Entomological 


DevoteD  to  Entomoloo^  in  (BeneraU 


MARCH,   1896. 


Edited  by  William  Beutenmuller. 

Ptablisheci   Quarterly   for  thie   Society. 


I 


NEW  YORK. 
1896. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  New  York  Post  Office,  June  11,  1895 

THE  N£«    eRA  PRINT,  UNCASTEft,   PA, 


CONTENTS. 

Page. 

The  Life  Histories  of  the  New  York  Slug  Caterpillars.       By   Harrison  G.  Dyar 

and  Miss  Emily  L.  Morton,  i 

Synopsis  of  the  Species  of  Nysson  Inhabiting  America,   North  of  Mexico.      By 

William  J.  Fox, lo 

Some  Notes  on  Locust  Stridulation.     By  A.P.Morse,, i6 

Both  Sides  of  Butterflies.     By  A.  P.  Morse, •    •  20 

A  New  Gloveria.     By  Harrison  G.  Dyar, 22 

Literature  on  Defensive  or  Repugnatorial  Glands  of  Insects.     By  A.  S.  Packard,  ,  26 
Preliminary  Hand-Book  of  the  Coleoptera  of  North-eastern  America.      By  H.  F. 

Wickham, .    .  33 

Illustrations  of  North  American  Tettiginae.     By  A.  P.  Morse, 49 

Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Entomological  Society, 50 


OF  THE 


Published  quarterly  for  the  Society.  Will  contain  about  200  pages  per 
volume,  with  as  many  plates  as  possible.  All  communications  relating  to  the 
Journal  should  be  sent  to  the  editor,  Wm.  Beutenmiiller,  931  Park  Ave., 
and  all  subscriptions  to  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  C.  F.  Groth,  139  East  40th  St., 
New  York  City.  Terms  for  subscription,  $2.00  per  year,  strictly  in  ad- 
vance. Single  copies,  50  cents.  Money  Orders  should  be  made  payable 
at  Station  H. 


SPECIAL  NOTICE. 


All  subscribers  to  Volume  III  of  the  Journal  are  requested  to 
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Those  who  have  not  a  complete  set  of  the  Journal  should  obtain  the 
wanting  volumes  now,  as  only  a  limited  number  of  copies  are  left  over. 


Vol.  IV. 


No.  2. 


JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


NEW  YORK 


Entomological  Society. 


H)ev)Otct)  to  Bntomoloo^  in  General. 


JUNE,  1896. 

Edited  by  William  Beutenmullek. 

Published  Quarterly  for  tine  Society. 

NEW  YORK. 
1896. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  New  York  Post  Office,  June  11,  .S95 

"^"""^""^^^^"^^^^  THt  NEW  EBA  PRINT,  lANCASTM,  PA, 


COETEKTS. 

Page 

New  Species  of  Heterocera.     By  William  Schaus, 51 

The  Phosphorescent  Organs  of  Insects.     By  A.  S.  Packard, .  61 

The  Probable  Origin  and  Diffusion  of  North  American  Species  of  the  Genus  Dia- 

brotica.     By  F.   M.  Webster, 67 

On  the  Probable  Origin  of  the  Pericopidse :  Composia  fidelissima.      By  Harrison 

G.  Dyar, 68 

The  Larva  of  Syntomeida  epilais.     By  Harrison  G.  Dyar, 72 

Food-Habits  of  North  American  Crambycidse.     By  Wm.  Beutenmuller, 73 

Note  on  Geographical  Distribution  and  Mimicry  of  Apatela.     By  A,  Radcliffe 

Grote, 81 

Correction  of  the  Type  of  Agronoma  and  Note  on  Laspeyria.     By  A.  Radcliffe 

Grote, 85 

Note  on  Ensemia  crassinervella  ( Mieza  igninix) .    By  Annie  Trumbull  Slosson,  .  86 
A  Description  of  the  Larva  Found  by  Mrs.  Slosson.     By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  ...  87 

New  Californian  Spiders.     By  Nathan  Banks, 88 

Note  on  the  Head  Setae  of  Lepidopterous  Larvae,  with  Special  Beference  to  the  Appen- 
dages of  Perophora  melsheimerii.     By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,      .92 

Desiderata  of  North  American  Notodontidae.     By  A.  S.  Packard, 94 

Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Entomological  Society, •    ■  95 


OF  THE 

Published  quarterly  for  the  Society.  Will  contain  about  200  pages  per 
volume,  with  as  many  plates  as  possible.  All  communications  relating  to  the 
Journal  should  be  sent  to  the  editor,  Wm.  Beutenmuller,  931  Park  Ave., 
and  all  subscriptions  to  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  C.  F.  Groth,  139  East  40th  St., 
New  York  City.  Terms  for  subscription,  ^2.00  per  year,  strictly  in  ad- 
vance. Single  copies,  50  cents.  Money  Orders  should  be  made  payable 
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SPECIAL  NOTICE. 


All  subscribers  to  Volume  Iv  of  the  Journal  are  requested  to 
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Those  who  have  not  a  complete  set  of  the  Journal  should  obtain  the 
wanting  volumes  now,  as  only  a  limited  number  of  copies  are  left  over. 


V 


\      I      Vol.  IV. 


No.  3. 


JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


NEW  YORK 


Entomologieal  Society. 


H)evote&  to  Entomolooi^  in  General. 


SEPTEMBER,  1896. 

Edited  by  William  Beutenmullek. 

Piablished  Quarterly   for  the   Society. 

NEW  YORK. 
1896. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  New  York  Post  Office,  June  ,r,  1895 


THi  NEK  EIIA  miNT,  UKCASTM,  f*. 


COKTENTS. 

Page. 

The  North  American  Species  of  Nemobius.     By  S.  H.  Scudder, i 

Impressions  Received  from  a  Study  of  our  North  American  Rhopalocera.     By 

Henry  Skinner, ...      107 

Description  of  the  Larvae  of  some  Heteromerous  and  Rhynchophonis  Beetles .    By 

H.    F.    WiCKHAM, 118 

The  Life-History  of  the  Florida  form  of  Euclea  delphinii.     By  Harrison  G. 

Dyar, 125 

New  Species  of  American  Heterocera.     By  William  Schaus,      130 

Descriptionof  two  Noctuid  Larvae.     By  Harrison  G  .Dyar, 145 

Description  of  a  new  Moth.     By  William  Beutenmiller, 146 


OF  THE 

Published  quarterly  for  the  Society.  Will  contain  about  200  pages  per 
volume,  with  as  many  plates  as  possible.  All  communications  relating  to  the 
Journal  should  be  sent  to  the  editor,  Wm.  Beutenmiiller,  931  Park  Ave., 
and  all  subscriptions  to  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  C.  F.  Groth,  139  East  40th  St., 
New  York  City.  Terms  for  subscription,  ^2.00  per  year,  strictly  in  ad- 
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All  subscribers  to  Volume  IV  of  the  Journal  are  requested  to 
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y 


/6-fi 


Vol.  IV. 


No.  4. 


JOURNAL 


OF  THE 


NEW  YORK 


Entomological  Society, 


Devoted  to  lEntomoloa^  in  (General, 


DECEMBER,   1896. 

Edited  by  William  Beutknmullbr. 

F*u.t)lish.eci   Qij.a.rterly   for  ttie   Society. 

NEW  YORK. 
1896. 

Entered  as  second-class  matter  at  the  New  York  Post  Office,  June  ii,  1895 


,  LANCASTU,   fK 


COKTEKTS. 

Pack. 

New  Species  of  Heterocera  from  Tropical  America.     By  William  Schaus,    .    .  147 

Notes  on  the  Transformations  of  the  Higher  Hymenoptera.    By  A.  S.  Packard,  155 

A  New  Anisota.     By  Harrison  G.  Dyar,  .    .  166 

The  Life-Histories  of  the  New  York  Slug  Caterpillars,  III. -VI.     By  Harrison 

G.  Dyar,  .  167 

Additions  to  the  List  of  Long  Island  Spiders.     By  Nathan  Banks, 190 

A  New  Species  of  Gomphus.     By  Nathan  Banks, 193 

A  Short  Review  of  the  Chrysomelas  of  North  America.    By  Martin  L.  Linell,  195 
The  Dog's  Head  Butterfly  on  Staten  Island.     By  W.  T.  Davis,     ...  .    .  200 

Diabrotica  in  New  Mexico.     By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  200 

Note  on  Samia  Californica.     By  A.  R.  Grote,  201 

New  Species  of  Insects  Taken  on  a  Trip  from  Mesilla  Valley  to  the  Sacra- 
mento Mts.,  New  Mexico.     By  T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  201 
Proceedings  of  the  New  York  Entomological  Society, 207 


OF  THE 

Published  quarterly  for  the  Society.  Will  contain  about  200  pages  per 
volume,  with  as  many  plates  as  possible.  All  communications  relating  to  the 
Journal  should  be  sent  to  the  editor,  Wm.  Beutenmiiller,  106  W.  133d 
St.,  and  all  subscriptions  to  the  Treasurer,  Mr.  C.  F.  Groth,  139  East  40th 
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advance.  Single  copies,  50  cents.  Please  make  all  checks,  money- 
orders,  or  drafts  payable  to  NEW  YORK  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY. 
Money  orders  should  be  made  payable  at  Station  H. 


S FECIAL  NOTICE. 


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wanting  volumes  now,  as  only  a  limited  number  of  copies  are  left  over. 


THK 


iNEW  YORK   ENTOMOLOGICAL   SOCIETY. 

Organized  June  29,  1892. — Incorporated  June  7,  1893, 


The  meetings  of  the  Society  are  held  on  the  first  and  third  Tuesday  of  each 
month  (except  July  and  August)  at  8  P.  M.,  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History,  77th  Street  and  Eighth  Ave. 

All  interested  in  Entomology  are  cordially  invited  to  attend. 

Annual  dues  for  Active  Members,  ^3.00. 

Members  of  the  Society  will  please  remit  their  annual  dues,  payable  in  January,  to 
Mr.  C.  F.  Groth,  Treasurer,  139  East  40th  Street,  New  York  City. 


Officefs  fop   the  Year  1896. 

President,  J.  L.  ZABRISKIE,  ......  28  Regent  Place,  Flatbush,  Brooklyn. 

Vice-President,  CHAS.  PALM 172  East  64th  Street,  New  York. 

Treasiirer,  C.  F.  GROTH,  139  East  40th  Street,  New  York. 

Rec.  Secretary,  L.  H.  JOUTEL,  164  East  117th  Street,  New  York. 

Cor.  Secretary,  RAYMOND  L.   DITMARS,      .    .    .  1666  Bathgate  Ave.,  New  York. 

EXECUTIVE    COMMITTEE. 

J.  L.  Zabriskie,  Ottomar  Dietz,  C.  F.  Groth. 

E.  G.  Love,  H.  G.  Dyar. 

PUBLICATION    COMMITTEE. 

E.  Daecke,  C.  Schaeffer,  L.  H.  Joutel. 

Wm.  Beutenmuller, 

field   committee. 
L.  T.  Munch,  Julius  Meitzen. 


Aich,  Herman, 
Allchin,  Harry, 
Angell,  G.  W.  J., 
Bennett,  Henry  C., 
Beutentmiiller,  Wm., 
Beyer,  Gustav, 
Bird,  Henry, 
Birnbaum,  Martin, 
Blackburn,  C.  V., 
Bornhagen,   H., 
Clarkson,  Frederick, 
Daecke,  E., 
Dietz,  Ottomar, 
Ditmars,  Raymond  L., 
Doll,  Jacob, 
Dyar,  Harrison  G., 
Fayen,  Emil  E., 


LIST  OF  MEMBERS. 

Fillion,  Francis, 
Gallatin,  J.  M., 
Groth,  Christian  F., 
Havell,  G.  H., 
Hug,  Herman, 
Joutel,  Louis  H., 
Kretz,  Dr.  F.  H., 
Kudlich,  Dr.  H.  F., 
Kiichler,  F., 
Langmann,  Dr.  G., 
Loos,  Herrman, 
Love,  Dr.  E.  G., 
Meitzen,  Julius, 
Moschell,  Mrs.  L., 
Miinch,  Louis  T., 
Ottolengui,  Dr.  R.. 
Palm,  Charles, 


Pike,  Col.  Nicholas, 
Prime,  Dr.  Wm.  C. , 
Rabe,  Franz, 
Riederer,  Ludwig, 
Schaeffer,  C, 
Sass,  C.  W, 
Shoemaker,  Ernest, 
Schaus,  Wm., 
Seibelt,  Otto, 
Seifert,  Dr.  Otto, 
Slosson,  Mrs.  A.  T., 
Tunison,  Chas., 
Uhlenhaut,  F., 
Zabriskie,  Rev.  J.  L. 


Taxidermist  and  Dealer  in  Entomological  Supplies. 

Fine  Carlsbader  Insect 

Pins  a  specialty.     Pricc- 

^^  List  sent  on  application. 

78  Ashland  Place, 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 


Improved  Entomological  Forceps. 


A.   Smith  &  Sons,  269  Pearl  street  New  York. 

MANUFACTURERS  AND  IJirORTEKS  OF 

GOODS  FOR  ENTOMOLOGISTS, 

Klaeger  and  Carlsbad  Insect  Pins,  Setting 

Boards,    Folding  Nets,   Locality  and 
Special  Labels,  Forceps,  Sheet  Cork,  Etc. 
Other  articles  are  being  added.  Send  for  List. 


Dr.  Staudinger  &  Bang=Haas,  Blasewitz= Dresden, 

in  their  new  Price-List,  No.  XXXVII,  offer  more  than  12,500  s]:)ecit 
of  well-named  LEPIDOPTERA,  set  or  in  papers,  from  all  parts  of  the 
world,  in  finest  condition  ;  1000  kinds  of  PREPARED  LARV^  ;  numer- 
ous LIVING  PUP^,  &c.  Separate  Price-Lists  X  and  XI  for  COLEOP- 
TERA  (15,000  species);  List  II  for  HYMENOPTERA  (1400  species), 
DIPTERA  (550),  HEMIPTERA  (1000),  ORTHOPTERA  (300), 
NEUROPTERA  (250).     List  VI  and  VII  for  SHELLS. 

DISCOUNT  FOR  CASH  ORDERS. 


tf-X/j 


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